009.001.000

009.001.001

 περιωδευκόσι δὲ τὴν Πελοπόννησον, ἣν πρώτην ἔφαμεν καὶ ἐλαχίστην τῶν συντιθεισῶν τὴν Ἑλλάδα χερρονήσων, ἐφεξῆς ἂν εἴη τὰς συνεχεῖς ἐπελθεῖν. ἦν δὲ δευτέρα μὲν ἡ προστιθεῖσα τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ τὴν Μεγαρίδα, ὥστε τὸν Κρομμυῶνα Μεγαρέων εἶναι καὶ μὴ Κορινθίων· τρίτη δὲ ἡ πρὸς ταύτῃ προσλαμβάνουσα τὴν Ἀττικὴν καὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν καὶ τῆς Φωκίδος τι μέρος καὶ τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων Λοκρῶν. περὶ τούτων οὖν λεκτέον. φησὶ δ' Εὔδοξος, εἴ τις νοήσειεν ἀπὸ τῶν Κεραυνίων ὀρῶν ἐπὶ Σούνιον τὸ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἄκρον ἐπὶ τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη τεταμένην εὐθεῖαν, ἐν δεξιᾷ μὲν ἀπολείψειν τὴν Πελοπόννησον ὅλην πρὸς νότον, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Κεραυνίων ὀρῶν συνεχῆ παραλίαν μέχρι τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου καὶ τῆς Μεγαρίδος καὶ συμπάσης τῆς Ἀττικῆς· νομίζει δ' οὐδ' ἂν κὁιλαίνεσθαι οὕτως τὴν ᾐόνα τὴν ἀπὸ Σουνίου μέχρι τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ ὥστε μεγάλην ἔχειν ἐπιστροφήν, εἰ μὴ προσῆν τῇ ᾗόνι ταύτῃ καἶ τὰ συνεχῆ τῷ Ἰσθμῷ χωρία τὰ ποιοῦντα τὸν κόλπον τὸν Ἑρμιονικὸν καὶ τὴν Ἀκτήν· ὡς δ' αὗτως οὐδ' ἂν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Κεραυνἴων ἐπὶ τὸν Κορινθιακὸν κόλπον ἔχειν τινὰ τοσαὗτην ἐπιστρὀφὴν ὥστε κοιλαίνεσθαι κολποειδῶς καθ' αὗτήν, εἰ μὴ τὀ Ῥίον καὶ τὸ Ἀντίρριον συναγόμενα εἰς στενὸν ἐποίει τὴν ἔμφασιν ταύτην· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ περἷέχοντἆ τὸν μυχόν, εἰς ἃ καταλήγειν συμβαίνει τὴν ταύτᾗ θάλατταν.

Now that I have completed my circuit of the Peloponnesus, which, as I have said, {1} was the first and the smallest of the peninsulas of which Greece consists, it will be next in order to traverse those that are continuous with it. The second peninsula is the one that adds Megaris to the Peloponnesus, {2} so that Crommyon belongs to the Megarians and not to the Corinthians; the third is the one which, in addition to the second, comprises Attica and Boeotia and a part of Phocis and of the Epicnemidian Locrians. I must therefore describe these two. Eudoxus {3} says that if one should imagine a straight line drawn in an easterly direction from the Ceraunian Mountains to Sunium, the promontory of Attica, it would leave on the right, towards the south, the whole of the Peloponnesus, and on the left, towards the north, the continuous coastline from the Ceraunian Mountains to the Crisaean Gulf and Megaris, and the coastline of all Attica. And he believes that the shore which extends from Sunium to the Isthmus would not be so concave as to have a great bend, if to this shore were not added the districts continuous with the Isthmus which form the Hermionic Gulf and Acte; and, in the same way, he believes that the shore which extends from the Ceraunian Mountains to the Corinthian Gulf would not, viewed by itself alone, have so great a bend as to be concave like a gulf if Rhium and Antirrhium did not draw closely together and afford this appearance; and the same is true of the shores {4} that surround the recess of the gulf, where the sea in this region {5} comes to an end.

1. 8. 1. 3.

2. And therefore comprises both. The first peninsula includes the Isthmus, Crommyon being the first place beyond it, in Megaris.

3. Eudoxus of Cnidus (fl. 350 B.C.).

4. Including the shore of the Isthmus.

5. That is, the Corinthian Gulf, which Eudoxus and Strabo consider a part of the sea that extends eastward from the Sicilian Sea (cf. 8. 1. 3). Others, however, understand that Strabo refers to the recess of the Crisaean Gulf in the restricted sense, that is, the Gulf of Salona.

009.001.002

 οὕτω δ' εἰρηκότος Εὐδόξου, μαθηματικοῦ ἀνδρὸς καὶ σχημάτων ἐμπείρου καὶ κλιμάτων καὶ τοὺς τόπους τούτους εἰδότος, δεῖ νοεῖν τήνδε τὴν πλευρὰν τῆς Ἀττικῆς σὺν τῇ Μεγαρίδι τὴν ἀπὸ Σουνίου μέχρι Ἰσθμοῦ κοίλην μὲν ἀλλ' ἐπὶ μικρόν. ἐνταῦθα δ' ἐστὶ κατὰ μέσην που τὴν λεχθεῖσαν γραμμὴν ὁ Πειραιεὺς τὸ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ἐπίνειον. διέχει γὰρ τοῦ μὲν Σχοινοῦντος τοῦ κατὰ τὸν Ἰσθμὸν περὶ τριακοσίους πεντήκοντα σταδίους, τοῦ δὲ Σουνίου τριάκοντα καὶ τριακοσίους· τόςὀν πώς ἐστι διάστημα καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ Πηγὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ Πεἷραιῶς, ὅσονπερ καὶ ἐπὶ Σχοινοῦντα· δέκα δ' ὅμως στἇδίοις πλεονάζειν φασί. κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Σούνιον πρὸς ἄρκτον μὲν ὁ πλοῦς, ἐκκλίνων δἐ πρὸς δύσιν.

Since this is the description given by Eudoxus, a mathematician and an expert both in geometrical figures and in "climata," {6} and acquainted with these places, one must conceive of this side of Attica together with Megaris--the side extending from Sunium to the Isthmus--as concave, though only slightly so. Now here, at about the center of the aforesaid line, is the Peiraeus, the seaport of Athens. It is distant from Schoenus, at the Isthmus, about three hundred and fifty stadia, and from Sunium three hundred and thirty. The distance from the Peiraeus to Pagae also is nearly the same as to Schoenus, though the former is said to exceed the latter by ten stadia. After doubling Sunium one's voyage is towards the north, but with an inclination towards the west.

6. For the meaning of "climata" see vol. i, p. 22, footnote 2.

009.001.003

 Ἀκτὴ δ' ἐστὶν ἧ Ἀττικἦ ἀμφιθάλαττος, στενὴ τὸ πρῶτον, εἶτ' εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν πλατύνεται, μηνοειδῆ δ' οὐδὲν ἧττον ἐπιστροφὴν λαμβάνει πρὸς Ὠρωπὸν τῆς Βοιωτίας τὸ κυρτὸν ἔχουσαν πρὸς θαλάττῃ· τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ τὸ δεύτερον πλευρὸν ἑῷον τῆς Ἀττικῆς. τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἤδη τὸ προσάρκτιόν ἐστι πλευρὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὠρωπίας ἐπὶ δύσιν παρατεῖνον μέχρι τῆς Μεγαρίδος, ἡ Ἀττικὴ ὀρεινή, πολυώνυμός τις, διείργουσα τὴν Βοιωτίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀττικῆς· ὥσθ', ὅπερ εἶπον ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν, ἰσθμὸν γίνεσθαι τὴν Βοιωτίαν ἀμφιθάλαττον οὖσαν τῆς τρίτης χερρονήσου τῆς λεχθείσης, ἀπολαμβάνοντα ἐντὸς τὰ πρὸς τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ τήν τε Μεγαρίδα καὶ τὴν Ἀττικήν. διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ Ἀκτήν φασι λεχθῆναι τὸ παλαιὸν καὶ Ἀκτικὴν τὴν νῦν Ἀττικὴν παρονομασθεῖσαν, ὅτι τοῖς ὄρεσιν ὑποπέπτωκε τὸ πλεῖστον μέρος αὐτῆς ἁλιτενὲς καὶ στενόν, μήκει δ' ἀξιολόγῳ κεχρημένον, προπεπτωκὸς μέχρι Σουνίου. ταύτας οὖν διέξιμεν ἀναλἇβόντες πάλιν ἀπὸ τῆς πἆραλίας ἀφ' ἧσπερ ἀπελίπομεν.

Acte {7} is washed by two seas; it is narrow at first, and then it widens out into the interior, {8} though none the less it takes a crescent-like bend towards Oropus in Boeotia, with the convex side towards the sea; and this is the second, the eastern side of Attica. Then comes the remaining side, which faces the north and extends from the Oropian country towards the west as far as Megaris--I mean the mountainous part of Attica, which has many names and separates Boeotia from Attica; so that, as I have said before, {9} Boeotia, since it has a sea on either side, becomes an isthmus of the third peninsula above-mentioned, an isthmus comprising within it the parts that lie towards the Peloponnesus, that is, Megaris and Attica. And it is on this account, they say, that the country which is now, by a slight change of letters, called Attica, was in ancient times called Acte and Actice, {10} because the greatest part of it lies below the mountains, stretches flat along the sea, is narrow, and has considerable length, projecting as far as Sunium. I shall therefore describe these sides, resuming again at that point of the seaboard where I left off.

7. That is, Attica; not to be confused with the Acte in Argolis, mentioned in 9. l. 1.

8. i.e., the interior plain of Attica.

9. 9. 1. 1, 8. 1. 3.

10. i.e., Shoreland.

009.001.004

 μετὰ δὴ Κρομμυῶνα ὑπέρκεινται τῆς Ἀττικῆς αἱ Σκιρωνίδες πέτραι πάροδον οὐκ ἀπολείπουσαι πρὸς θαλάττῃ· ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν δ' ἐστὶν ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ ἐπὶ Μεγάρων καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ· οὕτω δὲ σφόδρα πλησιάζει ταῖς πέτραις ἡ ὁδὸς ὥστε πολλαχοῦ καὶ παράκρημνός ἐστι διὰ τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος δύσβατόν τε καὶ ὑψηλὸν ὄν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ μυθεύεται τὰ περὶ τοῦ Σκείρωνος καὶ τοῦ Πιτυοκάμπτου τῶν λῃζομένων τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ὀρεινήν, οὓς καθεῖλε Θησεύς. ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄκρων τούτων καταιγίζοντα σκαιὸν τὸν ἀργέστην σκίρωνα προσηγορεύκασιν Ἀθηναῖοι. μετὰ δὲ τὰς Σκιρωνίδας πέτρας ἄκρα πρόκειται Μινῴα ποιοῦσα τὸν ἐν τῇ Νισαίᾳ λιμένα. ἡ δὲ Νίσαια ἐπίνειόν ἐστιν τῶν Μεγάρων δεκαοκτὼ σταδίους τῆς πόλεως διέχον, σκέλεσιν ἑκατέρωθεν συναπτόμενον πρὸς αὐτήν· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ καὶ τοῦτο Μινῴα.

After Crommyon, and situated above Attica, are the Sceironian Rocks. They leave no room for a road along the sea, but the road from the Isthmus to Megara and Attica passes above them. However, the road approaches so close to the rocks that in many places it passes along the edge of precipices, because the mountain situated above them is both lofty and impracticable for roads. Here is the setting of the myth about Sceiron and the Pityocamptes, {11} the robbers who infested the above-mentioned mountainous country and were killed by Theseus. And the Athenians have given the name Sceiron to the Argestes, the violent wind that blows down on the travellers left {12} from the heights of this mountainous country. After the Sceironian Rocks one comes to Cape Minoa, which projects into the sea and forms the harbor at Nisaea. Nisaea is the naval station of the Megarians; it is eighteen stadia distant from the city and is joined to it on both sides by walls. The naval station, too, used to be called Minoa.

11. "Pine-bender." His name was Sinis. For the story, see Paus. 2.1.3.

12. That is, to one travelling from the Isthmus to Megaris and Attica.

009.001.005

 τὸ παλαιὸν μὲν οὖν Ἴωνες εἶχον τὴν χώραν ταύτην οἵπερ καὶ τὴν Ἀττικήν, οὔπω τῶν Μεγάρων ἐκτισμένων· διόπερ οὐδ' ὁ ποιητὴς μέμνηται τῶν τόπων τούτων ἰδίως, ἀλλ' Ἀθηναίους καλῶν τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ πάντας συμπεριείληφε καὶ τούτους τῷ κοινῷ ὀνόματι Ἀθηναίους νομίζων, ὡς ὅταν φῇ ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ

οἳ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον, ἐυκτίμενον πτολίεθρον 

δέχεσθαι δεῖ καὶ τοὺς νῦν Μεγαρέας, ὡς καὶ τούτους μετασχόντας τῆς στρατείας. σημεῖον δέ· ἡ γὰρ Ἀττικὴ τὸ παλαιὸν Ἰωνία καὶ Ἰὰς ἐκαλεῖτο, καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς ὅταν φῇ

ἔνθα δὲ Βοιωτοὶ καὶ Ἰάονες 

τοὺς Ἀθηναίους λέγει· ταύτης δ' ἦν μερὶς καὶ ἡ Μεγαρίς.

In early times this country was held by the same Ionians who held Attica. Megara, however, had not yet been founded; and therefore the poet does not specifically mention this region, but when he calls all the people of Attica Athenians he includes these too under the general name, considering them Athenians. Thus, when he says in the Catalogue, "And those who held Athens, well-built city," {13} we must interpret him as meaning the people now called Megarians as well, and assume that these also had a part in the expedition. And the following is proof: In early times Attica was called Ionia and Ias; and when the poet says, "There the Boeotians and the Iaonians," {14} he means the Athenians; and Megaris was a part of this Ionia.

13. Hom. Il. 2.546

14. Hom. Il. 13.685

009.001.006

 καὶ δὴ καὶ τῶν ὁρίων ἀμφισβητοῦντες πολλάκις οἵ τε Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ Ἴωνες, ἐν οἷς ἦν καὶ ἡ Κρομμυωνία, συνέβησαν καὶ στήλην ἔστησαν ἐπὶ τοῦ συνομολογηθέντος τόπου περὶ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἰσθμόν, ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχουσαν ἐπὶ μὲν τοῦ πρὸς τὴν Πελοπόννησον μέρους

τάδ' ἐστὶ Πελοπόννησος οὐκ Ἰωνία,

ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ πρὸς Μέγαρα

τάδ' οὐχὶ Πελοπόννησος ἀλλ' Ἰωνία.

οἵ τε δὴ τὴν Ἀτθίδα συγγράψαντες πολλὰ διαφωνοῦντες τοῦτό γε ὁμολογοῦσιν οἵ γε λόγου ἄξιοι, διότι τῶν Πανδιονιδῶν τεττάρων ὄντων, Αἰγέως τε καὶ Λύκου καὶ Πάλλαντος καὶ τετάρτου Νίσου, καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διαιρεθείσης, ὁ Νῖσος τὴν Μεγαρίδα λάχοι καὶ κτίσαι τὴν Νίσαιαν. Φιλόχορος μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ Ἰσθμοῦ μέχρι τοῦ Πυθίου διήκειν αὐτοῦ φησι τὴν ἀρχήν, Ἄνδρων δὲ μέχρι Ἐλευσῖνος καὶ τοῦ Θριασίου πεδίου. τὴν δ' εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διανομὴν ἄλλων ἄλλως εἰρηκότων ἀρκεῖ ταῦτα παρὰ Σοφοκλέους λαβεῖν· φησὶ δ' ὁ Αἰγεὺς ὅτι ὁ πατὴρ ὥρισεν ἐμοὶ μὲν ἇπελθεἶν εἰς ἀκτὰς τῆσδε γῆς πρεσβεῖα νείμας· ἑἶτἆ Λύκῳ

τὸν ἀντίπλευρον κῆπον Εὐβοίας νέμει, Νίσῳ δὲ τὴν ὅμαυλον ἐξαιρεῖ χθόνα Σκείρωνος ἀκτῆς, τῆς δὲ γῆς τὸ πρὸς νότον ὁ σκληρὸς οὗτος καὶ γίγαντας ἐκτρέφων εἴληχε Πάλλας. 

ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἡ Μεγαρὶς τῆς Ἀττικῆς μέρος ἦν, τούτοις χρῶνται τεκμηρίοις.

Furthermore, since the Peloponnesians and Ionians were having frequent disputes about their boundaries, on which, among other places, Crommyonia was situated, they made an agreement and erected a pillar in the place agreed upon, near the Isthmus itself, with an inscription on the side facing the Peloponnesus reading: "This is Peloponnesus, not Ionia,"and on the side facing Megara, "This is not Peloponnesus, but Ionia."And though the writers of the histories of The Land of Atthis are at variance on many things, they all agree on this (at least all writers who are worth mentioning), that Pandion had four sons, Aegeus, Lycus, Pallas, and the fourth, Nisus, and that when Attica was divided into four parts, Nisus obtained Megaris as his portion and founded Nisaea. Now, according to Philochorus, {15} his rule extended from the Isthmus to the Pythium, {16} but according to Andron, {17} only as far as Eleusis and the Thriasian Plain. Although different writers have stated the division into four parts in different ways, it suffices to take the following from Sophocles: Aegeus says that his father ordered him to depart to the shorelands, assigning to him as the eldest the best portion of this land; then to Lycus "he assigns Euboea's garden that lies side by side therewith; and for Nisus he selects the neighboring land of Sceiron's shore; and the southerly part of the land fell to this rugged Pallas, breeder of giants." {18} These, then, are the proofs which writers use to show that Megaris was a part of Attica.

15. Philochorus the Athenian (fl. about 300 B.C.) wrote a work entitled Atthis, in seventeen books. Only fragments remain.

16. To what Pythium Philochorus refers is uncertain, but he seems to mean the temple of Pythian Apollo in the deme of Oenoe, about twelve miles northwest of Eleusis; or possibly the temple of Apollo which was situated between Eleusis and Athens on the site of the present monastery of Daphne.

17. See footnote on 10. 4. 6.

18. Soph. Fr. 872 (Nauck)

009.001.007

 μετὰ δὲ τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν κάθοδον καὶ τὸν τῆς χώρας μερισμὸν ὑπ' αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν συγκατελθόντων αὐτοῖς Δωριέων ἐκπεσεῖν τῆς οἰκείας συνέβη πολλοὺς εἰς τὴν Ἀττικήν, ὧν ἦν καὶ ὁ τῆς Μεσσήνης βασιλεὺς Μέλανθος· οὗτος δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐβασίλευσεν ἑκόντων, νικήσας ἐκ μονομαχίας τὸν τῶν Βοιωτῶν βασιλέα Ξάνθον. εὐανδρούσης δὲ τῆς Ἀττικῆς διὰ τοὺς φυγάδας φοβηθέντες οἱ Ἡρακλεῖδαι, παροξυνόντων αὐτοὺς μάλιστα τῶν ἐν Κορίνθῳ καὶ τῶν ἐν Μεσσήνῃ, τῶν μὲν διὰ τὴν γειτνίασιν, τῶν δὲ ὅτι Κόδρος τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐβασίλευε τότε ὁ τοῦ Μελάνθου παῖς, ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀττικήν· ἡττηθέντες δὲ μάχῃ τῆς μὲν ἄλλης ἐξέστησαν γῆς, τὴν Μεγαρικὴν δὲ κατέσχον καὶ τήν τε πόλιν ἔκτισαν τὰ Μέγαρα καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους Δωριέας ἀντὶ Ἰώνων ἐποίησαν· ἠφάνισαν δὲ καὶ τὴν στήλην τὴν ὁρίζουσαν τούς τε Ἴωνας καὶ τοὺς Πελοποννησίους.

But after the return of the Heracleidae and the partitioning of the country, it came to pass that many of the former inhabitants were driven out of their homelands into Attica by the Heracleidae and the Dorians who came back with them. Among these was Melanthus, the king of Messene. And he reigned also over the Athenians, by their consent, after his victory in single combat over Xanthus, the king of the Boeotians. But since Attica was now populous on account of the exiles, the Heracleidae became frightened, and at the instigation chiefly of the people of Corinth and the people of Messene--of the former because of their proximity and of the latter because Codrus, the son of Melanthus, was at that time king of Attica--they made an expedition against Attica. But being defeated in battle they retired from the whole of the land except the Megarian territory; this they occupied and not only founded the city Megara {19} but also made its population Dorians instead of Ionians. And they also destroyed the pillar which was the boundary between the Ionians and the Peloponnesians.

19. Cf. 8. 1. 2.

009.001.008

 πολλαῖς δὲ κέχρηται μεταβολαῖς ἡ τῶν Μεγαρέων πόλις, συμμένει δ' ὅμως μέχρι νῦν. ἔσχε δέ ποτε καὶ φιλοσόφων διατριβὰς τῶν προσαγορευθέντων Μεγαρικῶν, Εὐκλείδην διαδεξαμένων ἄνδρα Σωκρατικόν, Μεγαρέα τὸ γένος· καθάπερ καὶ Φαίδωνα μὲν τὸν Ἠλεῖον οἱ Ἠλειακοὶ διεδέξαντο, καὶ τοῦτον Σωκρατικόν, ὧν ἦν καὶ Πύρρων, Μενέδημον δὲ τὸν Ἐρετριέα οἱ Ἐρετρικοί. ἔστι δ' ἡ χώρα τῶν Μεγαρέων παράλυπρος καθάπερ καὶ ἡ Ἀττική, καὶ τὸ πλέον αὐτῆς ἐπέχει τὰ καλούμενα Ὄνεια ὄρη, ῥάχις τις μηκυνομένη μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν Σκιρωνίδων πετρῶν ἐπὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν καὶ τὸν Κιθαιρῶνα, διείργουσα δὲ τὴν κατὰ Νίσαιαν θάλατταν ἀπὸ τῆς κατἃ τὰς Παγὰς Ἀλκυονίδος προσαγορευομένης.

The city of the Megarians has experienced many changes, but nevertheless it has endured until the present time. It once even had schools of philosophers who were called the Megarian sect, these being the successors of Eucleides, the Socratic philosopher, a Megarian by birth, just as the Eleian sect, to which Pyrrhon belonged, were the successors of Phaedon the Eleian, who was also a Socratic philosopher, and just as the Eretrian sect were the successors of Menedemus the Eretrian. The country of the Megarians, like Attica, has rather poor soil, and the greater part of it is occupied by the Oneian Mountains, as they are called--a kind of ridge, which extends from the Sceironian Rocks to Boeotia and Cithaeron, and separates the sea at Nisaea from the Alcyonian Sea, as it is called, at Pagae.

009.001.009

 πρόκειται δ' ἀπὸ Νισαίας πλέοντι εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν πέντε νησία. εἶτα Σαλαμὶς ἑβδομήκοντά που σταδίων οὖσα τὸ μῆκος, οἱ δ' ὀγδοήκοντά φασιν· ἔχει δ' ὁμώνυμον πόλιν τὴν μὲν ἀρχαίαν ἔρημον πρὸς Αἴγιναν τετραμμένην καὶ πρὸς νότον καθάπερ καὶ Αἰσχύλος εἴρηκεν

Αἴγινα δ' αὕτη πρὸς νότου κεῖται πνοάς 

, τὴν δὲ νῦν ἐν κόλπῳ κειμένην ἐπὶ χερρονησοειδοῦς τόπου συνάπτοντος πρὸς τὴν Ἀττικήν. ἐκαλεῖτο δ' ἑτέροις ὀνόμασι τὸ παλαιόν· καὶ γὰρ Σκιρὰς καὶ Κύχρεια ἀπό τινων ἡρώων, ἀφ' οὗ μὲν Ἀθηνᾶ τε λέγεται Σκιρὰς καὶ τόπος Σκίρα ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ καὶ ἐπὶ Σκίρῳ ἱεροποιία τις καὶ ὁ μὴν ὁ Σκιροφοριών, ἀφ' οὗ δὲ καὶ Κυχρείδης ὄφις, ὅν φησιν Ἡσίοδος τραφέντα ὑπὸ Κυχρέως ἐξελαθῆναι ὑπὸ Εὐρυλόχου λυμαινόμενον τὴν νῆσον, ὑποδέξασθαι δὲ αὐτὸν τὴν Δήμητρα εἰς Ἐλευσῖνα καὶ γενέσθαι ταύτης ἀμφίπολον. ὠνομάσθη δὲ καὶ Πιτυοῦσσα ἀπὸ τοῦ φυτοῦ· ἐπιφανὴς δὲ ἡ νῆσος ὑπῆρξε διά τε τοὺς Αἰακίδας ἐπάρξαντας αὐτῆς, καὶ μάλιστα δι' Αἴαντα τὸν Τελαμώνιον, καὶ διὰ τὸ περὶ τὴν νῆσον ταύτην καταναυμαχηθῆναι Ξέρξην ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ φυγεῖν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν. συναπέλαυσαν δὲ καὶ Αἰγινῆται τῆς περὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα τοῦτον δόξης, γείτονές τε ὄντες καὶ ναυτικὸν ἀξιόλογον παρασχόμενοι. Βώκαρος δ' ἐστὶν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ποταμός, ὁ νῦν Βωκαλία καλούμενος.

On the voyage from Nisaea to Attica one comes to five small islands. Then to Salamis, which is about seventy stadia in length, though some say eighty. It contains a city of the same name; the ancient city, now deserted, faces towards Aegina and the south wind (just as Aeschylus has said, "And Aegina here lies towards the blasts of the south wind" {20} ), but the city of today is situated on a gulf, on a peninsula-like place which borders on Attica. In early times it was called by different names, for example, "Sciras" and "Cychreia," after certain heroes. It is from one {21} of these heroes that Athena is called "Sciras," and that a place in Attica is called "Scira," and that a certain sacred rite is performed in honor of "Scirus," {22} and that one of the months is called "Scirophorion." And it is from the other hero that the serpent "Cychreides" took its name--the serpent which, according to Hesiod, was fostered by Cychreus and driven out by Eurylochus because it was damaging the island, and was welcomed to Eleusis by Demeter and made her attendant. And the island was also called Pityussa, from the tree. {23} But the fame of the island is due to the Aiacidae, who ruled over it, and particularly to Aias, the son of Telamon, and also to the fact that near this island Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks in a naval battle and fled to his homeland. And the Aeginetans also shared in the glory of this struggle, since they were neighbors and furnished a considerable fleet. And there is in Salamis a river Bocarus, which is now called Bocalia.

20. Aesch. Fr. 404

21. Scirus.

22. Scirus founded the ancient sanctuary of Athena Sciras at Phalerum. After his death the Eleusinians buried him between Athens and Eleusis at a place which in his honor they called "Scira," or, according to Paus. 1.36.4 and others, "Scirum."

23. "Pitys," "pine-tree."

009.001.010

 καὶ νῦν μὲν ἔχουσιν Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν νῆσον, τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν πρὸς Μεγαρέας ὑπῆρξεν αὐτοῖς ἔρις περὶ αὐτῆς· καί φασιν οἱ μὲν Πεισίστρατον οἱ δὲ Σόλωνα παρεγγράψαντα ἐν τῷ νεῶν καταλόγῳ μετὰ τὸ ἔπος τοῦτο

Αἴας δ' ἐκ Σαλαμῖνος ἄγεν δυοκαίδεκα νῆας 

ἑξῆς τοῦτο

στῆσε δ' ἄγων, ἵν' Ἀθηναίων ἵσταντο φάλαγγες, 

μάρτυρι χρήσασθαι τῷ ποιητῇ τοῦ τὴν νῆσον ἐξ ἀρχῆς Ἀθηναίων ὑπάρξαι. οὐ παραδέχονται δὲ τοῦθ' οἱ κριτικοὶ διὰ τὸ πολλὰ τῶν ἐπῶν ἀντιμαρτυρεῖν αὐτοῖς. διὰ τί γὰρ ναυλοχῶν ἔσχατος φαίνεται ὁ Αἴας, οὐ μετ' Ἀθηναίων ἀλλὰ μετὰ τῶν ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ Θετταλῶν;

ἔνθ' ἔσαν Αἴαντός τε νέες καὶ Πρωτεσιλάο 

καὶ ἐν τῇ ἐπιπωλήσει ὁ Ἀγαμέμνων

εὗρ' υἱὸν Πετεῶο Μενεσθῆα πλἧξιππον ἑστἆότ', ἀμφὶ δ' Ἀθηναῖοι, μήστωρες ἀυτῆς. αὐτὰρ ὁ πλησίον ἑστήκει πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς, πὰρ δὲ Κεφαλλήνων ἀμφὶ στίχες. 

ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν Αἴαντα καὶ τοὺς Σαλαμινίους πάλιν

ἦλθε δ' ἐπ' Αἰάντεσσι, 

καὶ παρ' αὐτούς

Ἰδομενεὺς δ' ἑτέρωθεν, 

οὐ Μενεσθεύς. οἱ μὲν δὴ Ἀθηναῖοι τοιαύτην τινὰ σκήψασθαι μαρτυρίαν παρ' Ὁμήρου δοκοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ Μεγαρεῖς ἀντιπαρῳδῆσαι οὕτως

Αἴας δ' ἐκ Σαλαμῖνος ἄγεν νέας, ἔκ τε Πολίχνης, ἔκ τ' Αἰγειρούσσης Νισαίης τε Τριπόδων τε. 

ἅ ἐστι χωρία Μεγαρικά, ὧν οἱ Τρίποδες Τριποδίσκιον λέγονται, καθ' ὃ ἡ νῦν ἀγορὰ τῶν Μεγάρων κεῖται.

At the present time the island is held by the Athenians, although in early times there was strife between them and the Megarians for its possession. Some say that it was Peisistratus, others Solon, who inserted in the Catalogue of Ships immediately after the verse, "and Aias brought twelve ships from Salamis," {24} the verse, "and, bringing them, halted them where the battalions of the Athenians were stationed,"Hom. Il. 2.558and then used the poet as a witness that the island had belonged to the Athenians from the beginning. But the critics do not accept this interpretation, because many of the verses bear witness to the contrary. For why is Aias found in the last place in the ship-camp, not with the Athenians, but with the Thessalians under Protesilaüs? "Here were the ships of Aias and Protesilaüs." {25} And in the Visitation of the troops, Agamemnon "found Menestheus the charioteer, son of Peteos, standing still; and about him were the Athenians, masters of the battle-cry. And near by stood Odysseus of many wiles, and about him, at his side, the ranks of the Cephallenians." {26} And back again to Aias and the Salaminians, "he came to the Aïantes," {27} and near them, "Idomeneus on the other side," {28} not Menestheus. The Athenians, then, are reputed to have cited alleged testimony of this kind from Homer, and the Megarians to have replied with the following parody: "Aias brought ships from Salamis, from Polichne, from Aegeirussa, from Nisaea, and from Tripodes"; these four are Megarian places, and, of these, Tripodes is called Tripodiscium, near which the present marketplace of the Megarians is situated.

24. Hom. Il. 2.557

25. Hom. Il. 13.681

26. Hom. Il. 4.327

27. Hom. Il. 4.273

28. Hom. Il. 3.230

009.001.011

 τινὲς δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ τὴν ἱέρειαν τῆς Πολιάδος Ἀθηνᾶς χλωροῦ τυροῦ τοῦ μὲν ἐπιχωρίου μὴ ἅπτεσθαι, ξενικὸν δὲ μόνον προσφέρεσθαι, χρῆσθαι δὲ καὶ τῷ Σαλαμινίῳ, ξένην φασὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς τὴν Σαλαμῖνα οὐκ εὖ· καὶ γὰρ τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων νήσων τῶν ὁμολογουμένως τῇ Ἀττικῇ προσχώρων προσφέρεται, ξενικὸν πάντα τὸν διαπόντιον νοησάντων τῶν ἀρξάντων τοῦ ἔθους τούτου. ἔοικε δὴ τὸ παλαιὸν ἡ νῦν Σαλαμὶς καθ' αὑτὴν τάττεσθαι, τὰ δὲ Μέγαρα τῆς Ἀττικῆς ὑπάρξαι μέρος. ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ τῇ κατὰ Σαλαμῖνα κεῖσθαι συμβαίνει τὰ ὅρια τῆς τε Μεγαρικῆς καὶ τῆς Ἀτθίδος, ὄρη δύο ἃ καλοῦσι Κέρατα.

Some say that Salamis is foreign to Attica, citing the fact that the priestess of Athena Polias does not touch the fresh cheese made in Attica, but eats only that which is brought from a foreign country, yet uses, among others, that from Salamis. Wrongly, for she eats cheese brought from the other islands that are admittedly attached to Attica, since those who began this custom considered as "foreign" any cheese that was imported by sea. But it seems that in early times the present Salamis was a separate state, and that Megara was a part of Attica. And it is on the seaboard opposite Salamis that the boundaries between the Megarian country and Atthis {29} are situated--two mountains which are called Cerata. {30}

29. Attica.

30. "Horns." Two horn-shaped peaks of a south-western spur of Cithaeron, and still called Kerata-Pyrgos or Keratopiko (Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie, iii. 631, note 97).

009.001.012

 εἶτ' Ἐλευσὶς πόλις, ἐν ᾖ τὸ τῆς Δήμητρος ἱερὸν τῆς Ἐλευσινίας καὶ ὁ μυστικὸς σηκός, ὃν κατεσκεύασεν Ἰκτῖνος ὄχλον θεάτρου δέξασθαι δυνάμενον, ὃς καὶ τὸν παρθενῶνα ἐποίησε τὸν ἐν ἀκροπόλει τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ, Περικλέους ἐπιστατοῦντος τῶν ἔργων· ἐν δὲ τοῖς δήμοις καταριθμεῖται ἡ πόλις.

Then one comes to the city Eleusis, in which is the temple of the Eleusinian Demeter, and the mystic chapel which was built by Ictinus, a chapel which is large enough to admit a crowd of spectators. This Ictinus also built the Parthenon on the Acropolis in honor of Athena, Pericles superintending the work. Eleusis is numbered among the demes.

009.001.013

 εἶτα τὸ Θριάσιον πεδίον καὶ ὁμώνυμος αἰγιαλὸς καὶ δῆμος· εἶθ' ἡ ἄκρα ἡ Ἀμφιάλη καὶ τὸ ὑπερκείμενον λατόμιον καὶ ὁ εἰς Σαλαμῖνα πορθμὸς ὅσον διστάδιος, ὃν διαχοῦν ἐπειρᾶτο Ξέρξης, ἔφθη δὲ ἡ ναυμαχία γενομένη καὶ φυγὴ τῶν Περσῶν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ αἱ Φαρμακοῦσσαι, δύο νησία ὧν ἐν τῷ μείζονι Κίρκης τάφος δείκνυται.

Then one comes to the Thriasian Plain, and the shore and deme bearing the same name. Then to Cape Amphiale and the quarry that lies above it, and to the passage to Salamis, about two stadia wide, across which Xerxes attempted to build a mole, {31} but was forestalled by the naval battle and the flight of the Persians. Here, too, are the Pharmacussae, two small islands, on the larger of which is to be seen the tomb of Circe.

31. So Ctesias Persica 26, but in the account of Hdt. 8.97 it was after the naval battle that "he attempted to build a mole." In either case it is very improbable that he made a serious attempt to do so. See Smith and Laird, Herodotus, Books vii and viii, p.381 (American Book Co.), note on χῶμα.

009.001.014

 ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς ἀκτῆς ταύτης ὄρος ἐστὶν ὃ καλεῖται Κορυδαλλός, καὶ ὁ δῆμος οἱ Κορυδαλλεῖς· εἶθ' ὁ Φώρων λιμὴν καὶ ἡ Ψυττάλεια, νησίον ἔρημον πετρῶδες ὅ τινες εἶπον λήμην τοῦ Πειραιῶς· πλησίον δὲ καὶ ἡ Ἀταλάντη ὁμώνυμος τῇ περὶ Εὔβοιαν καὶ Λοκρούς, καὶ ἄλλο νησίον ὅμοιον τῇ Ψυτταλείᾳ καὶ τοῦτο· εἶθ' ὁ Πειραιεὺς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τοῖς δήμοις ταττόμενος καὶ ἡ Μουνυχία.

Above this shore is the mountain called Corydallus, and also the deme Corydalleis. Then one comes to the harbor Phoron, and to Psyttalia, {32} a small, deserted, rocky island, which some have called the eyesore of the Peiraeus. And near by, too, is Atalanta, which bears the same name as the island near Euboea and the Locrians, and another island similar to Psyttalia. Then one comes to the Peiraeus, which also is classed among the demes, and to Munychia.

32. Now called Lipsokutáli (see Frazer, note on Paus. 1.36.2).

009.001.015

 λόφος δ' ἐστὶν ἡ Μουνυχία χερρονησιάζων καὶ κοῖλος καὶ ὑπόνομος πολὺ μέρος φύσει τε καὶ ἐπίτηδες ὥστ' οἰκήσεις δέχεσθαι, στομίῳ δὲ μικρῷ τὴν εἴσοδον ἔχων. ὑποπίπτουσι δ' αὐτῷ λιμένες τρεῖς. τὸ μὲν οὖν παλαιὸν ἐτετείχιστο καὶ συνῴκιστο ἡ Μουνυχία παραπλησίως ὥσπερ ἡ τῶν Ῥοδίων πόλις, προσειληφυῖα τῷ περιβόλῳ τόν τε Πειραιᾶ καὶ τοὺς λιμένας πλήρεις νεωρίων, ἐν οἷς καὶ ἡ ὁπλοθήκη Φίλωνος ἔργον· ἄξιόν τε ἦν ναύσταθμον ταῖς τετρακοσίαις ναυσίν, ὧν οὐκ ἐλάττους ἔστελλον Ἀθηναῖοι. τῷ δὲ τείχει τούτῳ συνῆπτε τὰ καθειλκυσμένα ἐκ τοῦ ἄστεος σκέλη· ταῦτα δ' ἦν μακρὰ τείχη τετταράκοντα σταδίων τὸ μῆκος, συνάπτοντα τὸ ἄστυ τῷ Πειραιεῖ. οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ πόλεμοι τὸ τεῖχος κατήρειψαν καὶ τὸ τῆς Μουνυχίας ἔρυμα, τόν τε Πειραιᾶ συνέστειλαν εἰς ὀλίγην κατοικίαν τὴν περὶ τοὺς λιμένας καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ σωτῆρος· τοῦ δὲ ἱεροῦ τὰ μὲν στοΐδια ἔχει πίνακας θαυμαστούς, ἔργα τῶν ἐπιφανῶν τεχνιτῶν, τὸ δ' ὕπαιθρον ἀνδριάντας. κατέσπασται δὲ καὶ τὰ μακρὰ τείχη, Λακεδαιμονίων μὲν καθελόντων πρότερον Ῥωμαίων δ' ὕστερον, ἡνίκα Σύλλας ἐκ πολιορκίας εἷλε καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καὶ τὸ ἄστυ.

Munychia is a hill which forms a peninsula; and it is hollowed out and undermined {33} in many places, partly by nature and partly by the purpose of man, so that it admits of dwellings; and the entrance to it is by means of a narrow opening {34} And beneath the hill lie three harbors. Now in early times Munychia was walled, and covered with habitations in a manner similar to the city of the Rhodians, {35} including within the circuit of its walls both the Peiraeus and the harbors, which were full of ship-houses, among which was the arsenal, the work of Philon. And the naval station was sufficient for the four hundred ships, for no fewer than this the Athenians were wont to despatch on expeditions. With this wall were connected the "legs" that stretched down from the city; these were the long walls, forty stadia in length, which connected the city with the Peiraeus. But the numerous wars caused the ruin of the wall and of the fortress of Munychia, and reduced the Peiraeus to a small settlement, round the harbors and the temple of Zeus Soter. The small roofed colonnades of the temple have admirable paintings, the works of famous artists; and its open court has statues. The long walls, also, are torn down, having been destroyed at first by the Lacedaemonians, and later by the Romans, when Sulla took both the Peiraeus and the city by siege. {36}

33. "Probably in part the result of quarrying, for numerous traces of quarries are visible on these hills at the present day" (Tozer, Selections, p. 228).

34. i.e., the entrance by way of the narrow isthmus.

35. "With broad straight streets, the houses of which rose one above another like the seats of a theater. Under the auspices of Pericles, Peiraeus was laid out by the famous architect, Hippodamus of Miletus who afterwards built the city of Rhodes" (Tozer, l.c.).

36. 86 B.C.

009.001.016

 τὸ δ' ἄστυ αὐτὸ πέτρα ἐστὶν ἐν πεδίῳ περιοικουμένη κύκλῳ· ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ πέτρᾳ τὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερὸν ὅ τε ἀρχαῖος νεὼς ὁ τῆς Πολιάδος ἐν ᾧ ὁ ἄσβεστος λύχνος, καὶ ὁ παρθενὼν ὃν ἐποίησεν Ἰκτῖνος, ἐν ᾧ τὸ τοῦ Φειδίου ἔργον ἐλεφάντινον ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ. ἀλλὰ γὰρ εἰς πλῆθος ἐμπίπτων τῶν περὶ τῆς πόλεως ταύτης ὑμνουμένων τε καὶ διαβοωμένων ὀκνῶ πλεονάζειν, μὴ συμβῇ τῆς προθέσεως ἐκπεσεῖν τὴν γραφήν. ἔπεισι γὰρ ὅ φησιν Ἡγησίας “ὁρῶ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν καὶ τὸ περιττῆς τριαίνης ἐκεῖθι σημεῖον, ὁρῶ τὴν Ἐλευσῖνα, καὶ “τῶν ἱερῶν γέγονα μύστης· ἐκεῖνο Λεωκόριον, τοῦτο “Θησεῖον· οὐ δύναμαι δηλῶσαι καθ' ἓν ἕκαστον· ἡ “γὰρ Ἀττικὴ θεῶν αὐτοῖς . . . καταλαβόντων καὶ “τῶν προγόνων ἡρώων ...” οὗτος μὲν οὖν ἑνὸς ἐμνήσθη τῶν ἐν ἀκροπόλει σημείων, Πολέμων δ' ὁ περιηγητὴς τέτταρα βιβλία συνέγραψε περὶ τῶν ἀναθημάτων τῶν ἐν ἀκροπόλει· τὸ δ' ἀνάλογον συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῆς πόλεως μερῶν καὶ τῆς χώρας· Ἐλευσῖνά τε εἰπὼν ἕνα τῶν ἑκατὸν ἑβδομήκοντα δήμων πρὸς δὲ καὶ τεττάρων, ὥς φασιν, οὐδένα τῶν ἄλλων ὠνόμακεν.

The city itself is a rock situated in a plain and surrounded by dwellings. On the rock is the sacred precinct of Athena, comprising both the old temple of Athena Polias, {37} in which is the lamp that is never quenched, {38} and the Parthenon built by Ictinus, in which is the work in ivory by Pheidias, the Athena. However, if I once began to describe the multitude of things in this city that are lauded and proclaimed far and wide, I fear that I should go too far, and that my work would depart from the purpose I have in view. For the words of Hegesias {39} occur to me: "I see the acropolis, and the mark of the huge trident {40} there. I see Eleusis, and I have become an initiate into its sacred mysteries; yonder is the Leocorium, here is the Theseium; I am unable to point them all out one by one; for Attica is the possession of the gods, who seized it as a sanctuary for themselves, and of the ancestral heroes." So this writer mentioned only one of the significant things on the acropolis; but Polemon the Periegete {41} wrote four books on the dedicatory offerings on the acropolis alone. Hegesias is proportionately brief in referring to the other parts of the city and to the country; and though he mentions Eleusis, one of the one hundred and seventy demes (or one hundred and seventy-four, as the number is given), he names none of the others.

37. The Erechtheium (see D'Ooge, Acropolis of Athens, Appendix iii).

38. Cp. Paus. l.26.7.

39. Hegesias of Magnesia (fl. about 250 B.C.) wrote a History of Alexander the Great. Only fragments remain.

40. In the rock of the well in the Erechtheium.

41. A "Periegete" was a "Describer" of geographical and topographical details.

009.001.017

 ἔχουσι δὲ κἂν εἰ μὴ πάντες οἵ γε πολλοὶ μυθοποιίας συχνὰς καὶ ἱστορίας· καθάπερ Ἄφιδνα μὲν τὴν τῆς Ἑλένης ἁρπαγὴν ὑπὸ Θησέως καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν Διοσκούρων ἐκπόρθησιν αὐτῆς καὶ ἀνακομιδὴν τῆς ἀδελφῆς, Μαραθὼν δὲ τὸν Περσικὸν ἀγῶνα, Ῥαμνοῦς δὲ τὸ τῆς Νεμέσεως ξόανον, ὅ τινες μὲν Διοδότου φασὶν ἔργον τινὲς δὲ Ἀγορακρίτου τοῦ Παρίου, καὶ μεγέθει καὶ κάλλει σφόδρα κατωρθωμένον καὶ ἐνάμιλλον τοῖς Φειδίου ἔργοις. οὕτω δὲ καὶ Δεκέλεια μὲν τὸ ὁρμητήριον τῶν Πελοποννησίων κατὰ τὸν Δεκελεικὸν πόλεμον, Φυλὴ δὲ ὅθεν ἐπήγαγε τὸν δῆμον Θρασύβουλος εἰς Πειραιᾶ κἀκεῖθεν εἰς ἄστυ. οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐπ' ἄλλων πλειόνων ἔστιν ἱστορεῖν πολλά· καὶ ἔτι τὸ Λεωκόριον καὶ τὸ Θἧσεῖον μύθὀυς ἔχει, καὶ τὸ Λύκειον καὶ τὸ Ὀλυμπικὸν . . . ὸ τὸ Ὀλύμπιον, ὅπερ ἡμιτελὲς κατέλιπε τελευτῶν ὁ ἀναθεὶς βασιλεύς· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἡ Ἀκαδημία καὶ οἱ κῆποι τῶν φιλοσόφων καὶ τὸ Ὠιδεῖον καὶ ἡ ποικίλη στοὰ καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τὰ ἐν τῇ πὁλει πλεῖστἆ ἔχοντα τεχνιτῶν ἔργα.

Most of the demes, if not all, have numerous stories of a character both mythical and historical connected with them; Aphidna, for example, has the rape of Helen by Theseus, the sacking of the place by the Dioscuri and their recovery of their sister; Marathon has the Persian battle; Rhamnus has the statue of Nemesis, which by some is called the work of Diodotus and by others of Agoracritus the Parian, a work which both in grandeur and in beauty is a great success and rivals the works of Pheidias; and so with Deceleia, the base of operations of the Peloponnesians in the Deceleian War; and Phyle, whence Thrasybulus brought the popular party back to the Peiraeus and then to the city. And so, also, in the case of several other demes there are many historical incidents to tell; and, further, the Leocorium and the Theseium have myths connected with them, and so has the Lyceium, and the Olympicum (the Olympium is the same thing), which the king {42} who dedicated it left half finished at his death. And in like manner also the Academia, and the gardens of the philosophers, and the Odeium, and the colonnade called "Poecile," {43} and the temples in the city containing very many marvellous works of different artists.

42. Antiochus Epiphanes, of the Seleucid Dynasty (reigned 175--164 B.C.). See Frazer, note on Paus. 1.18.6.

43. "Varicolored." The painting was done by Polygnotus, about the middle of the fifth century B.C.

009.001.018

 πολὺ δ' ἂν πλείων εἴη λόγος, εἰ τοὺς ἀρχηγέτας τοῦ κτίσματος ἐξετάζοι τις ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ Κέκροπος· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁμοίως λέγουσιν ἅπαντες. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων δῆλον· Ἀκτὴν μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ Ἀκταίωνος φασίν, Ἀτθίδα δὲ καὶ Ἀττικὴν ἀπὸ Ἀτθίδος τῆς Κραναοῦ, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Κραναοὶ οἱ ἔνοικοι, Μοψοπίαν δὲ ἀπὸ Μοψόπου, Ἰωνίαν δὲ ἀπὸ Ἴωνος τοῦ Ξούθου, Ποσειδωνίαν δὲ καὶ Ἀθήνας ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπωνύμων θεῶν. εἴρηται δ' ὅτι κἀνταῦθα φαίνεται τὸ τῶν Πελασγῶν ἔθνος ἐπιδημῆσαν, καὶ διότι ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀττικῶν Πελαργοὶ προσηγορεύθησαν διὰ τὴν πλάνην.

The account would be much longer if one should pass in review the early founders of the settlement, beginning with Cecrops; for all writers do not agree about them, as is shown even by the names. For instance, Actice, they say, was derived from Actaeon; and Atthis and Attica from Atthis, the son of Cranaüs, after whom the inhabitants were also called Cranaï; and Mopsopia from Mopsopus; and Ionia from Ion, the son of Xuthus; and Poseidonia and Athens from the gods after whom they were named. And, as has already been said, {44} the race of the Pelasgi clearly sojourned here too, and on account of their wanderings were called "Pelargi." {45}

44. 5. 2. 4.

45. i.e., "Storks" (see 5. 2. 4).

009.001.019

 ὅσῳ δὲ πλέον ἐστὶ τὸ φιλότιμον περὶ τὰ ἔνδοξα καὶ πλείους οἱ λαλήσαντές τι περὶ αὐτῶν, τοσῷδε μείζων ὁ ἔλεγχος, ἐὰν μὴ κρατῇ τις τῆς ἱστορίας· οἷον ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ τῶν ποταμῶν ὁ Καλλίμαχος γελᾶν φησιν, εἴ τις θαρρεῖ γράφειν τὰς τῶν Ἀθηναίων παρθένους “ἀφύσσεσθαι καθαρὸν γάνος Ἠριδανοῖο,” οὗ καὶ τὰ βοσκήματα ἀπόσχοιτ' ἄν. εἰσὶ μὲν νῦν αἱ πηγαὶ καθαροῦ καὶ ποτίμου ὕδατος, ὥς φασιν, ἐκτὸς τῶν Διοχάρους καλουμένων πυλῶν πλησίον τοῦ Λυκείου· πρότερον δὲ καὶ κρήνη κατεσκεύαστό τις πλησίον πολλοῦ καὶ καλοῦ ὕδατος· εἰ δὲ μὴ νῦν, τί ἂν εἴη θαυμαστόν, εἰ πάλαι πολὺ καὶ καθαρὸν ἦν ὥστε καὶ πότιμον εἶναι, μετέβαλε δὲ ὕστερον; ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς καθ' ἕκαστα τοσούτοις οὖσιν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται διατρίβειν, οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ σιγῇ παρελθεῖν ὥστε μηδ' ἐν κεφαλαίῳ μνησθῆναί τινων.

The greater men's fondness for learning about things that are famous and the greater the number of men who have talked about them, the greater the censure, if one is not master of the historical facts. For example, in his Collection of the Rivers, Callimachus says that it makes him laugh if anyone makes bold to write that the Athenian virgins "draw pure liquid from the Eridanus," {46} from which even cattle would hold aloof. Its sources are indeed existent now, with pure and potable water, as they say, outside the Gates of Diochares, as they are called, near the Lyceium; {47} but in earlier times there was also a fountain near by which was constructed by man, with abundant and excellent water; and even if the water is not so now, why should it be a thing to wonder at, if in early times the water was abundant and pure, and therefore also potable, but in later times underwent a change? However, it is not permitted me to linger over details, since they are so numerous, nor yet, on the other hand, to pass by them all in silence without even mentioning one or another of them in a summary way.

46. Authorship unknown (see Callimachus Fr. 100e (Schneider)

47. On the different views as to the position and course of the Eridanus at Athens, see Frazer, note on Paus. 1.19.5.

009.001.020

 τοσαῦτ' οὖν ἀπόχρη προσθεῖσιν ὅτι φησὶ Φιλόχορος πορθουμένης τῆς χώρας ἐκ θαλάττης μὲν ὑπὸ Καρῶν ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὑπὸ Βοιωτῶν, οὓς ἐκάλουν Ἄονας, Κέκροπα πρῶτον εἰς δώδεκα πόλεις συνοικίσαι τὸ πλῆθος, ὧν ὀνόματα Κεκροπία Τετράπολις Ἐπακρία Δεκέλεια Ἐλευσὶς Ἄφιδνα λέγουσι δὲ καὶ πληθυντικῶς Ἀφίδνας Θόρικος Βραυρὼν Κύθηρος Σφηττὸς Κηφισιά . . . πάλιν δ' ὕστερον εἰς μίαν πόλιν συναγαγεῖν λέγεται τὴν νῦν τὰς δώδεκα Θησεύς. ἐβασιλεύοντο μὲν ὁὖν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοἶ πρότερον, εἶτ' εἰς δημοκρατίαν μετέστησαν· τυράννων δ' ἐπιθεμένων αὐτοῖς, Πεισιστράτου καὶ τῶν παίδων, ὕστερόν τε ὀλιγαρχίας γενομένης τῆς τε τῶν τετρακοσίων καὶ τῆς τῶν τριάκοντα τυράννων, οὓς ἐπέστησαν Λακεδαιμόνιοι, τούτους μὲν διεκρούσαντο ῥᾳδίως, ἐφύλαξαν δὲ τὴν δημοκρατίαν μέχρι τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἐπικρατείας. καὶ γὰρ εἴ τι μικρὸν ὑπὸ τῶν Μακεδονικῶν βασιλέων παρελυπήθησαν ὥσθ' ὑπακούειν αὐτῶν ἀναγκασθῆναι, τόν γε ὁλοσχερῆ τύπον τῆς πολιτείας τὸν αὐτὸν διετήρουν. ἔνιοι δέ φασι καὶ βέλτιστα τότε αὐτοὺς πολιτεύσασθαι δεκαετῆ χρόνον ὃν ἦρχε Μακεδόνων Κάσανδρος. οὗτος γὰρ ὁ ἀνὴρ πρὸς μὲν τὰ ἄλλα δοκεῖ τυραννικώτερος γενέσθαι, πρὸς Ἀθηναίους δὲ εὐγνωμόνησε λαβὼν ὑπήκοον τὴν πόλιν· ἐπέστησε γὰρ τῶν πολιτῶν Δημήτριον τὸν Φαληρέα τῶν Θεοφράστου τοῦ φιλοσόφου γνωρίμων, ὃς οὐ μόνον οὐ κατέλυσε τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπηνώρθωσε. δηλοῖ δὲ τὰ ὑπομνήματα ἃ συνέγραψε περὶ τῆς πολιτείας ταύτης ἐκεῖνος. ἀλλ' οὕτως ὁ φθόνος ἴσχυσε καὶ ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγους ἀπέχθεια ὥστε μετὰ τὴν Κασάνδρου τελευτὴν ἠναγκάσθη φυγεῖν εἰς Αἴγυπτον· τὰς δ' εἰκόνας αὐτοῦ πλείους ἢ τριακοσίας κατέσπασαν οἱ ἐπαναστάντες καὶ κατεχώνευσαν, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ προστιθέασιν ὅτι καὶ εἰς ἀμίδας. Ῥωμαῖοι δ' οὖν παραλαβόντες αὐτοὺς δημοκρατουμένους ἐφύλαξαν τὴν αὐτονομίαν αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν. ἐπιπεσὼν δ' ὁ Μιθριδατικὸς πόλεμος τυράννους αὐτοῖς κατέστησεν οὓς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐβούλετο· τὸν δ' ἰσχύσαντα μάλιστα τὸν Ἀριστίωνα καὶ ταύτην βιασάμενον τὴν πόλιν ἐκ πολιορκίας ἑλὼν Σύλλας ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμὼν ἐκόλασε, τῇ δὲ πόλει συγγνώμην ἔνειμε· καὶ μέχρι νῦν ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ τέ ἐστι καὶ τιμῇ παρὰ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις.

It suffices, then, to add thus much: According to Philochorus, when the country was being devastated, both from the sea by the Carians, and from the land by the Boeotians, who were called Aonians, Cecrops first settled the multitude in twelve cities, the names of which were Cecropia, Tetrapolis, Epacria, Deceleia, Eleusis, Aphidna (also called Aphidnae, in the plural), Thoricus, Brauron, Cytherus, Sphettus, Cephisia. {48} And at a later time Theseus is said to have united the twelve into one city, that of today. Now in earlier times the Athenians were ruled by kings; and then they changed to a democracy; but tyrants assailed them, Peisistratus and his sons; and later an oligarchy arose, not only that of the four hundred, but also that of the thirty tyrants, who were set over them by the Lacedaemonians; of these they easily rid themselves, and preserved the democracy until the Roman conquest. For even though they were molested for a short time by the Macedonian kings, and were even forced to obey them, they at least kept the general type of their government the same. And some say that they were actually best governed at that time, during the ten years when Cassander reigned over the Macedonians. For although this man is reputed to have been rather tyrannical in his dealings with all others, yet he was kindly disposed towards the Athenians, once he had reduced the city to subjection; for he placed over the citizens Demetrius of Phalerum, one of the disciples of Theophrastus the philosopher, who not only did not destroy the democracy but even improved it, as is made clear in the Memoirs which Demetrius wrote concerning this government. But the envy and hatred felt for oligarchy was so strong that, after the death of Cassander, Demetrius was forced to flee to Egypt; and the statues of him, more than three hundred, were pulled down by the insurgents and melted, and some writers go on to say that they were made into chamber pots. Be that as it may, the Romans, seeing that the Athenians had a democratic government when they took them over, preserved their autonomy and liberty. But when the Mithridatic War came on, tyrants were placed over them, whomever the king wished. The most powerful of these, Aristion, who violently oppressed the city, was punished by Sulla the Roman commander when he took this city by siege, though he pardoned the city itself; and to this day it is free and held in honor among the Romans.

48. Thus only eleven names are given in the most important MSS., though "Phalerus" appears after "Cephisia" in some (see critical note on opposite page). But it seems best to assume that Strabo either actually included Athens in his list or left us to infer that he meant Athens as one of the twelve.

009.001.021

 μετὰ δὲ τὸν Πειραιᾶ Φαληρεῖς δῆμος ἐν τῇ ἐφεξῆς παραλίᾳ· εἶθ' Ἁλιμούσιοι Αἰξωνεῖς Ἁλαιεῖς οἱ Αἰξωνικοὶ Ἀναγυράσιοι· εἶτα Θοραιεῖς Λαμπτρεῖς Αἰγιλιεῖς Ἀναφλύστιοι Ἀζηνιεῖς· οὗτοι μὲν οἱ μέχρι τῆς ἄκρας τοῦ Σουνίου. μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν λεχθέντων δήμων μακρὰ ἄκρα, πρώτη μετὰ τοὺς Αἰξωνέας Ζωστήρ, εἶτ' ἄλλη μετὰ Θοραιέας Ἀστυπάλαια· ὧν τῆς μὲν πρόκειται νῆσος Φάβρα τῆς δ' Ἐλαιοῦσσα· καὶ κατὰ τοὺς Αἰξωνέας δ' ἔστιν Ὑδροῦσσα· περὶ δὲ Ἀνάφλυστόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ Πανεῖον καὶ τὸ τῆς Κωλιάδος Ἀφροδίτης ἱερόν, εἰς ὃν τόπον ἐκκυμανθῆναι τὰ τελευταῖα τὰ ἐκ τῆς περὶ Σαλαμῖνα ναυμαχίας τῆς Περσικῆς ναυάγιά φασι, περὶ ὧν καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλω προειπεῖν “Κωλιάδες δὲ γυναῖκες “ἐρετμοῖσι φρύξουσι.” πρόκειται δὲ καὶ τούτων τῶν τόπων Βέλβινα νῆσος οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν καὶ ὁ Πατρόκλου χάραξ· ἔρημοι δ' αἱ πλεῖσται τούτων.

After the Peiraeus comes the deme Phalereis, on the seaboard next to it; then Halimusii, Aexoneis, Alaeeis, Aexonici, and Anagyrasii. Then Thoreis, Lamptreis, Aegilieis, Anaphlystii, Ateneis. These are the demes as far as the cape of Sunium. Between the aforesaid demes is a long cape, the first cape after Aexoneis, Zoster; then another after Thoreis, I mean Astypalaea; off the former of these lies the island Phabra and off the latter the island Eleussa; and also opposite Aexonieis is Hydrussa. And in the neighborhood of Anaphlystus is also the shrine of Pan, and the temple of Aphrodite Colias, at which place, they say, were cast forth by the waves the last wreckage of the ships after the Persian naval battle near Salamis, the wreckage concerning which Apollo predicted "the women of Colias will cook food with the oars." Off these places, too, is the island Belbina, at no great distance, and also the palisade of Patroclus. But most of these islands are uninhabited.

009.001.022

 κάμψαντι δὲ τὴν κατὰ τὸ Σούνιον ἄκραν ἀξιόλογος δῆμος Σούνιον, εἶτα Θόρικος, εἶτα Ποταμὸς δῆμος οὕτω καλούμενος, ἐξ οὗ οἱ ἄνδρες Ποτάμιοι, εἶτα Πρασιὰ Στειριὰ Βραυρών, ὅπου τὸ τῆς Βραυρωνίας Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερόν, Ἁλαὶ Ἀραφἦνίδες, ὅπου τὸ τῆς Ταυροπόλου, Μυρρινοῦς Προβάλινθος Μαραθών, ὅπου Μιλτιάδης τὰς μετὰ Δάτιος τοῦ Πέρσου δυνάμεις ἄρδην διέφθειρεν οὐ περιμείνας ὑστερίζοντας Λακεδαιμονίους διὰ τὴν πανσέληνον· ἐνταῦθα μεμυθεύκασι καὶ τὸν Μαραθώνιον ταῦρον ὃν ἀνεῖλε Θησεύς. μετὰ δὲ Μαραθῶνα Τρικόρυνθος, εἶτα Ῥαμνοῦς, ὅποὖ τὸ τῆς Νεμέσεως ἱερόν, εἶτα Ψαφὶς ἡ τῶν Ὠρωπίων· ἐνταῦθα δέ που καὶ τὸ Ἀμφιαράειόν ἐστι τετιμημένον ποτὲ μαντεῖον, ὅπου φυγόντα τὸν Ἀμφιάρεων, ὥς φησι Σοφοκλῆς, “ἐδέξατο ῥαγεῖσα Θηβαία κόνις αὐτοῖσιν “ὅπλοις καὶ τετρωρίστῳ δίφρῳ.” Ὠρωπὸς δ' ἐν ἀμφισβητησίμῳ γεγένηται πολλάκις· ἵδρυται γὰρ ἐν μεθορίῳ τῆς τε Ἀττικῆς καὶ τῆς Βοιωτίας. πρόκειται δὲ τῆς παραλίας ταύτης πρὸ μὲν τοῦ Θορίκου καὶ τοῦ Σουνίου νῆσος Ἑλένη τραχεῖα καὶ ἔρημος, παραμήκης ὅσον ἑξήκοντα σταδίων τὸ μῆκος, ἧς φασι μεμνῆσθαι τὸν ποιητὴν ἐν οἷς Ἀλέξανδρος λέγει πρὸς τὴν Ἑλένην “οὐδ' “ὅτε σε πρῶτον Λακεδαίμονος ἐξ ἐρατεινῆς ἔπλεον “ἁρπάξας ἐν ποντοπόροισι νέεσσι, νήσῳ δ' ἐν Κρανάῃ ἐμίγην φιλότητι καὶ εὐνῇ.” ταύτην γὰρ λέγει Κρανάην τὴν νῦν Ἑλένην ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκεῖ γενέσθαι τὴν μῖξιν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἑλένην ἡ Εὔβοια πρόκειται τῆς ἑξῆς παραλίας, ὁμοίως στενὴ καὶ μακρὰ καὶ κατὰ μῆκος τῇ ἠπείρῳ παραβεβλημένη καθάπερ ἡ Ἑλένη. ἔστι δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ Σουνίου πρὸς τὸ νότιον τῆς Εὐβοίας ἄκρον, ὃ καλοῦσι Λευκὴν ἀκτήν, σταδίων τριακοσίων πλοῦς· ἀλλὰ περὶ Εὐβοίας μἑν λέξομεν ὕστερον, τοὺς δ' ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ δήμους τῆς Ἀττικῆς μακρὸν εἰπεῖν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος.

On doubling the cape of Sunium one comes to Sunium, a noteworthy deme; then to Thoricus; then to a deme called Potamus, whose inhabitants are called Potamii; then to Prasia, to Steiria, to Brauron, where is the temple of the Artemis Brauronia, to Halae Araphenides, where is the temple of Artemis Tauropolus, to Myrrinus, to Probalinthus, and to Marathon, where Miltiades utterly destroyed the forces under Datis the Persian, without waiting for the Lacedaemonians, who came too late because they wanted the full moon. Here, too, is the scene of the myth of the Marathonian bull, which was slain by Theseus. After Marathon one comes to Tricorynthus; then to Rhamnus, the sanctuary of Nemesis; then to Psaphis, the land of the Oropians. In the neighborhood of Psaphis is the Amphiaraeium, an oracle once held in honor, where in his flight Amphiaraüs, as Sophocles says, "with four-horse chariot, armour and all, was received by a cleft that was made {49} in the Theban dust." {50} Oropus has often been disputed territory; for it is situated on the common boundary of Attica and Boeotia. Off this coast are islands: off Thoricus and Sunium lies the island Helene; it is rugged and deserted, and in its length of about sixty stadia extends parallel to the coast. This island, they say, is mentioned by the poet where Alexander {51} says to Helen: "Not even when first I snatched thee from lovely Lacedaemon and sailed with thee on the seafaring ships, and in the island Cranaë joined with thee in love and couch"; {52} for he calls Cranaë {53} the island now called Helene from the fact that the intercourse took place there. And after Helene comes Euboea, which lies off the next stretch of coast; it likewise is narrow and long and in length lies parallel to the mainland, like Helene. The voyage from Sunium to the southerly promontory of Euboea, which is called Leuce Acte, is three hundred stadia. However, I shall discuss Euboea later ; {54} but as for the demes in the interior of Attica, it would be tedious to recount them because of their great number.

49. By a thunderbolt of Zeus, to save the pious prophet from being slain.

50. Soph. Fr. 873 (Nauck).

51. Paris.

52. Hom. Il. 3.443.

53. "Rough."

54. 10. 1.

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 τῶν δ' ὀρῶν τὰ μὲν ἐν ὀνόματι μάλιστά ἐστιν ὅ τε Ὑμηττὸς καὶ Βριλησσὸς καὶ Λυκαβηττός, ἔτι δὲ Πάρνης καὶ Κορυδαλλός. μαρμάρου δ' ἐστὶ τῆς τε Ὑμηττίας καὶ τῆς Πεντελικῆς κάλλιστα μέταλλα πλησίον τῆς πόλεως· ὁ δ' Ὑμηττὸς καὶ μέλι ἄριστον ποιεῖ. τὰ δ' ἀργυρεῖα τὰ ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ κατ' ἀρχὰς μὲν ἦν ἀξιόλογα, νυνὶ δ' ἐκλείπει· καὶ δὴ καὶ οἱ ἐργαζόμενοι, τῆς μεταλλείας ἀσθενῶς ὑπακουούσης, τὴν παλαιὰν ἐκβολάδα καὶ σκωρίαν ἀναχωνεύοντες εὕρισκον ἔτι ἐξ αὐτῆς ἀποκαθαιρόμενον ἀργύριον, τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀπείρως καμινευόντων. τοῦ δὲ μέλιτος ἀρίστου τῶν πάντων ὄντος τοῦ Ἀττικοῦ πολὺ βέλτιστόν φασι τὸ ἐν τοῖς ἀργυρείοις, ὃ καὶ ἀκάπνιστον καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ τρόπου τῆς σκευασίας.

Of the mountains, those which are most famous are Hymettus, Brilessus, and Lycabettus; and also Parnes and Corydallus. Near the city are most excellent quarries of marble, the Hymettian and Pentelic. Hymettus also produces the best honey. The silver mines in Attica were originally valuable, but now they have failed. Moreover, those who worked them, when the mining yielded only meager returns, melted again the old refuse, or dross, and were still able to extract from it pure silver, since the workmen of earlier times had been unskillful in heating the ore in furnaces. But though the Attic honey is the best in the world, that in the country of the silver mines is said to be much the best of all, the kind which is called acapniston, {55} from the mode of its preparation.

55. "Unsmoked," i.e., the honey was taken from the hive without the use of smoke.

009.001.024

 ποταμοὶ δ' εἰσὶν ὁ μὲν Κηφισσὸς ἐκ Τρινεμέων τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχων ῥέων δὲ διὰ τοῦ πεδίου, ἐφ' οὗ καὶ ἡ γέφυρα καὶ οἱ γεφυρισμοί, διὰ δὲ τῶν σκελῶν τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἄστεος εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθηκόντων ἐκδίδωσιν εἰς τὸ Φαληρικόν, χειμαρρώδης τὸ πλέον, θέρους δὲ μειοῦται τελέως. ἔστι δὲ τοιοῦτος μᾶλλον ὁ Ἰλισσός, ἐκ θατέρου μέρους τοῦ ἄστεος ῥέων εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν παραλίαν ἐκ τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἄγρας καὶ τοῦ Λυκείου μερῶν καὶ τῆς πηγῆς ἣν ὕμνηκεν ἐν Φαίδρῳ Πλάτων. περὶ μὲν τῆς Ἀττικῆς ταῦτα.

The rivers of Attica are the Cephissus, which has its source in the deme Trinemeis; it flows through the plain (hence the allusions to the "bridge" and the "bridge-railleries " {56} ) and then through the legs of the walls which extend from the city to the Peiraeus; it empties into the Phaleric Gulf, being a torrential stream most of the time, although in summer it decreases and entirely gives out. And such is still more the case with the Ilissus, which flows from the other part of the city into the same coast, from the region above Agra {57} and the Lyceium, and from the fountain which is lauded by Plato in the Phaedrus. {58} So much for Attica.

56. Literally, the "gephyra" ("bridge") and "gephyrismi" ("bridge-isms"). It appears that on this bridge the Initiated, on their procession to Eleusis, engaged in mutual raillery of a wanton character (but see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Γεφυρισμοί).

57. A suburb in the deme of Agryle.

58. 229 A.D.

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 ἑξῆς δ' ἐστὶν ἡ Βοιωτία, περὶ ἧς λέγοντα καὶ περὶ τῶν συνεχῶν ἐθνῶν ἀνάμνησιν ποιήσασθαι χρὴ τοῦ σαφοῦς χάριν ὧν εἴπομεν πρότερον. ἐλέγομἐν δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ Σουνίου παραλίαν μέχρι Θετταλὁνικείας ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους τετάσθαι, μικρὸν ἐκκλίνουσαν πρὸς δύσιν καἶ ἔχουσαν τὴν θάλατταν πρὸς ἕω, τὰ δ' ὑπεῥκείμενα μέῤη πρὸς δύσιν ὡς ἂν ταινίας τινὰς διὰ τῆς πάσης χώρας τεταμένας παραλλήλους· ὧν πρώτη ἐστὶν ἧ Ἀττικὴ σὺν τᾗ Μεγαρίδι ὡς ἂν ταινία τις, τὸ μὲν ἑωθἷνὸν πλευρὸν ἔχοὖσα τὴν ἀπὸ Σουνίου μέχρι Ὠρωποῦ καὶ . . . ίας, τὸ δ' ἑσπέριον τόν τε Ἰσθμὸν καὶ τὴν Ἀλκυονίδα θάλἆτταν τὴν κατὰ Παγὰς μέχρι τῶν τόπων τῆς Βοιωτἶας τῶν περὶ Κρέουσαν· τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ τὴν ἀπὸ Σουνίοὖ μέχρι Ἰσθμοῦ παραλίαν καὶ τὴν ὡς ἂν . . . ς ὀρεινὴν τὴν διείργουσαν ἀπὸ τῆς Βοιωτίας τὴν Ἀττικήν. δευτέρα δ' ἐστὶν ἡ Βοιωτία ἀπὸ τῆς ἕω ἐπὶ δύσιν τεταμένη ταινία τις ἀπὸ τῆς κατ' Εὔβοιαν θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν τὴν κατὰ τὸν Κρισαῖον κόλπον, ἰσομήκης πως τῇ Ἀττικῇ ἢ καὶ ἐλάττων κατὰ μῆκος· ἀρετῇ μέντοι τῆς χώρας πάμπολυ διαφέρει.

Next in order is Boeotia; and when I discuss this country and the tribes that are continuous with it, I must, for the sake of clearness, call to mind what I have said before. {59} As I have said, the seaboard from Sunium to Thessaloniceia extends towards the north, slightly inclining towards the west and keeping the sea on the east; and that the parts above this seaboard lie towards the west--ribbon-like stretches of country extending parallel to one another through the whole country. The first of these parts is Attica together with Megaris--a ribbon-like stretch of country, having as its eastern side the seaboard from Sunium to Oropus and Boeotia, and as its western side the Isthmus and the Alcyonian Sea, which extends from Pagae to the boundaries of Boeotia near Creusa, and as its remaining two sides, the seaboard from Sunium to the Isthmus and the mountainous country approximately parallel thereto which separates Attica from Boeotia. The second of these parts is Boeotia, extending ribbon-like from the east towards the west, from the Euboean Sea to the sea at the Crisaean Gulf; and it is about equal in length to Attica or perhaps less; in the fertility of its soil, however, it is far superior.

59. 2. 5. 21, 7. 7. 4, and 9. 1. 2.

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 Ἔφορος δὲ καὶ ταύτῃ κρείττω τὴν Βοιωτίαν ἀποφαίνει τῶν ὁμόρων ἐθνῶν καὶ ὅτι μόνη τριθάλαττός ἐστι καὶ λιμένων εὐπορεῖ πλειόνων, ἐπὶ μὲν τῷ Κρισαίῳ κόλπῳ καὶ τῷ Κορινθιακῷ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας καὶ Σικελίας καὶ Λιβύης δεχομένη, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν πρὸς Εὔβοιαν μερῶν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τοῦ Εὐρίπου σχιζομένης τῆς παραλίας τῇ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν Αὐλίδα καὶ τὴν Ταναγρικὴν τῇ δ' ἐπὶ τὸν Σαλγανέα καὶ τὴν Ἀνθηδόνα, τῇ μὲν εἶναι συνεχῆ τὴν κατ' Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον καὶ τὰς νήσους θάλατταν τῇ δὲ τὴν κατὰ Μακεδόνας καὶ τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον. προστίθησι δὲ ὅτι καὶ τὴν Εὔβοιαν τρόπον τινὰ μέρος αὐτῆς πεποίηκεν ὁ Εὔριπος οὕτω στενὸς ὢν καὶ γεφύρᾳ συνεζευγμένος πρὸς αὐτὴν διπλέθρῳ. τὴν μὲν οὖν χώραν ἐπαινεῖ διὰ ταῦτα, καί φησι πρὸς ἡγεμονίαν εὐφυῶς ἔχειν, ἀγωγῇ δὲ καὶ παιδείᾳ μὴ χρησαμένους ἐπιμελεῖ τοὺς ἀεὶ προϊσταμένους αὐτῆς, εἰ καί τἶ ποτε κατώρθωσαν, ἐπὶ μικρὸν τὸν χρόνον συμμεῖναι, καθάπερ Ἐπαμεινώνδας ἔδειξε· τελευτήσαντος γὰρ ἐκείνου τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀποβαλεῖν εὐθὺς τοὺς Θηβαίους γευσαμένους αὐτῆς μόνον· αἴτιον δὲ εἶναι τὸ λόγων καὶ ὁμιλίας τῆς πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὀλιγωρῆσαι, μόνης δ' ἐπιμεληθῆναι τῆς κατὰ πόλεμον ἀρετῆς. ἔδει δὲ προσθεῖναι διότι τοῦτο πρὸς Ἕλληνας μάλιστα χρήσιμόν ἐστιν, ἐπεὶ πρός γε τοὺς βαρβάρους βία λόγου κρείττων ἐστί. καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν μὲν ἀγριωτέροις ἔθνεσι πολεμοῦντες οὐδὲν ἐδέοντο τῶν τοιούτων παιδευμάτων, ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἤρξαντο πρὸς ἡμερώτερα ἔθνη καὶ φῦλα τὴν πραγματείαν ἔχειν, ἐπέθεντο καὶ ταύτῃ τῇ ἀγωγῇ καὶ κατέστησαν πάντων κύριοι.

Ephorus declares that Boeotia is superior to the countries of the bordering tribes, not only in fertility of soil, but also because it alone has three seas and has a greater number of good harbors; in the Crisaean and Corinthian Gulfs it receives the products of Italy and Sicily and Libya, while in the part which faces Euboea, since its seaboard branches off on either side of the Euripus, on one side towards Aulis and the territory of Tanagra and on the other towards Salganeus and Anthedon, the sea stretches unbroken {60} in the one direction towards Egypt and Cyprus and the islands, and in the other direction towards Macedonia and the regions of the Propontis and the Hellespont. And he adds that Euboea has, in a way, been made a part of Boeotia by the Euripus, since the Euripus is so narrow and is spanned by a bridge to Euripus only two plethra {61} long. Now he praises the country on account of these things; and he says that it is naturally well suited to hegemony, but that those who were from time to time its leaders neglected careful training and education, and therefore, although they at times achieved success, they maintained it only for a short time, as is shown in the case of Epameinondas; for after he died the Thebans immediately lost the hegemony, having had only a taste of it; and that the cause of this was the fact that they belittled the value of learning and of intercourse with mankind, and cared for the military virtues alone. Ephorus should have added that these things are particularly useful in dealing with Greeks, although force is stronger than reason in dealing with the barbarians. And the Romans too, in ancient times, when carrying on war with savage tribes, needed no training of this kind, but from the time that they began to have dealings with more civilized tribes and races, they applied themselves to this training also, and so established themselves as lords of all.

60. i.e., unbroken by an isthmus or other obstacle.

61. 202 English feet.

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 ἡ δ' οὖν Βοιωτία πρότερον μὲν ὑπὸ βαρβάρων ᾠκεῖτο Ἀόνων καὶ Τεμμίκων ἐκ τοῦ Σουνίου πεπλανημένων καὶ Λελέγων καὶ Ὑάντων· εἶτα Φοίνικες ἔσχον οἱ μετὰ Κάδμου, ὃς τήν τε Καδμείαν ἐτείχισε καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῖς ἐκγόνοις ἀπέλιπεν. ἐκεῖνοι δὲ τὰς Θήβας τῇ Καδμείᾳ προσέκτισαν, καὶ συνεφύλαξαν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἡγούμενοι τῶν πλείστων Βοιωτῶν ἕως τῆς τῶν Ἐπιγόνων στρατείας. κατὰ δὲ τούτους ὀλίγον χρόνον ἐκλιπόντες τὰς Θήβας ἐπανῆλθον πάλιν· ὡς δ' αὕτως ὑπὸ Θρᾳκῶν καὶ Πελασγῶν ἐκπεσόντες ἐν Θετταλίᾳ συνεστήσαντο τὴν ἀρχὴν μετὰ Ἀρναίων ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον, ὥστε καὶ Βοιωτοὺς κληθῆναι πάντας. εἶτ' ἀνέστρεψαν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν, ἤδη τοῦ Αἰολικοῦ στόλου παρεσκευασμένου περὶ Αὐλίδα τῆς Βοιωτίας, ὃν ἔστελλον εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν οἱ Ὀρέστου παῖδες. προσθέντες δὲ τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ τὴν Ὀρχομενίαν οὐ γὰρ ἦσαν κοινῇ πρότερον, οὐδ' Ὅμηρος μετὰ Βοιωτῶν αὐτοὺς κατέλεξεν ἀλλ' ἰδίᾳ, Μινύας προσαγορεύσας μετ' ἐκείνων ἐξέβαλον τοὺς μὲν Πελασγοὺς εἰς Ἀθήνας, ἀφ' ὧν ἐκλήθη μέρος τι τῆς πόλεως Πελασγικόν ᾤκησαν δὲ ὑπὸ τῷ Ὑμηττῷ , τοὺς δὲ Θρᾷκας ἐπὶ τὸν Παρνασσόν. Ὕαντες δὲ τῆς Φωκίδος Ὕαν πόλιν ᾤκισαν.

Be that as it may, Boeotia in earlier times was inhabited by barbarians, the Aones and the Temmices, who wandered thither from Sunium, and by the Leleges and the Hyantes. Then the Phoenicians occupied it, I mean the Phoenicians with Cadmus, the man who fortified the Cadmeia  {62} and left the dominion to his descendants. Those Phoenicians founded Thebes in addition to the Cadmeia, and preserved their dominion, commanding most of the Boeotians until the expedition of the Epigoni. On this occasion they left Thebes for a short time, but came back again. And, in the same way, when they were ejected by the Thracians and the Pelasgians, they established their government in Thessaly along with the Arnaei for a long time, so that they were all called Boeotians. Then they returned to the homeland, at the time when the Aeolian fleet, near Aulis in Boeotia, was now ready to set sail, I mean the fleet which the sons of Orestes were despatching to Asia. After adding the Orchomenian country to Boeotia (for in earlier times the Orchomenians were not a part of the Boeotian community, nor did Homer enumerate them with the Boeotians, but as a separate people, for he called them Minyae {63} ), they, with the Orchomenians, drove out the Pelasgians to Athens (it was after these that a part of the city was named "Pelasgicon," though they took up their abode below Hymettus), and the Thracians to Parnassus; and the Hyantes founded a city Hyas in Phocis.

62. The acropolis of Thebes.

63. Hom. Il. 2.511.

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 φησὶ δ' Ἔφορος τοὺς μὲν Θρᾷκας ποιησαμένους σπονδὰς πρὸς τοὺς Βοιωτοὺς ἐπιθέσθαι νύκτωρ στρατοπεδεύουσιν ὀλιγωρότερον ὡς εἰρήνης γεγονυίας· διακρουσαμένων δ' αὐτοὺς αἰτιωμένων τε ἅμα ὅτι τὰς σπονδὰς παρέβαινον, μὴ παραβῆναι φάσκειν ἐκείνους· συνθέσθαι γὰρ ἡμέρας, νύκτωρ δ' ἐπιθέσθαι· ἀφ' οὗ δὴ καὶ τὴν παροιμίαν εἰρῆσθαι “Θρᾳκία παρεύρεσις.” τοὺς δὲ Πελασγοὺς μένοντος ἔτι τοῦ πολέμου χρηστηριασομένους ἀπελθεῖν, ἀπελθεῖν δὲ καὶ τοὺς Βοιωτούς· τὸν μὲν οὖν τοῖς Πελασγοῖς δοθέντα χρησμὸν ἔφη μὴ ἔχειν εἰπεῖν, τοῖς δὲ Βοιωτοῖς ἀνελεῖν τὴν προφῆτιν ἀσεβήσαντας εὖ πράξειν· τοὺς δὲ θεωροὺς ὑπονοήσαντας χαριζομένην τοῖς Πελασγοῖς τὴν προφῆτιν κατὰ τὸ συγγενὲς ἐπειδὴ καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν Πελασγικὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπῆρξεν οὕτως ἀνελεῖν, ἁρπάσαντας τὴν ἄνθρωπον εἰς πυρὰν ἐμβαλεῖν ἐνθυμηθέντας, εἴτε κακουργήσασαν εἴτε μή, πρὸς ἀμφότερα ὀρθῶς ἔχειν, εἰ μὲν παρεχρηστηρίασε, κολασθείσης αὐτῆς, εἰ δ' οὐδὲν ἐκακούργησε, τὸ προσταχθὲν αὐτῶν πραξάντων. τοὺς δὲ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τὸ μὲν ἀκρίτους κτείνειν τοὺς πράξαντας, καὶ ταῦτ' ἐν ἱερῷ, μὴ δοκιμάσαι, καθιστάναι δ' εἰς κρίσιν, καλεῖν δ' ἐπὶ τὰς ἱερείας, ταύτας δὲ εἶναι τὰς προφήτιδας αἳ λοιπαὶ τριῶν οὐσῶν περιῆσαν· λεγόντων δ' ὡς οὐδαμοῦ νόμος εἴη δικάζειν γυναῖκας, προσελέσθαι καὶ ἄνδρας ἴσους ταῖς γυναιξὶ τὸν ἀριθμόν· τοὺς μὲν οὖν ἄνδρας ἀπογνῶναι, τὰς δὲ γυναῖκας καταγνῶναι, ἴσων δὲ τῶν ψήφων γενομένων τὰς ἀπολυούσας νικῆσαι· ἐκ δὲ τούτων Βοιωτοῖς μόνοις ἄνδρας προθεσπίζειν ἐν Δωδώνῃ. τὰς μέντοι προφήτιδας ἐξηγουμένας τὸ μαντεῖον εἰπεῖν, ὅτι προστάττοι ὁ θεὸς τοῖς Βοιωτοῖς τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς τρίποδας συλήσαντας ἕνα εἰς Δωδώνην πέμπειν κατ' ἔτος· καὶ δὴ καὶ ποιεῖν τοῦτο· ἀεὶ γάρ τινα τῶν ἀνακειμένων τριπόδων νύκτωρ καθαιροῦντας καὶ κατακαλύπτοντας ἱματίοις ὡς ἂν λάθρᾳ τριποδηφορεῖν εἰς Δωδώνην.

Ephorus says that the Thracians, after making a treaty with the Boeotians, attacked them by night when they, thinking that peace had been made, were encamping rather carelessly; and when the Boeotians frustrated the Thracians, at the same time making the charge that they were breaking the treaty, the Thracians asserted that they had not broken it, for the treaty said "by day," whereas they had made the attack by night; whence arose the proverb, "Thracian pretense"; and the Pelasgians, when the war was still going on, went to consult the oracle, as did also the Boeotians. Now Ephorus is unable, he says, to tell the oracular response that was given to the Pelasgians, but the prophetess replied to the Boeotians that they would prosper if they committed sacrilege; and the messengers who were sent to consult the oracle, suspecting that the prophetess responded thus out of favor to the Pelasgians, because of her kinship with them (indeed, the temple also was from the beginning Pelasgian), seized the woman and threw her upon a burning pile, for they considered that, whether she had acted falsely or had not, they were right in either case, since, if she uttered a false oracle, she had her punishment, whereas, if she did not act falsely, they had only obeyed the order of the oracle. Now those in charge of the temple, he says, did not approve of putting to death without trial--and that too in the temple--the men who did this, and therefore they brought them to trial, and summoned them before the priestesses, who were also the prophetesses, being the two survivors of the three; but when the Boeotians said that it was nowhere lawful for women to act as judges, they chose an equal number of men in addition to the women. Now the men, he says, voted for acquittal, but the women for conviction, and since the votes cast were equal, those for acquittal prevailed; and in consequence of this prophecies are uttered at Dodona by men to Boeotians only; the prophetesses, however, explain the oracle to mean that the god ordered the Boeotians to steal the tripods {64} and take one of them to Dodona every year; and they actually do this, for they always {65} take down one of the dedicated tripods by night and cover it up with garments, and secretly, as it were, carry it to Dodona.

64. i.e., steal the dedicated tripods, thus committing sacrilege.

65. i.e., every year.

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 μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὴν Αἰολικὴν ἀποικίαν συνέπραξαν τοῖς περὶ Πενθίλον, πλείστους ἐξ ἑαυτῶν συμπέμψαντες, ὥστε καὶ Βοιωτικὴν προσαγορευθῆναι. ὕστερον δὲ χρόνοις πολλοῖς ὁ Περσικὸς πόλεμος περὶ Πλαταιὰς γενόμενος διελυμήνατο τὴν χώραν. εἶτ' ἀνέλαβον σφᾶς πάλιν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ὥστε καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀρχῆς ἀμφισβητῆσαι Θηβαίους δυσὶ μάχαις κρατήσαντας Λακεδαιμονίους. Ἐπαμεινώνδα δὲ πεσόντος ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ταύτης μὲν τῆς ἐλπίδος διεσφάλησαν, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὅμως ἐπολέμησαν πρὸς Φωκέας τοὺς τὸ ἱερὸν συλήσαντας τὸ κοινόν. κακωθέντες δ' ὑπό τε τούτου τοῦ πολέμου καὶ τῶν Μακεδόνων ἐπιθεμένων τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν τούτων καὶ ἀπέβαλον τὴν πόλιν κατασκαφεῖσαν καὶ ἀνέλαβον ἀνακτισθεῖσαν. ἐξ ἐκείνου δ' ἤδη πράττοντες ἐνδεέστερον ἀεὶ μέχρι εἰς ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ κώμης ἀξιολόγου τύπον σώζουσι· καὶ ἇἶ ἄλλαι δὲ πόλεις ἀνάλογον πλὴν Τανάγρας καὶ Θεσπιῶν· αὗται δ' ἱκανῶς συμμένουσι πρὸς ἐκείνας κρινόμεναι.

After this the Boeotians cooperated with Penthilus {66} and his followers in forming the Aeolian colony, sending with him most of their own people, so that it was also called a Boeotian colony. A long time afterwards the country was thoroughly devastated by the Persian war that took place near Plataeae. Then they recovered themselves to such an extent that the Thebans, having conquered the Lacedaemonians in two battles, laid claim to supremacy over the Greeks. But Epameinondas fell in the battle, and consequently they were disappointed in this hope; but still they went to war on behalf of the Greeks against the Phocians, who had robbed their common temple. And after suffering loss from this war, as also from the Macedonians when these attacked the Greeks, {67} they lost their city, {68} which was razed to the ground by these same people, and then received it back from them when rebuilt. {69} From that time on the Thebans have fared worse and worse down to our own time, and Thebes today does not preserve the character even of a respectable village; and the like is true of other Boeotian cities, except Tanagra and Thespiae, which, as compared with Thebes, have held out fairly well.

66. See 13. 1. 3.

67. At the battle of Chaeroneia (338 B.C.).

68. 335 B.C.

69. By Cassander (316 B.C.).

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 ἑξῆς δὲ τὴν περιήγησιν τῆς χώρας ποιητέον ἀρξαμένους ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς Εὔβοιαν παραλίας τῆς συνεχοῦς τῇ Ἀττικῇ. ἀρχὴ δ' ὁ Ὠρωπὸς καὶ ὁ ἱερὸς λιμὴν ὃν καλοῦσι Δελφίνιον, καθ' ὃν ἡ παλαιὰ Ἐρέτρια ἐν τῇ Εὐβοίᾳ, διάπλουν ἔχουσα ἑξήκοντα σταδίων. μετὰ δὲ τὸ Δελφίνιον ὁ Ὠρωπὸς ἐν εἴκοσι σταδίοις· κατὰ δὲ τοῦτόν ἐστιν ἡ νῦν Ἐρέτρια, διάπλους δ' ἐπ' αὐτὴν στάδιοι τετταράκοντα.

Next in order I must make a circuit of the country, beginning at that part of the coastline opposite Euboea which joins Attica. The beginning is Oropus, and the Sacred Harbor, which is called Delphinium, opposite which is the ancient Eretria in Euboea, the distance across being sixty stadia. After Delphinium, at a distance of twenty stadia, is Oropus; and opposite Oropus is the present Eretria, and to it the passage across the strait is forty stadia.

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 εἶτα Δήλιον τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος ἐκ Δήλου ἀφιδρυμένον, Ταναγραίων πολίχνιον Αὐλίδος διέχον σταδίους τριάκοντα, ὅπου μάχῃ λειφθέντες Ἀθηναῖοι προτροπάδην ἔφυγον· ἐν δὲ τῇ φυγῇ πεσόντα ἀφ' ἵππου Ξενοφῶντα ἰδὼν κείμενον τὸν Γρύλλου Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος στρατεύων πεζὸς τοῦ ἵππου γεγονότος ἐκποδὼν ἀνέλαβε τοῖς ὤμοις αὐτόν, καὶ ἔσωσεν ἐπὶ πολλοὺς σταδίους ἕως ἐπαύσατο ἡ φυγή.

Then one comes to Delium, the sanctuary of Apollo, which is a reproduction of that in Delos. It is a small town of the Tanagraeans, thirty stadia distant from Aulis. It was to this place that the Athenians, after their defeat in battle, made their headlong flight; and in the flight Socrates the philosopher, who was serving on foot, since his horse had got away from him, saw Xenophon the son of Gryllus lying on the ground, having fallen from his horse, and took him up on his shoulders and carried him in safety for many stadia, until the flight ceased.

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 εἶτα λιμὴν μέγας ὃν καλοῦσι Βαθὺν λιμένα· εἶθ' ἡ Αὐλὶς πετρῶδες χωρίον καὶ κώμη Ταναγραίων· λιμὴν δ' ἐστὶ πεντήκοντα πλοίοις, ὥστ' εἰκὸς τὸν ναύσταθμον τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐν τῷ μεγάλῳ ὑπάρξαι λιμένι. καὶ ὁ Εὔριπος δ' ἐστὶ πλησίον ὁ Χαλκίδος, εἰς ὃν ἀπὸ Σουνίου στάδιοι ἑξακόσιοι ἑβδομήκοντα· ἔστι δ' ἐπ' αὐτῷ γέφυρα δίπλεθρος, ὡς εἴρηκα· πύργος δ' ἑκατέρωθεν ἐφέστηκεν ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς Χαλκίδος ὁ δ' ἐκ τῆς Βοιωτίας· διῳκοδόμηται δ' εἰς αὐτοὺς σῦριγξ. περὶ δὲ τῆς παλιρροίας τοῦ Εὐρίπου τοσοῦτον μόνον εἰπεῖν ἱκανόν, ὅτι ἑπτάκις μεταβάλλειν φασὶ καθ' ἡμέραν ἑκάστην καὶ νύκτα· τὴν δ' αἰτίαν ἐν ἄλλοις σκεπτέον.

Then one comes to a large harbor, which is called Bathys Limen; {70} then to Aulis, a rocky place and a village of the Tanagraeans. Its harbor is large enough for only fifty boats; and therefore it is reasonable to suppose that the naval station of the Greeks was in the large harbor. And near by, also, is the Euripus at Chalcis, to which the distance from Sunium is six hundred and seventy stadia; and over it is a bridge two plethra long, {71} as I have said; {72} and a tower stands on each side, one on the side of Chalcis, and the other on the side of Boeotia; and tube-like passages have been constructed into the towers. {73} Concerning the refluent currents of the Euripus it is enough to say only thus much, that they are said to change seven times each day and night; {74} but the cause of the changes must be investigated elsewhere.

70. Deep Harbor.

71. In 411 B.C. Chalcis was joined to the mainland by a bridge. Moles were thrown out into the Euripus from each shore, high towers were built at the ends of the two moles, leaving a passage through for a single ship, and "wooden bridges were set over the channels" (Diod. Sic. 13.47). The plurals "bridges" and "channels" may be explained by the fact that there was a small rocky island in the middle of the strait between the two channels. In 334 B.C. they fortified the bridge with towers and gates and a wall, and included the Boeotian Mt. Canethus (Karababa?) as a bridgehead within the circuit of the city of Chalchis (Strabo 10. 1. 8). Chalcis was still joined to the continent by a bridge in 200 B.C. (Livy 28.6), and Aemilius Paulus went to see it about 167 B.C. (Livy 45.27). And there was still a bridge there in the time of Livy himself, although the tower mentioned by him (28. 6) was no longer there (note the tense of claudebat). Strabo's "two plethra" (202 feet) is accurate enough for the entire stretch across the strait, and he must have included the moles in his term "bridge." Today the western channel is entirely closed, while the eastern is spanned by a swing-bridge about 85 feet long.

72. 9. 2. 2

73. The usual interpretation of this clause, "a canal (σῦριγξ) has been constructed between (εἰς) the towers" seems impossible. The literal translation is "a tube has been constructed across into them" (the towers). Bréquigny (quoted in the French trans., vol. iii, Eclaircissemens x, appears to be on the right track: "On y a pratique des σῦριγξ (souterrains) pour y communiquer" ("they have constructed subterranean passages so as to communicate with the towers"). Livy 28.6 says: "The city has two fortresses, one threatening the sea, and the other in the middle of the city. Thence by a cuniculum (literally, "rabbit-hole," and hence a" tube-like passageway") "a road leads to the sea, and this road used to be shut off from the sea by a tower of five stories, a remarkable bulwark." Certainly σῦριγξ should mean an underground passage or else a roofed gallery of some sort above the ground (cf. the use of the word in Polybius 9. 41.9 concerning the investment of Echinus by Philip, and in 15. 39. 6); and Strabo probably means that there was a protected passage across to the towers from both sides. See Leake's Travels in Northern Greece, II, 259; Grote's Greece, VIII, ch. 63; and the discussion by the French translators (l. c.), who believe that there were two passages for ships, one on each side of the strait.

74. "They take place, not seven times in the twenty-four hours, as Strabo says, but at irregular intervals" (Tozer, Selections, p. 234). See the explanation of Admiral Mansell in Murray's Greece, pp. 387-388.

009.002.009

 πλησίον δ' ἐστὶν ἐφ' ὕψους κείμενον χωρίον Σαλγανεύς, ἐπώνυμον τοῦ ταφέντος ἐπ' αὐτῷ Σαλγανέως ἀνδρὸς Βοιωτίου, καθηγησαμένου τοῖς Πέρσαις εἰσπλέουσιν εἰς τὸν διάπλουν τοῦτον ἐκ τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου, ὅν φασιν ἀναιρεθῆναι πρὶν ἢ τῷ Εὐρίπῳ συνάπτειν ὑπὸ τοῦ ναυάρχου Μεγαβάτου νομισθέντα κακοῦργον, ὡς ἐξ ἀπάτης ἐμβαλόντα τὸν στόλον εἰς τυφλὸν τῆς θαλάττης στενωπόν· αἰσθόμενον δὲ τὸν βάρβαρον τὴν περὶ αὐτὸν ἀπάτην μεταγνῶναί τε καὶ ταφῆς ἀξιῶσαι τὸν ἀναιτίως ἀποθανόντα.

Near the Euripus, upon a height, is situated a place called Salganeus. It is named after Salganeus, a Boeotian, who was buried there--the man who guided the Persians when they sailed into this channel from the Maliac Gulf. It is said that he was put to death before they reached the Euripus by Megabates, the commander of the fleet, because he was considered a villain, on the ground that he had deceitfully rushed the fleet into a blind alley of the sea, but that the barbarian, when he perceived that he himself was mistaken, not only repented, but deemed worthy of burial the man who had been put to death without cause.

009.002.010

 καὶ ἡ Γραῖα δ' ἐστὶ τόπος Ὠρωποῦ πλησίον καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἀμφιαράου καὶ τὸ Ναρκίσσου τοῦ Ἐρετριέως μνῆμα ὃ καλεῖται Σιγηλοῦ, ἐπειδὴ σιγῶσι παριόντες· τινὲς δὲ τῇ Τανάγρᾳ τὴν αὐτήν φασιν· ἡ Ποιμανδρὶς δ' ἐστὶν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ Ταναγρικῇ· καλοῦνται δὲ καὶ Γεφυραῖοι οἱ Ταναγραῖοι. ἐκ Κνωπίας δὲ τῆς Θηβαϊκῆς μεθιδρὗθη κατὰ χρησμὸν δεῦρο τὸ Ἀμφιαράειον.

Near Oropus is a place called Graea, and also the temple of Amphiaraüs, and the monument of Narcissus the Eretrian, which is called "Sigelus's," {75} because people pass it in silence.  {76} Some say that Graea is the same as Tanagra. The Poemandrian territory is the same as the Tanagraean; {77} and the Tanagraeans are also called Gephyraeans. The temple of Amphiaraüs was transferred hither in accordance with an oracle from the Theban Cnopia.

75. i.e., "Silent's" (monument).

76. For love of the indifferent Narcissus Echo died of a broken heart. Nemesis punished him by causing him to fall desperately in love with his own image which he saw in a fountain. He pined away and was changed to the flower which bears his name.

77. "The people of Tanagra say that their founder was Poemander" (Paus. 9.10).

009.002.011

 καὶ ὁ Μυκαλησσὸς δὲ κώμη τῆς Ταναγραϊκῆς· κεῖται δὲ παρ' ὁδὸν τὴν ἐκ Θηβῶν εἰς Χαλκίδα· ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ τὸ Ἅρμα, τῆς Ταναγραϊκῆς κώμη ἔρημος περὶ τὴν Μυκαλησσόν, ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀμφιαράου ἅρματος λαβοῦσα τοὔνομα, ἑτέρα οὖσα τοῦ Ἅρματος τοῦ κατὰ τὴν Ἀττικήν, ὅ ἐστι περὶ Φυλήν, δῆμον τῆς Ἀττικῆς ὅμορον τῇ Τανάγρᾳ. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἡ παροιμία τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔσχεν ἡ λέγουσα “ὁπόταν δι' Ἅρματος ἀστράψῃ,” ἀστραπήν τινα σημειουμένων κατὰ χρησμὸν τῶν λεγομένων Πυθαϊστῶν, βλεπόντων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ Ἅρμα καὶ τότε πεμπόντων τὴν θυσίαν εἰς Δελφοὺς ὅταν ἀστράψαντα ἴδωσιν· ἐτήρουν δ' ἐπὶ τρεῖς μῆνας, καθ' ἕκαστον μῆνα ἐπὶ τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ νύκτας, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσχάρας τοῦ ἀστραπαίου Διός· ἔστι δ' αὕτη ἐν τῷ τείχει μεταξὺ τοῦ Πυθίου καὶ τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου. περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ἅρματος τοῦ Βοιωτιακοῦ οἱ μέν φασιν ἐκπεσόντος ἐκ τοῦ ἅρματος ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τοῦ Ἀμφιαράου κατὰ τὸν τόπον, ὅπου νῦν ἐστὶ τὸ ἱερὸν αὐτοῦ, τὸ ἅρμα ἔρημον ἐνεχθῆναι ἐπὶ τὸν ὁμώνυμον τόπον· οἱ δὲ τοῦ Ἀδράστου συντριβῆναι τὸ ἅρμα φεύγοντός φασιν ἐνταῦθα, τὸν δὲ διὰ τοῦ Ἀρείονος σωθῆναι. Φιλόχορος δ' ὑπὸ τῶν κωμητῶν σωθῆναί φησιν αὐτόν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἰσοπολιτείαν αὐτοῖς παρὰ τῶν Ἀργείων ὑπάρξαι.

Also Mycalessus, a village, is in the Tanagraean territory. It is situated on the road that leads from Thebes to Chalcis; and in the Boeotian dialect it is called Mycalettus. And Harma is likewise in the Tanagraean territory; it is a deserted village near Mycalettus, and received its name from the chariot of Amphiaraüs, and is a different place from the Harma in Attica, which is near Phylë, a deme of Attica bordering on Tanagra. {78} Here originated the proverb, "when the lightning flashes through Harma"; for those who are called the Pythaistae look in the general direction of Harma, in accordance with an oracle, and note any flash of lightning in that direction, and then, when they see the lightning flash, take the offering to Delphi. {79} They would keep watch for three months, for three days and nights each month, from the altar of Zeus Astrapaeus; {80} this altar is within the walls  {81} between the Pythium and the Olympium. {82} In regard to the Harma in Boeotia, some say that Amphiaraus fell in the battle out of his chariot {83} near the place where his temple now is, and that the chariot was drawn empty to the place which bears the same name; others say that the chariot of Adrastus, when he was in flight, was smashed to pieces there, but that Adrastus safely escaped on Areion. {84} But Philochorus {85} says that Adrastus was saved by the inhabitants of the village, and that on this account they obtained equal rights of citizenship from the Argives.

78. Strabo means the Tanagraean territory.

79. See Dittenberger 611, note 3.

80. "Wielder of Lightning."

81. Of Athens.

82. The temples of Pythian Apollo and Olympian Zeus.

83. "Harma."

84. "The fleet horse of Adrastus, of divine descent" (Hom. Il. 23.346).

85. See footnote on 9. 1. 6.

009.002.012

 ἔστι δὲ τῷ ἐκ Θηβῶν εἰς Ἄργος ἀνιόντι ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἡ Τάναγρα κ . . . ἐν δεξιᾷ κεῖται· καὶ ἡ Ὑρία δὲ τῆς Ταναγραίας νῦν ἐστί, πρότερον δὲ τῆς Θηβαΐδος· ὅπου ὁ Ὑριεὺς μεμύθευται καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ὠρίωνος γένεσις, ἥν φησι Πίνδαρος ἐν τοῖς διθυράμβοις· κεῖται δ' ἐγγὺς Αὐλίδος. ἔνιοι δὲ τὰς Ὑσιὰς Ὑρίην λέγεσθαί φασι, τῆς Παρασωπίας οὖσαν ὑπὸ τῷ Κιθαιρῶνι πλησίον Ἐρυθρῶν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ, ἄποικον Ὑριέων, κτίσμα δὲ Νυκτέως τοῦ Ἀντιόπης πατρός. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀργείᾳ Ὑσίαι κὧμἦ, οἱ δ' ἐξ αὐτῆς Ὑσιᾶται λέγονται. τῶν δ' Ἐρυθρῶν τούτων ἄποικοι αἱ ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ Ἐρυθραί. καὶ ὁ Ἑλεὼν δ' ἐστὶ κώμη Ταναγρική, ἀπὸ τῶν ἑλῶν ὠνομασμένη.

To anyone returning from Thebes to Argos, {86} Tanagra is on the left; and {87} . . . is situated on the right. And Hyria, {88} also, belongs to the Tanagraean territory now, though in earlier times it belonged to the Theban territory. Hyria is the scene of the myth of Hyrieus, and of the birth of Orion, of which Pindar speaks in his dithyrambs; {89} it is situated near Aulis. Some say that Hysiae is called Hyria, belonging to the Parasopian country {90} below Cithaeron, near Erythrae, in the interior, and that it is a colony of the Hyrieans and was founded by Nycteus, the father of Antiope. There is also a Hysiae in the Argive territory, a village; and its inhabitants are called Hysiatae. The Erythrae in Ionia is a colony of this Erythrae. And Heleon, also, is a village belonging to Tanagra, having been so named from the "hele." {91}

86. If Strabo wrote "Argos," which is doubtful (see critical note), he must have been thinking of the route taken by Amphiaraüs, or Adrastus, back to the Peloponnesus.

87. See critical note.

88. The place mentioned in Hom. Il. 2.496.

89. Pind. Fr. 73 (Bergk).

90. i.e., the country along the Asopus River.

91. "Marshes."

009.002.013

 μετὰ δὲ Σαλγανέα Ἀνθηδὼν πόλις λιμένα ἔχουσα, ἐσχάτη τῆς Βοιωτιακῆς παραλίας τῆς πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς εἴρηκεν “Ἀνθηδόνα τ' ἐσχατόωσαν.” εἰσὶ μέντοι ἔτι προϊόντι μικρὸν πολίχναι δύο τῶν Βοιωτῶν, Λάρυμνά τε, παρ' ἣν ὁ Κηφισσὸς ἐκδίδωσι, καὶ ἔτι ἐπέκεινα Ἁλαί, ὁμώνυμοι τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς δήμοις. κατὰ δὲ τὴν παραλίαν ταύτην κεῖσθαί φασιν Αἰγὰς τὰς ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ, ἐν αἷς τὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἱερὸν τοῦ Αἰγαίου· ἐμνήσθημεν δ' αὐτοῦ καὶ πρότερον. δίαρμα δ' ἐστὶν ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Ἀνθηδόνος εἰς Αἰγὰς ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι στάδιοι, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων τόπων πολὺ ἐλάττους· κεῖται δ' ἐπὶ ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ τὸ ἱερόν, ἦν δέ ποτε καὶ πόλις· ἐγγὺς δὲ τῶν Ἁἰγῶν καὶ αἱ Ὀρόβιαι. ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἀνθηδονίᾳ Μεσσάπιον ὄρος ἐστὶν ἀπὸ Μεσσάπου, ὃς εἰς τὴν Ἰαπυγίαν ἐλθὼν Μεσσαπίαν τὴν χώραν ἐκάλεσεν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Γλαῦκον μυθεύεται τὸν Ἀνθηδόνιον, ὅν φασιν εἰς κῆτος μεταβαλεῖν.

After Salganeus one comes to Anthedon, a city with a harbor; and it is the last city on that part of the Boeotian seaboard which is opposite to Euboea, as the poet says, "Anthedon at the extremity." {92} As one proceeds a little farther, however, there are still two small towns belonging to the Boeotians: Larymna, near which the Cephissus empties, and, still farther on, Halae, which bears the same name as the Attic demes. {93} Opposite this seaboard is situated, it is said, the Aegae {94} in Euboea, in which is the temple of the Aegaean Poseidon, which I have mentioned before. {95} The distance across the strait from Anthedon to Aegae is one hundred and twenty stadia, but from the other places it is much less. The temple is situated on a high mountain, where there was once a city. And Orobiae {96} also is near Aegae. In the Anthedonian territory is Mount Messapius, {97} named after Messapus, who, when he came into Iapygia, called the country Messapia. {98} Here, too, is the scene of the myth of Glaucus, the Anthedonian, who is said to have changed into a sea-monster. {99}

92. Hom. Il. 2.508.

93. i.e. Halae Aexonides and Halae Araphenides.

94. See Hom. Il. 13.21, Hom. Od. 5.381. Aegae was on the site of the modern Limni, or else a little to the south of it (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. "Aigai."

95. 8. 7. 4.

96. Destroyed by a tidal wave 426 B.C. (Thuc. 3.89).

97. The modern Ktypa.

98. See 6. 3. l.

99. On the change of Glaucus to a sea deity, cf. Paus. 9.22 and Plat. Rep. 611.

009.002.014

 πλησίον δ' ἐστὶν Ἀνθηδόνος ἱεροπρεπὴς τόπος τῆς Βοιωτίας, ἴχνη πόλεως ἔχων, ὁ καλούμενος Ἴσος συστέλλοντι τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν. οἴονται δέ τινες δεῖν γράφειν “Ἰσόν τε ζαθέην Ἀνθηδόνα τ' ἐσχατόωσαν” ἐκτείνοντες τὴν πρώτην συλλαβὴν ποιητικῶς διὰ τὸ μέτρον, ἀντὶ τοῦ “Νῖσάν τε ζαθέην.” ἡ γὰρ Νῖσα οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται τῆς Βοιωτίας, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τοῖς περὶ νεῶν . . . ἐἴη, εἰ μὴ τὴν Νῖσαν οὕτως εἴρηκεν· ἦν γὰρ ὁ . . . Μεγαρικῇ. ἐκεῖθεν ἀπῳκισμένη πρόςχωρος τοῦ Κιθἆιρῶνος, ἐκλέλειπται δὲ νῦν. τινὲς δὲ γράφουσι “Κρεῦσάν τε “ζαθέην,” τὴν νῦν Κρέουσαν δεχόμενοι, τὸ τῶν Θεσπιέων ἐπίνειον ἐν τῷ Κρισαίῳ κόλπῳ ἱδρυμένον· ἄλλοι δὲ “Φαράς τε ζαθέας.” ἔστι δὲ τῆς τετρακωμίας τῆς περὶ Τάναγραν, Ἑλεῶνος Ἅρματος Μυκαλησσοῦ Φαρῶν. γράφουσι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο “Νῦσάν τε ζαθέην.” κώμη δ' ἐστὶ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος ἡ Νῦσα. ἡ μὲν οὖν παραλία τοιαύτη τις ἡ πρὸς Εὔβοιαν.

Near Anthedon, and belonging to Boeotia, is a place that is esteemed sacred, and contains traces of a city, Isus, as it is called, with the first syllable pronounced short. Some, however, think that the verse should be written, "sacred Isus and Anthedon at the extremity," {100} lengthening the first syllable by poetic licence on account of the meter, {101} instead of "sacred Nisa," {102} for Nisa is nowhere to be seen in Boeotia, as Apollodorus says in his work On Ships; {103} so that Nisa could not be the correct reading, unless by "Nisa" the poet means "Isus"; for there was a city Nisa bearing the same name in the territory of Megara, whose inhabitants emigrated to the foothills of Cithaeron, but it has now disappeared. Some, however, think that we should write "sacred Creusa," taking the poet to mean the Creusa of today, the naval station of the Thespians, which is situated in the Crisaean Gulf; but others think that we should read "sacred Pharae." Pharae is one of the "Four United Villages" in the neighborhood of Tanagra, which are: Heleon, Harma, Mycalessus, and Pharae. And still others write as follows: "sacred Nysa." And Nysa is a village in Helicon. {104} Such, then, is the seaboard facing Euboea.

100. Hom. Il. 2.508.

101. i.e., they make the letter "I" long, and so indicate by using the circumflex accent instead of the acute; or he might mean that they lengthen the syllable by pronouncing the "s" as a double "s."

102. The "i" in Nisa is long by nature.

103. see 1. 2. 24.

104. The range of mountains in Boeotia between Lake Copais and the Corinthian Gulf.

009.002.015

 τὰ δ' ἑξῆς ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ πεδία ἐστὶ κοῖλα πάντοθεν ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν ὄρεσι περιεχόμενα, τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς μὲν πρὸς νότου, πρὸς ἄρκτου δὲ τοῖς Φωκικοῖς· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑσπέρας ὁ Κιθαιρὼν λοξὸς ἐμπίπτει μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς Κρισαίας θαλάττης, ἔχων τὴν ἀρχὴν συνεχῆ τοῖς Μεγαρικοῖς καὶ τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς ὄρεσιν, εἶτ' ἐπιστρέφων εἰς τὰ πεδία, παυόμενος δὲ περὶ τὴν Θηβαίαν.

The plains in the interior, which come next in order, are hollows, and are surrounded everywhere on the remaining sides {105} by mountains; by the mountains of Attica on the south, and on the north by the mountains of Phocis; and, on the west, Cithaeron inclines, obliquely, a little above the Crisaean Sea; it begins contiguous with the mountains of Megara and Attica, and then bends into the plains, terminating in the neighborhood of Thebes.

105. i.e., except the eastern side, on the Euboean Sea.

009.002.016

 τῶν δὲ πεδίων τούτων τὰ μὲν λιμνάζει, ποταμῶν ἀναχεομένων εἰς αὐτά, τῶν δ' ἐμπιπτόντων, εἶτα ἐκρύσεις λαμβανόντων· τὰ δ' ἀνέψυκται καὶ γεωργεῖται παντοδαπῶς διὰ τὴν εὐκαρπίαν. ὑπάντρου δὲ καὶ σηραγγώδους οὔσης κατὰ βάθους τῆς γῆς, σεισμοὶ γενόμενοι πολλάκις ἐξαίσιοι τοὺς μὲν ἔφραξαν τῶν πόρων τοὺς δὲ ἀνέῳξαν, τοὺς μὲν μέχρι τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοὺς δὲ δι' ὑπονόμων· συμβαίνει δὴ καὶ τοῖς ὕδασι τοῖς μὲν δι' ὑπονόμων φέρεσθαι τῶν ῥείθρων τοῖς δ' ἐπιπολῆς, τοῖς τε λιμναίοις καὶ τοῖς ποταμίοις. ἐγχωσθέντων δὲ κατὰ βάθους τῶν πόρων αὔξεσθαι τὰς λίμνας συμβαίνει μέχρι τῶν οἰκουμένων τόπων ὥστε καὶ πόλεις καταπίνεσθαι καὶ χώρας, ἀνοιχθέντων δὲ τῶν αὐτῶν ἢ ἄλλων ἀνακαλύπτεσθαι, καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους ποτὲ μὲν πλεῖσθαι ποτὲ δὲ πεζεύεσθαι, καὶ τὰς αὐτὰς πόλεις ποτὲ μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ λίμνῃ ποτὲ δὲ ἄπωθεν κεῖσθαι.

Some of these plains are marshy, since rivers spread out over them, though other rivers fall into them and later find a way out; other plains are dried up, and on account of their fertility are tilled in all kinds of ways. But since the depths of the earth are full of caverns and holes, {106} it has often happened that violent earthquakes have blocked up some of the passages, and also opened up others, some up to the surface of the earth and others through underground channels. The result for the waters, therefore, is that some of the streams flow through underground channels, whereas others flow on the surface of the earth, thus forming lakes and rivers. And when the channels in the depths of the earth are stopped up, it comes to pass that the lakes expand as far as the inhabited places, so that they swallow up both cities and districts, and that when the same channels, or others, are opened up, these cities and districts are uncovered; and that the same regions at one time are traversed in boats and at another on foot, and the same cities at one time are situated on the lake {107} and at another far away from it.

106. Cf. 8. 8. 4.

107. Strabo is thinking primarily of Lake Copais. For a complete account of this lake, which is now completely drained, see Tozer, note on Paus. 9.24.l.

009.002.017

 διττῶς δὲ τοῦτο γίνεται· καὶ γὰρ μενουσῶν ἀκινήτων τῶν πόλεων, ὅταν ἡ αὔξησις τῶν ὑδάτων ἥττων ᾗ τῆς ὑπερχύσεως διὰ ὕψος τῶν οἰκήσεων ἢ διὰ ἀπόστασιν, καὶ διὰ ἀνοικισμόν, ὅταν τῷ πλησιασμῷ κινδυνεύσαντες πολλάκις ἀπαλλαγὴν πορίσωνται τοῦ φόβου τὴν μετάληψιν τῶν χωρίων τῶν ἄπωθεν ἢ τῶν ἐν ὕψει. παρακολουθεῖ δὲ τοῖς οὕτως ἀνοικισθεῖσι τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν προσηγορίαν φυλάττουσιν, ἐτύμως πρότερον λεγομένοις ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος τοπικῶς, νῦν μἧκέτἶ λέγεσθαι ἐτύμως· Πλαταιὰς γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς πλάτης τῶν κωπῶν εἰρῆσθαι πιθανὸν καὶ Πλαταιέας τοὺς ἀπὸ κωπηλασίας ζῶντας, ἀλλὰ νῦν ἄπωθεν τῆς λίμνης οἰκοῦντες οὐκέτ' ἂν προσαγορεύοιντο ἐτύμως. Ἕλος τε καὶ Ἑλεὼν καὶ Εἱλέσιον ἐκλήθη διὰ τὸ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἕλεσιν ἱδρῦσθαι· νῦν δὲ οὐχ ὁμοίως ἔχει ταῦτα, ἢ ἀνοικισθέντων ἢ τῆς λίμνης ἐπιπολὺ ταπεινωθείσης διὰ τὰς ὕστερον γενομένας ἐκρύσεις· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο δυνατόν.

One of two things has taken place: either the cities have remained unremoved, when the increase in the waters has been insufficient to overflow the dwellings because of their elevation, or else they have been abandoned and rebuilt elsewhere, when, being oftentimes endangered by their nearness to the lake, they have relieved themselves from fear by changing to districts farther away or higher up. And it follows that the cities thus rebuilt which have kept the same name, though at first called by names truly applying to them, derived from local circumstances, have names which no longer truly apply to them; for instance, it is probable that "Plataeae" was so called from the "blade" {108} of the oars, and "Plataeans" were those who made their living from rowing; but now, since they live far away from the lake, the name can no longer truly apply to them. Helos and Heleon and Heilesium were so called because they were situated near marshes; {109} but now the case is different with these places, since they have been rebuilt elsewhere, or else the lake has been greatly reduced because of outflows that later took place; for this is possible.

108. In Greek, "plate."

109. Helos ("marsh"), Hele ("marshes").

009.002.018

 δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ Κηφισσὸς τοῦτο μάλιστα τὴν Κωπαΐδα λίμνην πληρῶν. αὐξομένης γὰρ αὐτῆς ὥστε κινδυνεύειν καταποθῆναι τὰς Κώπας, ἃς ὅ τε ποιητὴς ὀνομάζει, καὶ ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἡ λίμνη τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν εἴληφε, χάσμα γενηθὲν πρὸς τῇ λίμνῃ πλησίον τῶν Κωπῶν ἀνέῳξεν ὑπὸ γῆς ῥεῖθρον ὅσον τριάκοντα σταδίων καὶ ἐδέξατο τὸν ποταμόν, εἶτα ἐξέρρηξεν εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν κατὰ Λάρυμναν τῆς Λοκρίδος τὴν ἄνω· καὶ γὰρ ἑτέρα ἐστίν, ἧς ἐμνήσθἦμεν, ἦ Βοιωτιακή, ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ, ᾖ προσέθεσαν Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν ἄνω. καλεῖται δ' ὁ τόπος Ἀγχόη· ἔστι δὲ καὶ λίμνη ὁμώνυμος· ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἤδη ὁ Κηφισσὸς ἐκδίδωσιν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν. τότε μὲν οὖν παυσαμένης τῆς πλημμυρίδος, παῦλα καὶ τοῦ κινδύνου τοῖς παροικοῦσιν ὑπῆρξε, πλὴν τῶν ἤδη καταποθεισῶν πόλεων. πάλιν δ' ἐγχουμένων τῶν πόρων, ὁ μεταλλευτὴς Κράτης ἀνὴρ Χαλκιδεὺς ἀνακαθαίρειν τὰ ἐμφράγματα ἐπαύσατο στασιασάντων τῶν Βοιωτῶν, καίπερ, ὡς αὐτὸς ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιστολῇ φησιν, ἀνεψυγμένων ἤδη πολλῶν, ἐν οἷς οἱ μὲν τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν οἰκεῖσθαι τὸν ἀρχαῖον ὑπελάμβανον, οἱ δ' Ἐλευσῖνα καὶ Ἀθήνας παρὰ τὸν Τρίτωνα ποταμόν· λέγεται δ' οἰκίσαἶ Κέκροπα, ἡνίκα τῆς Βοιωτίας ἐπῆρξε καλουμένης τότε Ὠγυγίας, ἀφανισθῆναι δὲ ταύτας ἐπικλυσθείσας ὕστερον. γενέσθαι δέ φασιν καὶ κατὰ Ὀρχομενὸν χάσμα, καὶ δέξασθαι τὸν Μέλανα ποταμὸν τὸν ῥέοντα διὰ τῆς Ἁλιαρτίας καὶ ποιοῦντα ἐνταῦθα τὸ ἕλος τὸ φύον τὸν αὐλητικὸν κάλαμον. ἀλλ' οὗτος ἠφάνισται τελέως, εἴτε τοῦ χάσματος διαχέοντος αὐτὸν εἰς ἀδήλους πόρους, εἴτε τῶν περὶ Ἁλίαρτον ἑλῶν καὶ λιμνῶν προαναλισκόντων αὐτόν, ἀφ' ὧν ποιήεντα καλεῖ τὸν τόπον ὁ ποιητὴς “καὶ ποιήενθ' Ἁλίαρτον” λέγων.

This is best shown by the Cephissus, which fills lake Copais; for when the lake had increased so much that Copae {110} was in danger of being swallowed up (Copae is named by the poet, {111} and from it the lake took its name), a rent in the earth, which was formed by the lake near Copae, opened up a subterranean channel {112} about thirty stadia in length and admitted the river; and then the river burst forth to the surface near Larymna in Locris; I mean the Upper Larymna, for there is another Larymna, which I have already mentioned, {113} the Boeotian Larymna {114} on the sea, to which the Romans annexed the Upper Larymna. {115} The place is called Anchoe; {116} and there is also a lake of the same name. And when it leaves this lake the Cephissus at last flows out to the sea. Now at that time, when the flooding of the lake ceased, there was also a cessation of danger to those who lived near it, except in the case of the cities which had already been swallowed up. And though the subterranean channels filled up again, Crates the mining engineer of Chalcis ceased clearing away the obstructions {117} because of party strife among the Boeotians, although, as he himself says in the letter to Alexander, many places had already been drained. Among these places, some writers suppose, was the ancient site of Orchomenus, and others, those of Eleusis and Athens on the Triton River. {118} These cities, it is said, were founded by Cecrops, when he ruled over Boeotia, then called Ogygia, but were later wiped out by inundations. And it is said that a fissure in the earth opened up near Orchomenus, also, and that it admitted the Melas River, which flowed through the territory of Hiliartus {119} and formed there the marsh which produces the reed that is used for flutes. {120} But this river has completely disappeared, either because it is dispersed by the fissure into invisible channels or because it is used up beforehand by the marshes and lakes in the neighborhood of Haliartus, from which the poet calls the place "grassy," when he says, "and grassy Haliartus." {121}

110. In Greek, "oars."

111. Hom. Il. 2.502.

112. See Tozer, Selections, p. 236, note 2.

113. 9. 2. 13.

114. Lower Larymna.

115. According to Paus. 9.23.4, "Lower Larymna anciently belonged to Opus," the Locrian city, but later "joined the Boeotian confederacy." For a complete account of the two Larymnas see Frazer, note on Paus. 9.23.7.

116. "Outflow" (ἀΓχόη).

117. There seems to be an omission here. We should expect, "Crates . . . began to clear away the obstructions but ceased."

118. On the Triton River, see Paus. 9.33.5.

119. How could this be when the Melas lay on the northern side of the lake and Haliartus on the southern (Tozer, op. cit., p.237)?

120. So Pliny 16.66.

121. Hom. Il. 2.503.

009.002.019

 οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ἐκ τῶν Φωκικῶν ὀρῶν οἱ ποταμοὶ καταφέρονται, ὧν ὁ Κηφισσὸς ἐκ Λιλαίας Φωκικῆς πόλεως τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνει, καθάπερ καὶ Ὅμηρός φησιν “οἵ τε Λίλαιαν ἔχον πηγῇς ἔπι Κηφισσοῖο·” δι' Ἐλατείας δὲ ῥυεὶς μεγίστης τῶν ἐν Φωκεῦσι πόλεων, καὶ διὰ Παραποταμίων καὶ Φανοτέων ὁμοίως Φωκικῶν πολισμάτων, εἰς Χαιρώνειαν τῆς Βοιωτίας πρόεισιν, εἶτα διὰ τῆς Ὀρχομενίας καὶ τῆς Κορωνειακῆς εἰς τὴν Κωπαΐδα λίμνην ἐξίησι· καὶ ὁ Περμησσὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ Ὀλμειός, ἐκ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος συμβάλλοντες ἀλλήλοις, εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν ἐμπίπτουσι λίμνην τὴν Κωπαΐδα τοῦ Ἁλιάρτου πλἧσίον· καὶ ἄλλἆ δὲ ῥεύματα εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμβάλλει. ἔστι μὲν οὖν μεγάλη, τὴν περίμετρον ἔχουσα ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ τριακοσίων σταδίων, αἱ δὲ ἐκρύσεις οὐδαμοῦ φαίνονται πλὴν τοῦ δεχομένου τὸν Κηφισσὸν χάσματος καὶ τῶν ἑλῶν.

Now these rivers flow down from the Phocian mountains, and among them the Cephissus, which takes its beginning at Lilaea, a Phocian city, as Homer says: "And those who held Lilaea, at the sources of Cephissus." {122} And flowing through Elateia, the largest of the cities of Phocis, and through Parapotamii and Phanoteus, {123} which are likewise Phocian towns, it goes on into Chaeroneia in Boeotia, and then through the territories of Orchomenus and Coroneia, and discharges into Lake Copais. And also the Permessus and the Olmeius, flowing from Helicon, meet one another and fall into the same Lake Copais near Haliartus; and also other streams empty into it. Now it is a large lake, having a circuit of three hundred and eighty stadia, but its outlets are nowhere to be seen, except for the fissure which admits the Cephissus, and for the marshes.

122. Hom. Il. 2.523.

123. The usual spelling is "Panopeus."

009.002.020

 Τῶν δὲ περἶκειμένων λιμνῶν ἐστὶν ἥ τε Τρεφία καὶ ἡ Κἧφισσίς, ἧς μέμνηται καὶ Ὅμηρος “ὅς ῥ' “ἐν Ὕλῃ ναίεσκε μέγα πλούτοιο μεμηλώς, λίμνῃ κεκλιμένος Κηφισσίδι.” οὐ γὰρ λίμνην τὴν Κωπαΐδα βούλεται λέγειν, ὡς οἴονταί τινες, ἀλλὰ τὴν Ὑλικὴν προσαγορευομένην ἀπὸ τῆς πλησίον κώμης ἣν καλοῦσιν Ὕλας, οὐδὲ Ὕδην, ὡς ἔνιοι γράφουσιν “ὅς ῥ' ἐν “Ὕδῃ ναίεσκεν.” ἡ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἐν Λυδίᾳ “Τμώλῳ “ὑπὸ νιφόεντι, Ὕδης ἐν πίονι δήμῳ,” ἡ δὲ Βοιωτιακή· ἐπιφέρει γοῦν τῷ “λίμνῃ κεκλιμένος Κηφισσίδ” τὸ “πὰρ δὲ οἱ ἄλλοι ναῖον Βοιωτοί.” ἡ μὲν γάρ ἐστι μεγάλη καὶ οὐκ ἐν τῇ Θηβαΐδι, ἡ δὲ μικρά, ἐκεῖθεν δι' ὑπονόμων πληρουμένη, κειμένη μεταξὺ Θηβῶν καὶ Ἀνθηδόνος. Ὅμηρος δ' ἑνικῶς ἐκφέρει τοτὲ μὲν ἐκτείνων τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν, ὡς ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ “ἠδ' “Ὕλην καὶ Πετεῶνα,” ποιητικῶς, τοτὲ δὲ συστέλλων “ὅς ῥ' ἐν Ὕλῃ ναίεσκ” “σκυτοτόμων ὄχ' ἄριστος Ὕλῃ “ἔνι οἰκία ναίων.” οὐδ' ἐνταῦθα εὖ γραφόντων τινῶν Ὕδῃ ἔνι· οὐ γὰρ ὁ Αἴας ἐκ Λυδίας τὸ σάκος μετεπέμπετο.

Among the neighboring lakes are Lake Trephia {124} and the Cephissian Lake, which is also mentioned by the poet: "Who dwelt in Hyle, strongly intent upon wealth, on the shore of the Cephissian Lake." {125} For he does not mean Lake Copais, as some think, but lake Hylice (accented on the last syllable like lyricé), which is named after the village near by that is called Hyle (accented like lyra and thyra), not Hyde, as some write, "who dwelt in Hyde." For Hyde is in Lydia, "below snowy Tmolus in the fertile land of Hyde," {126} whereas Hyle is in Boeotia; at any rate, the poet appends to the words, "on the shore of the Cephissian lake," the words, "and near him dwelt the rest of the Boeotians." For Lake Copais is large, and not in the territory of Thebes; whereas the other is small, and is filled from lake Copais through subterranean channels; and it is situated between Thebes and Anthedon. Homer, however, uses the word in the singular number, at one time making the first syllable long, as in the Catalogue, "and Hyle and Peteön, {127} by poetic licence, and at another making it short, "who dwelt in Hyle," and "Tychius . . . , by far the best of leatherworkers, who had his home in Hyle." {128} And certain critics are not correct in writing Hyde here, either; for Aias was not sending to fetch his shield from Lydia.

124. Otherwise unknown.

125. Hom. Il. 5.708.

126. Hom. Il. 20.385.

127. Hom. Il. 2.500.

128. Hom. Il. 7.221.

009.002.021

 Ἁὗται δ' αἶ λίμναι τὴν τάξιν τῶν ἐφεξῆς τόπὧν ὑπογράφουσιν ὥστἐ λόγῳ περιληφθῆναι σαφῶς, ὅτι ὁ ποιητὴς ἀτάκτως χρῆταἶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι τῶν τόπων τῶν τε ἀξἷολόγων καὶ τῶν μή· καἶ χαλεπὸν ἐν τοσούτοις καὶ ἀσήμοις τοῖς πλείστοις καὶ ἐν μεσογαίᾳ μηδαμοῦ τῇ τάξει διαπεσεῖν· ἡ παραλία δ' ἔχει τι πλεονέκτημα πρὸς τοῦτο· καὶ γνωριμώτεροι οἱ τόποι, καὶ ἡ θάλαττα τό γε ἑξῆς ὑπαγορεύει βέλτιον· διόπερ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐκεῖθεν πειρώμἑθα περιοδεύειν· ἐνταῦθα δ' ἐάσαντες τοῦτο τῷ πὁιητῇ ἀκολουθοῦντες ποιήσομεν τὴν διαρίθμησιν, προστιθέντες ὅ τι ἂν χρήσιμον ᾗ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόθεσἶν ἡμῖν, ὑπ' ἐκείνου δὲ παραλειφθέν. ἄρχεται δ' ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρἶης καὶ τῆς Αὐλίδος, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν.

These lakes suggest the order of the places that come next after them, so that nominally their positions are clearly determined, because the poet observes no order in naming the places, whether those that are worthy of mention or those that are not. But it is difficult, in naming so many places, most of them insignificant and situated in the interior, to avoid error in every case in the matter of their order. The seaboard, however, has a certain advantage with regard to this: the places there are better known; and, too, the sea more readily suggests the order of places. Therefore I, too, shall try to take my beginnings from the seaboard, although at present I shall disregard this intention, and following the poet shall make my enumeration of the places, adding everything taken from other writers, but omitted by him, that may be useful to us. He begins at Hyria and Aulis, concerning which I have already spoken. {129}

129. 9. 2. 8 and 9. 2. 12.

009.002.022

 Σχοῖνος δ' ἐστὶ χώρα τῆς Θηβαϊκῆς κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐπὶ Ἀνθηδόνος, διέχουσα τῶν Θηβῶν ὅσον πεντήκοντα σταδίους· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς δι' αὐτῆς Σχοινοῦς.

Schoenus {130} is a district of the Theban territory on the road that leads from Thebes to Anthedon, and is about fifty stadia distant from Thebes; and there is also a river Schoenus which flows through it.

130. Hom. Il. 2.497.

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 Σκῶλος δ' ἐστὶ κώμη τῆς Παρασωπίας ὑπὸ τῷ Κιθαιρῶνι, δυσοίκητος τόπος καὶ τραχύς, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ ἡ παροιμία “εἰς Σκῶλον μήτ' αὐτὸς ἴναι, μήτ' ἄλλῳ ἕπεσθαι.” καὶ τὸν Πενθέα δὲ ἐνθένδε καταγόμενον διασπασθῆναί φασιν. ἦν δὲ καὶ τῶν περὶ Ὄλυνθον πόλεων ὁμώνυμος αὐτῇ Σκῶλος. εἴρηται δ' ὅτι Παρασώπιοι καὶ κώμη τις καλεῖται ἐν Ἡρακλείᾳ τῇ Τραχινίᾳ, παρ' ἣν ῥεῖ Ἀσωπὸς ποταμός, καὶ ὅτι ἐν Σικυωνίᾳ ἄλλος ἐστὶν Ἀσωπὸς καὶ ἡ χώρα Ἀσωπία, δι' ἧς ῥεῖ.

Scolus is a village in the Parasopian {131} country at the foot of Mount Cithaeron, a place that is rugged and hardly habitable; whence the proverb, "neither go to Scolus thyself nor follow another thither." And this is also said to be the place from which Pentheus was brought when he was torn to pieces. {132} And there was another Scolus among the cities in the neighborhood of Olynthus bearing the same name as this village. And, as I have already said, {133} there is also in the Trachinian Heracleia a village called Parasopii, past which flows a River Asopus; and in Sicyonia there is another Asopus River, and also the country Asopia, through which that Asopus flows; and there are also other rivers which bear this name.

131. i.e., along the Asopus River.

132. i.e., by the Bacchic women.

133. 8. 6. 24.

009.002.024

 ὁ Ἐτεωνὸς δὲ Σκάρφη μετωνομάσθη, καὶ αὕτη δὲ τῆς Παρασωπίας. ὁ γὰρ Ἀσωπὸς καὶ ὁ Ἰσμηνὸς διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ῥέουσι τοῦ πρὸ τῶν Θηβῶν· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ Δίρκη κρήνη καὶ Πότνιαι, ἐφ' ὧν μυθεύεται τὰ περὶ τὸν Ποτνιέα Γλαῦκον τὸν διασπασθέντα ὑπὸ τῶν Ποτνιάδων ἵππων τῆς πόλεως πλησίον, καὶ ὁ Κιθαιρὼν δὲ οὐκ ἄπωθεν τῶν Θηβῶν τελευτᾷ· παρ' αὐτὸν δὲ ὁ Ἀσωπὸς ῥεῖ, τὴν ὑπώρειαν αὐτοῦ κλύζων καὶ ποιῶν τοὺς Παρασωπίους εἰς κατοικίας πλείους διῃρημένους, ἅπαντας δ' ὑπὸ Θηβαίοις ὄντας ἕτεροι δ' ἐν τῇ Πλαταιέων φασὶ τόν τε Σκῶλον καὶ τὸν Ἐτεωνὸν καὶ τὰς Ἐρύθρας· καὶ γὰρ παρἇρρεἶ Πλαταιὰς καὶ παρὰ Τάναγραν ἐκδίδωσιν · ἐν δὲ τῇ Θηβαίων εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ Θεράπναι καὶ ὁ Τευμησσός, ὃν ἐκόσμησεν Ἀντίμαχος διὰ πολλῶν ἐπῶν, τὰς μὴ προσούσας ἀρετὰς διαριθμούμενος “ἔστι τις ἠνεμόεις ὀλίγος λόφος.” γνώριμα δὲ τὰ ἔπη.

The name "Eteonus" {134} was changed to "Scarphe," and Scarphe too is in Parasopia; for the Asopus and the Ismenus flow through the plain which is in front of Thebes. And there is the spring called Dirce; and also Potniae, where is the scene of the myth of Glaucus of Potniae, who was torn to pieces by the Potnian mares near the city. Cithaeron, also, ends not far from Thebes. The Asopus flows past it, washing its foothills and causing the division of the Parasopii into several settlements; and all the settlements are subject to Thebes, though another set of writers say that Scolus, Eteonus, and Erythrae are in the territory of the Plataeans, for the river flows past Plataea, also, and empties near Tanagra. And in the territory of Thebes are also Therapnae and Teumessus, which latter Antimachus has adorned with praise in many verses, {135} although he enumerates goodly attributes which do not belong to it, as, for instance, "there is a windy little hill"; but the verses are well known.

134. See 7. 3. 6.

135. In his epic poem entitled Thebais.

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 Θέσπειαν δὲ λέγει τὰς νῦν Θεσπιάς, πολλῶν ὀνομάτων τῶν μὲν ἀμφοτέρως λεγομένων καὶ ἑνικῶς καὶ πληθυντικῶς, καθάπερ καὶ ἀρρενικῶς καὶ θηλυκῶς, τῶν δ' ὁποτέρως. ἔστι δὲ πόλις πρὸς τῷ Ἑλικῶνι νοτιωτέρα αὐτοῦ, ἐπικειμένη δὲ τῷ Κρισαίῳ κόλπῳ καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ὁ Ἑλικών· ἐπίνειον δ' ἔχουσιν αἱ Θεσπιαὶ Κρέουσαν, ἣν καὶ Κρεουσίδα καλοῦσιν. ἐν δὲ τῇ Θεσπιέων ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Ἄσκρη κατὰ τὸ πρὸς Ἑλικῶνα μέρος, ἡ τοῦ Ἡσιόδου πατρίς· ἐν δεξιᾷ γάρ ἐστι τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος, ἐφ' ὑψηλοῦ καὶ τραχέος τόπου κειμένη, ἀπέχουσα τῶν Θεσπιῶν ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίους, ἣν καὶ κεκωμῴδηκεν αὐτὸς ἑπιλαβόμενος τοῦ πατρός, ὅτι ἐκ Κύμης τῆς Αἰολίδος μἑτέστη, θρασὖτερον λέγων “νάσσατο δ' ἄγχ' Ἑλικῶνος ὀιζυρῇ ἐνὶ κώμᾗ, Ἄσκρῃ χεῖμα κακῇ, θέρει ἀργαλέῃ, οὐδέ ποτ' ἐσθλᾗ.” ὁ δὲ Ἑλικὼν συνεχής ἐστι τῇ Φωκίδι ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον αὐτοῦ μερῶν· μικρὰ δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν κατὰ τὸν ὕστατον λιμένα τῆς Φωκίδος, ὃν καλοῦσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος μυχόν· ὑπέρκειται γὰρ κατὰ τοῦτον μάλιστα τὸν λιμένα τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου καὶ ὁ Ἑλικὼν καὶ ἡ Ἄσκρη καὶ ἔτι αἱ Θεσπιαὶ καὶ τὸ ἐπίνειον αὐτῆς ἡ Κρέουσα. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ κοιλότατον νομίζεται τὸ μέρος τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου καὶ ἁπλῶς τοῦ Κορινθιακοῦ· στάδιοι δ' εἰσὶ τῆς παραλίας τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ λιμένος εἰς Κρέουσαν ἐνἑνήκοντα· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν ἕως τῆς ἄκρας ἣν Ὀλμιὰς καλοῦσιν· ἐν δὲ τῷ κοιλοτάτῳ τοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Κρισαίου συμβέβηκε τὰς Πηγὰς κεῖσθαι καὶ τὴν Οἰνόην, πἑρὶ ὧν εἶρήκαμεν. ὁ μὲν οὖν Ἑλικὼν οὐ πολὺ διεστηκὼς τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ ἐνάμιλλός ἐστιν ἐκείνῳ κατά τε ὕψος καὶ περίμετρον· ἄμφω γὰρ χιονόβολα τὰ ὄρη καὶ πετρώδη, περιγράφεται δ' οὐ πολλῇ χώρᾳ. ἐνταῦθα δ' ἐστὶ τό τε τῶν Μουσῶν ἱερὸν καὶ ἡ Ἵππου κρήνη καὶ τὸ τῶν Λειβηθρίδων νυμφῶν ἄντρον· ἐξ οὗ τεκμαίροιτ' ἄν τις Θρᾷκας εἶναι τοὺς τὸν Ἑλικῶνα ταῖς Μούσαις καθιερώσαντας, οἳ καὶ τὴν Πιερίδα καὶ τὸ Λείβηθρον καὶ τὴν Πίμπλειαν ταῖς αὐταῖς θεαῖς ἀνέδειξαν· ἐκαλοῦντο δὲ Πίερες· ἐκλιπόντων δ' ἐκείνων Μακεδόνες νῦν ἔχουσι τὰ χωρία ταῦτα. εἴρηται δ' ὅτι τὴν Βοιωτίαν ταύτην ἐπῴκησάν ποτε Θρᾷκες βιασάμενοι τοὺς Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Πελασγοὶ καὶ ἄλλοι βάρβαροι. αἱ δὲ Θεσπιαὶ πρότερον μὲν ἐγνωρίζοντο διὰ τὸν Ἔρωτα τὸν Πραξιτέλους, ὃν ἔγλυψε μὲν ἐκεῖνος, ἀνέθηκε δὲ Γλυκέρα ἡ ἑταίρα Θεσπιεῦσιν ἐκεῖθεν οὖσα τὸ γένος, λαβοῦσα δῶρον παρὰ τοῦ τεχνίτου. πρότερον μὲν οὖν ὀψόμενοι τὸν Ἔρωτά τινες ἀνέβαινον ἐπὶ τὴν Θέσπειαν ἄλλως οὐκ οὖσαν ἀξιοθέατον, νυνὶ δὲ μόνη συνέστηκε τῶν Βοιωτιακῶν πόλεων καὶ Τάναγρα· τῶν δ' ἄλλων ἐρείπια καὶ ὀνόματα λέλειπται.

The "Thespiae" of today is by Antimachus spelled "Thespeia"; for there are many names of places which are used in both ways, both in the singular and in the plural, just as there are many which are used both in the masculine and in the feminine, whereas there are others which are used in either one or the other number only. Thespiae is a city near Mt. Helicon, lying somewhat to the south of it; and both it and Helicon are situated on the Crisaean Gulf. It has a seaport Creusa, also called Creusis. In the Thespian territory, in the part lying towards Helicon, is Ascre, the native city of Hesiod; it is situated on the right of Helicon, {136} on a high and rugged place, and is about forty stadia distant from Thespiae. This city Hesiod himself has satirized in verses which allude to his father, because at an earlier time his father changed his abode to this place from the Aeolian Cyme, saying: "And he settled near Helicon in a wretched village, Ascre, which is bad in winter, oppressive in summer, and pleasant at no time." {137} Helicon is contiguous to Phocis in its northerly parts, and to a slight extent also in its westerly parts, in the region of the last harbor belonging to Phocis, the harbor which, from the fact in the case, is called Mychus; {138} for, speaking generally, it is above this harbor of the Crisaean Gulf that Helicon and Ascre, and also Thespiae and its seaport Creusa, are situated. This is also considered the deepest recess of the Crisaean Gulf, and in general of the Corinthian Gulf. The length of the coastline from the harbor Mychus to Creusa is ninety stadia; and the length from Creusa as far as the promontory called Holmiae is one hundred and twenty; and hence Pagae and Oenoe, of which I have already spoken, {139} are situated in the deepest recess of the gulf. Now Helicon, not far distant from Parnassus, rivals it both in height and in circuit; for both are rocky and covered with snow, and their circuit comprises no large extent of territory. {140} Here are the temple of the Muses and Hippu-crene {141} and the cave of the nymphs called the Leibethrides; and from this fact one might infer that those who consecrated Helicon to the Muses were Thracians, the same who dedicated Pieris and Leibethrum and Pimpleia to the same goddesses. {142} The Thracians used to be called Pieres, but, now that they have disappeared, the Macedonians hold these places. It has been said {143} that Thracians once settled in this part of Boeotia, having overpowered the Boeotians, as did also Pelasgians and other barbarians. Now in earlier times Thespiae was well known because of the Eros of Praxiteles, which was sculptured by him and dedicated by Glycera the courtesan (she had received it as a gift from the artist) to the Thespians, since she was a native of the place. Now in earlier times travellers would go up to Thespeia, a city otherwise not worth seeing, to see the Eros; and at present it and Tanagra are the only Boeotian cities that still endure; but of all the rest only ruins and names are left.

136. i.e., as viewed from Thespiae.

137. Hes. WD 639-40.

138. i.e., "Mychus," "Recess," of what is now Gulf Zalitza.

139. 8. 6. 22.

140. i.e., they descend sharply and without foothills to the plains.

141. See 8. 6. 21.

142. Cp. 10. 3. 17.

143. 9. 2. 3.

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 Μετἂ δὲ Θεσπιὰς καταλέγει Γραῖαν καὶ Μυκἇλησσόν, πεῤὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν· ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων “οἵ τ' ἀμφ' Ἅρμ' ἐνέμοντο καὶ Εἰλέσιον “καὶ Ἐρύθρας, ὁἵ τ' Ἐλεῶν' εἶχον ἠδ' Ὕλην καὶ Πετεῶνα.” Πετεὼν δὲ κώμη τῆς Θηβαΐδος ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐπ' Ἀνθηδόνα ὁδοῦ, ἡ δ' Ὠκαλέη μέση Ἁλιάρτου καὶ Ἀλαλκομενίου ἑκατέρου τριάκοντα σταδίους ἀπέχουσα· παραρρεῖ δ' αὐτὴν ποτάμιον ὁμώνυμον. Μεδεὼν δ' ὁ μὲν Φωκικὸς ἐν τῷ Κρισαίῳ κόλπῳ, διέχων Βοιωτίας σταδίους ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα, ὁ δὲ Βοιωτιακὸς ἀπ' ἐκείνου κέκληται, πλησίον δ' ἐστὶν Ὀγχηστοῦ ὑπὸ τῷ Φοινικίῳ ὄρει, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ μετωνόμασται Φοινικίς· τῆς δὲ Θηβαίας καὶ τοῦτο λέγεται, ὗπ' ἐνἶων δὲ τῆς Ἁλιαρτίας καὶ Μεδεὼν καὶ Ὠκαλέα.

After Thespiae Homer names Graea and Mycalessus, concerning which I have already spoken. {144} He likewise says concerning the rest: {145} "And those who lived about Harma and Heilesium and Erythrae, and those who held Eleon and Hyle and Peteon." {146} Peteon is a village in the Theban territory near the road to Anthedon. Ocalee is midway between Haliartus and Alalcomenium, thirty stadia distant from each; and a river bearing the same name flows past it. The Phocian Medeon is on the Crisaean Gulf, at a distance of one hundred and sixty stadia from Boeotia, whereas the Boeotian Medeon, which was named after it, is near Onchestus at the base of the mountain Phoenicius; and from this fact its name has been changed to Phoenicis. This mountain is also called a part of the Theban territory; but by some both Medeon and Ocalea are called a part of the territory of Haliartus.

144. 9. 2. 10, 11.

145. 9. 2. 11, 12, 17, 20.

146. Hom. Il. 2.499.

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 εἶτά φησι “Κώπας Εὔτρησίν τε πολυτρήρωνά τε “Θίσβην.” περὶ μὲν οὖν Κωπῶν εἴρηται· προσάρκτιος δέ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῇ Κωπαΐδι λίμνῃ· αἱ δ' ἄλλαι κύκλῳ εἰσὶν αἵδε, Ἀκραιφίαι Φοινικὶς Ὀγχηστὸς Ἁλίαρτος Ὠκαλέα Ἀλαλκομεναὶ Τιλφούσιον Κορώνεια. καὶ τό γε παλαιὸν οὐκ ἦν τῆς λίμνης κοινὸν ὄνομα, ἀλλὰ καθ' ἑκάστην πρὸς αὐτῇ κατοικίαν ἐκείνης ἐπώνυμος ἐλέγετο, Κωπαῒς μὲν τῶν Κωπῶν, Ἁλιαρτὶς δὲ Ἁλιάρτου, καὶ οὕτως ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὕστερον δ' ἡ πᾶσα Κωπαῒς ἐλέχθη κατ' ἐπικράτειαν· κοιλότατον γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον. Πίνδαρος δὲ καὶ Κηφισσίδα καλεῖ ταύτην· παρατίθησι γοῦν τὴν Τιλφῶσσαν κρήνην ὑπὸ τῷ Τιλφωσσίῳ ὄρει ῥέουσαν πλησίον Ἁλιάρτου καὶ Ἀλαλκομενῶν, ἐφ' ᾖ τὸ Τειρεσίου μνῆμα· αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Τιλφωσσίου Ἀπόλλὦνος ἱερόν.

Homer then goes on to say: "Copae, and Eutresis, and Thisbe abounding in doves." {147} Concerning Copae I have already spoken. {148} It lies towards the north on Lake Copais; and the others around the lake are these: Acraephiae, Phoenicis, Onchestus, Haliartus, Ocalea, Alalcomenae, Tilphusium, Coroneia. In early times, at least, the lake had no common name, but was called by different names corresponding to the several settlements lying on it, as, for instance, Copais from Copae, Haliartis from Haliartus, and so in the case of the rest of the settlements; but later the whole lake was called Copais, this name prevailing over all others; for the region of Copae forms the deepest recess of the lake. Pindar calls this lake Cephissis; {149} at any rate, he places near it the spring Tilphossa, which flows at the foot of Mount Tilphossius near Haliartus and Alalcomenae, near which latter is the tomb of Teiresias; and here, too, is the temple of the Tilphossian Apollo.

147. Hom. Il. 2.502.

148. 9. 2. 18.

149. Cp. 9. 2. 20.

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 ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς ἐφεξῆς ταῖς Κώπαις Εὔτρησιν τίθησι κώμιον Θεσπιέων· ἐνταῦθά φασι Ζῆθον καὶ Ἀμφίονα οἰκῆσαι πρὶν βασιλεῦσαι Θηβῶν. ἡ δὲ Θίσβη Θίσβαι νῦν λέγονται, οἰκεῖται δὲ μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ὅμορον Θεσπιεῦσι τὸ χωρίον καὶ τῇ Κορωνειακῇ, ὑποπεπτωκὸς ἐκ τοῦ νοτίου μέρους τῷ Ἑλικῶνι καὶ αὐτό· ἐπίνειον δ' ἔχει πετρῶδες περιστερῶν μεστόν, ἐφ' οὗ φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς “πολυτρήρωνά τε Θίσβην.” πλοῦς δ' ἐστὶν ἐνθένδε εἰς Σικυῶνα σταδίων ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα.

Next in order after Copae Homer names Eutresis, a small village of the Thespians, where Zethus and Amphion are said to have lived before they reigned over Thebes. Thisbe is now called Thisbae; the place is inhabited and is situated slightly above the sea, bordering on the territory of the Thespians and on that of Coroneia; and it, too, lies at the foot of Helicon on the south; and it has a seaport situated on a rocky place, which abounds in doves, in reference to which the poet says, "Thisbe abounding in doves." From here to Sicyon is a voyage of one hundred and sixty stadia.

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 ἑξῆς δὲ Κορώνειαν καταλέγει καὶ Ἁλίαρτον καὶ Πλαταιὰς καὶ Γλίσσαντα. ἡ μὲν οὖν Κορώνεια ἐγγὺς τοῦ Ἑλικῶνός ἐστιν ἐφ' ὕψους ἱδρυμένη, κατελάβοντο δ' αὐτὴν ἐπανιόντες ἐκ τῆς Θετταλικῆς Ἄρνης οἱ Βοιωτοὶ μετὰ τὰ Τρωικά, ὅτε περ καὶ τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν ἔσχον· κρατήσαντες δὲ τῆς Κορωνείας ἐν τῷ πρὸ αὐτῆς πεδίῳ τὸ τῆς Ἰτωνίας Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερὸν ἱδρύσαντο ὁμώνυμον τῷ Θετταλικῷ, καὶ τὸν παραρρέοντα ποταμὸν Κουάριον προσηγόρευσαν ὁμοφώνως τῷ ἐκεῖ. Ἀλκαῖος δὲ καλεῖ Κωράλιον λέγων “ὦ 'νἆσς' Ἀθανάα “πολἑμηδόκος, ἅ ποι Κορωνίας ἐπὶ λαΐω ναύω πάροιθεν ἀμφἷβαίνεις Κωραλίω ποταμῶ παρ' ὄχθαις.” ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὰ Παμβοιώτια συντέλουν· συγκαθίδρυται δὲ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ ὁ Ἅιδης κατά τινα, ὥς φασι, μυστικὴν αἰτίαν. οἱ μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ Κορωνείᾳ Κορώνιοι λέγονται, οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνιακῇ Κορωναεῖς.

Next Homer names Coroneia, Haliartus, Plataeae, and Glissas. Now Coroneia is situated on a height near Helicon. The Boeotians took possession of it on their return from the Thessalian Arne after the Trojan War, at which time they also occupied Orchomenus. And when they got the mastery of Coroneia, they built in the plain before the city the temple of the Itonian Athena, bearing the same name as the Thessalian temple; and they called the river which flowed past it Cuarius, giving it the same name as the Thessalian river. But Alcaeus calls it Coralius, when he says, "Athena, warrior queen, who dost keep watch o'er the cornfields of Coroneia before thy temple on the banks of the Coralius River." Here, too, the Pamboeotian Festival used to be celebrated. And for some mystic reason, as they say, a statue of Hades {150} was dedicated along with that of Athena. Now the people in Coroneia are called Coronii, whereas those in the Messenian Coroneia are called Coronaeis.

150. P. Foucart (see Bulletin de Ia Correspondance Hellénique, 1885, ix. 433), on the basis of a Boeotian inscription, conjectures that "Hades" should be corrected to "Ares."

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 Ἁλίαρτος δὲ νῦν οὐκέτι ἐστὶ κατασκαφεῖσα ἐν τῷ πρὸς Περσέα πολέμῳ, τὴν χώραν δ' ἔχουσιν Ἀθηναῖοι δόντων Ῥωμαίων. ἔκειτο δὲ ἐν στενῷ χωρίῳ μεταξὺ ὑπερκειμένου ὄρους καὶ τῆς Κωπαΐδος λίμνης πλησίον τοῦ Περμησσοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ὀλμειοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἕλους τοῦ φύοντος τὸν αὐλητικὸν κάλαμον.

Haliartus is no longer in existence, having been razed to the ground in the war against Perseus; and the country is held by the Athenians, a gift from the Romans. It was situated in a narrow place, between the mountain situated above it and Lake Copais, near the Permessus and Olmeius Rivers and the marsh that produces the flute reed.

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 Πλαταιαὶ δέ, ἃς ἑνικῶς εἶπεν ὁ ποιητής, ὑπὸ τῷ Κιθαιρῶνί εἰσι μεταξὺ αὐτοῦ καὶ Θηβῶν κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν εἰς Ἀθήνας καὶ Μέγαρα ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων τῶν τῆς Ἀττικῆς καὶ τῆς Βοιωτίας. ἇἶ γὰρ Ἐλευθεραὶ πλησίον, ἃς οἱ μὲν τῆς Ἀττικῆς, οἱ δἐ τῆς Βοιωτίας φασίν. εἴρηται δ' ὅτι παραρρεῖ τὰς Πλαταιὰς ὁ Ἀσωπός. ἐνταῦθα Μαρδόνιον καὶ τὰς τριάκοντα μυριάδας Περσῶν αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων δυνάμεις ἄρδην ἠφάνισαν· ἱδρύσαντό τε ἐλευθερίου Διὸς ἱερὸν καὶ ἀγῶνα γυμνικὸν στεφανίτην ἀπέδειξαν, Ἐλευθέρια προσαγορεύσαντες· ταφή τε δείκνυται δημοσία τῶν τελευτησάντων ἐν τῇ μάχῃ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Σικυωνίᾳ δῆμος Πλαταιαί, ὅθενπερ ἦν Μνασάλκης ὁ ποιητής. Γλίσσαντα δὲ λέγει κατοικίαν ἐν τῷ Ὑπάτῳ ὄρει ὅ ἐστιν ἐν τῇ Θηβαϊκῇ πλησίον Τευμησσοῦ καὶ τῆς Καδμείας, ᾧ ὑποπἴπτει τὸ Ἀόνιον καλούμενον πεδίον, ὃ διατείνει ἑἰς τὴν Καδμείἆν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑπάτου ὄρους.

Plataeae, which Homer {151} speaks of in the singular number, is at the foot of Cithaeron, between it and Thebes, along the road that leads to Athens and Megara, on the confines of Attica and Megaris; for Eleutherae is near by, which some say belongs to Attica, others to Boeotia. I have already said {152} that the Asopus flows past Plataeae. Here it was that the forces of the Greeks completely wiped out Mardonius and his three hundred thousand Persians; and they built a temple of Zeus Eleutherius, and instituted the athletic games in which the victor received a crown, calling them the Eleutheria. And tombs of those who died in the battle, erected at public expense, are still to be seen. In Sicyonia, also, there is a deme called Plataeae, the home of Mnasalces the poet: {153} "The tomb of Mnasalces the Plataean." {154} Homer speaks of Glissas, a settlement in the mountain Hypatus, which is in the Theban country near Teumessus and Cadmeia. The hillocks below which lies the Aonian Plain, as it is called, which extends from the Hypatus mountain to Thebes, are called "Dria." {155}

151. Hom. Il. 2.504.

152. 8. 6. 24.

153. Of his works only sixteen epigrams are now extant.

154. Mnasalces Fr.

155. i.e., "Thickets."

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 τὸ δ' οὕτω ῥηθέν “οἵ θ' ὑπὸ Θήβας εἶχον” οἱ μὲν δέχονται πολείδιόν τι Ὑποθήβας καλούμενον, οἱ δὲ τὰς Ποτνίας· τὰς γὰρ Θήβας ἐκλελεῖφθαι διὰ τὴν τῶν Ἐπιγόνων στρατείαν καὶ μὴ μετασχεῖν τοῦ Τρωικοῦ πολέμου· οἱ δὲ μετασχεῖν μὲν οἰκεῖν δὲ ὑπὸ τῇ Καδμείᾳ τότε ἐν τοῖς ἐπιπέδοις χωρίοις μετὰ τὴν τῶν Ἐπιγόνων ἄφοδον, τὴν Καδμείαν ἀδυνατοῦντας ἀνακτίσαι· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ Καδμεία ἐκαλεῖτο Θῆβαι, ὑπὸ Θήβας εἰπεῖν ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑπὸ τῇ Καδμείᾳ οἰκοῦντας τὸν ποιητὴν τοὺς τότε Θηβαίους.

In these words of the poet, "and those who held Hypothebes,"  {156} some take him to mean some little city called Hypothebes, others Potniae; for Thebes, the latter say, was deserted because of the expedition of the Epigoni and had no part in the Trojan War. The former, however, say that the Thebans indeed had a part in the war, but that they were living in the level districts below Cadmeia {157} at that time, since they were unable to rebuild Cadmeia; and since Cadmeia was called Thebes, they add, the poet called the Thebans of that time "Hypothebans" instead of "people who live below Cadmeia."

156. Hom. Il. 2.505.

157. The acropolis of Thebes.

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 Ὀγχηστὸς δ' ἐστίν, ὅπου τὸ Ἀμφικτυονικὸν συνήγετο ἐν τῇ Ἁλιαρτίᾳ πρὸς τῇ Κωπαΐδι λίμνῃ καὶ τῷ Τηνερικῷ πεδίῳ, ἐν ὕψει κείμενος ψιλός, ἔχων Ποσειδῶνος ἱερὸν καὶ αὐτὸ ψιλόν. οἱ δὲ ποιηταὶ κοσμοῦσιν, ἄλση καλοῦντες τὰ ἱερὰ πάντα κἂν ᾗ ψιλά· τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τοῦ Πινδάρου περὶ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος λεγόμενον

δἶνηθεὶς ἐπῄει γᾶν τε καὶ θάλασσαν, καὶ σκοπιαῖσιν μεγάλαἶς ὀρέων ὕπερ ἔστα, καὶ μύλους δινάσατο βαλλὁμενος κρηπῖδας ἀλσέων. 

οὐκ εὖ δ' ὁ Ἀλκαῖος, ὥσπερ τὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄνομα παρέτρεψε τοῦ Κουαρίου, οὕτω καὶ τοῦ Ὀγχηστοῦ κατέψευσται πρὸς ταῖς ἐσχατιαῖς τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος αὐτὸν τιθείς· ὁ δ' ἐστὶν ἄπωθεν ἱκανῶς τούτου τοῦ ὄρους.

Onchestus is where the Amphictyonic Council used to convene, in the territory of Haliartus near Lake Copais and the Teneric Plain; it is situated on a height, is bare of trees, and has a sacred Precinct of Poseidon, which is also bare of trees. But the poets embellish things, calling all sacred precincts "sacred groves," even if they are bare of trees. Such, also, is the saying of Pindar concerning Apollo: "stirred, he traversed both land and sea, and halted on great lookouts above mountains, and whirled great stones, laying foundations of sacred groves." {158}  {159} But Alcaeus is wrong, for just as he perverted the name of the River Cuarius, so he falsified the position of Onchestus, placing it near the extremities of Helicon, although it is at quite a distance from this mountain.

158. Pind. Fr. 101 (Bergk)

159. i.e., foundations of temples. This fragment from Pindar is otherwise unknown (see Pind. Fr. 101 (Bergk)).

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 τὸ δὲ Τηνερικὸν πεδίον ἀπὸ Τηνέρου προσηγόρευται μυθεύεται δ' Ἀπόλλωνος υἱὸς ἐκ Μελίας, προφήτης τοῦ μαντείου κατὰ τὸ Πτῷον ὄρος, ὅ φησιν εἶναι τρικόρυφον ὁ αὐτὸς ποιητής

καί ποτε τὸν τρικάρανον Πτωίου κευθμῶνα κατέσχεθε· 

καὶ τὸν Τήνερον καλεῖ

ναοπόλον μάντιν δαπέδοισιν ὁμοκλέα.

ὑπέρκειται δὲ τὸ Πτῷον τοῦ Τηνερικοῦ πεδίου καὶ τῆς Κωπαΐδος λίμνης πρὸς Ἀκραιφίῳ· Θηβαίων δ' ἦν τό τε μαντεῖον καὶ τὸ ὄρος· τὸ δ' Ἀκραίφιον καὶ αὐτὸ κεῖται ἐν ὕψει. φασὶ δὲ τοῦτο καλεῖσθαι Ἄρνην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ, ὁμώνυμον τῇ Θετταλικῇ.

The Teneric Plain is named after Tenerus. In myth he was the son of Apollo by Melia, and was a prophet of the oracle on the Ptoüs Mountain, which the same poet calls three-peaked: "and once he took possession of the three-peaked hollow of Ptoüs." {160} And he calls Tenerus "temple minister, prophet, called by the same name as the plains." {161} The Ptoüs lies above the Teneric Plain and Lake Copais near Acraephium. Both the oracle and the mountain belonged to the Thebans. And Acraephium itself also lies on a height. They say that this is called Arne by the poet, the same name as the Thessalian city.

160. Pind. Fr. 102 (Bergk)

161. Pind. Fr. 102 (Bergk)

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 οἱ δέ φασι καὶ τὴν Ἄρνην ὑπὸ τῆς λίμνης καταποθῆναι καὶ τὴν Μίδειαν. Ζηνόδοτος δὲ γράφων “οἳ “δὲ πολυστάφυλον Ἄσκρην ἔχον,” οὐκ ἔοικεν ἐντυχόντι τοῖς ὑπὸ Ἡσιόδου περὶ τῆς πατρίδος λεχθεῖσι καὶ τοῖς ὑπ' Εὐδόξου πολὺ χείρω λέγοντος περὶ τῆς Ἄσκρης. πῶς γὰρ ἄν τις πολυστάφυλον τὴν τοιαύτην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λέγεσθαι πιστεύσειεν; οὐκ εὖ δὲ οὐδὲ οἱ Τάρνην ἀντὶ τῆς Ἄρνης γράφοντες· οὐδὲ γὰρ μία δείκνυται Τάρνη παρὰ τοῖς Βοιωτοῖς, ἐν δὲ Λυδοῖς ἐστιν, ἧς καὶ Ὅμηρος μέμνηται “Ἰδομενεὺς δ' ἄρα Φαῖστον “ἐνήρατο Μῄονος υἱὸν Βώρου, ὃς ἐκ Τάρνης ἐριβώλακος εἰληλούθει.” λοιπαὶ δ' εἰσὶ τῶν μὲν περικειμένων τῇ λίμνῃ αἵ τε Ἀλαλκομεναὶ καὶ τὸ Τιλφώσσιον, τῶν δ' ἄλλων Χαιρώνεια καὶ Λεβάδεια καὶ Λεῦκτρα, περὶ ὧν ἄξιον μνησθῆναι.

Some say that Arne too was swallowed up by the lake, as well as Mideia. {162} Zenodotus, who writes "and those who possessed Ascre {163} rich in vineyards," {164} seems not to have read the statements of Hesiod concerning his native land, nor those of Eudoxus, who says much worse things concerning Ascre. For how could anyone believe that such a place was called "rich in vineyards" by the poet? Wrong, also, are those who write "Tarne" instead of "Arne"; for not a single place named Tarne is pointed out among the Boeotians, though there is one among the Lydians, and this the poet mentions: "Idomeneus then slew Phaestus, son of Borus the Maeonian, who came from fertile Tarne." {165} The remaining Boeotian cities concerning which it is worthwhile to make mention are: of those situated round the lake, Alalcomenae and Tilphossium, and, of the rest, Chaeroneia, Lebadeia, and Leuctra.

162. Cf. 1. 3. 18.

163. i.e., Zenodotus emended Homer's "Arne" (Hom. Il. 2.507) to Ascre."

164. Hom. Il. 2.507

165. Hom. Il. 5.43

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 Ἀλαλκομενῶν τοίνυν μέμνηται ὁ ποιητής, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν καταλόγῳ “Ἥρη τ' Ἀργείη καὶ Ἀλαλκομενηὶς Ἀθήνη.” ἔχει δ' ἀρχαῖον ἱερὸν Ἀθηνᾶς σφόδρα τιμώμενον, καί φασί γε τὴν θεὸν γεγενῆσθαι ἐνθάδε, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Ἥραν ἐν Ἄργει, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ποιητὴν ὡς ἀπὸ πατρίδων τούτων ἀμφοτέρας οὕτως ὀνομάσαι. διὰ τοῦτο δ' ἴσως οὐδ' ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ μέμνηται τῶν ἐνταῦθα ἀνδρῶν, ἐπειδὴ ἱεροὶ ὄντες παρεῖντο τῆς στρατείας. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἀπόρθητος ἀεὶ διετέλεσεν ἡ πόλις, οὔτε μεγάλη οὖσα οὔτ' ἐν εὐερκεῖ χωρίῳ κειμένη, ἀλλ' ἐν πεδίῳ· τὴν δὲ θεὸν σεβόμενοι πάντες ἀπείχοντο πάσης βίας, ὥστε καὶ Θηβαῖοι κατὰ τὴν τῶν Ἐπιγόνων στρατείαν ἐκλιπόντες τὴν πόλιν ἐκεῖσε λέγονται καταφεύγειν καὶ εἰς τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος ἐρυμνὸν τὸ Τιλφώσσιον, ὑφ' ᾧ Τιλφῶσσα κρήνη καὶ τὸ τοῦ Τειρεσίου μνῆμα ἐκεῖ τελευτήσαντος κατὰ τὴν φυγήν.

Now as for Alalcomenae, the poet mentions it, but not in the Catalogue: "Argive Hera and Alalcomenian Athena." {166} It has an ancient temple of Athena which is held in great honor; and they say, at least, that the goddess was born there, just as Hera was born in Argos, and that it was because of this that the poet named them both in this way, as natives of these places. And it was because of this, perhaps, that he did not mention in the Catalogue the men of Alalcomenae, since, being sacred, they were excused from the expedition. And in fact the city always continued unravaged, although it was neither large nor situated in a secure position, but in a plain. But all peoples, since they revered the goddess, held aloof from any violence towards the inhabitants, so that when the Thebans, at the time of the expedition of the Epigonoi, left their city, they are said to have fled for refuge to Alalcomenae, and to Tilphossius, the mountain, a natural stronghold that lies above it; and at the base of this mountain is a spring called Tilphossa, and the monument of Teiresias, who died there at the time of the flight.

166. Hom. Il. 4.8

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 Χαιρώνεια δ' ἐστὶν Ὀρχομενοῦ πλησίον, ὅπου Φίλιππος ὁ Ἀμύντου μάχῃ μεγάλῃ νικήσας Ἀθηναίους τε καὶ Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Κορινθίους κατέστη τῆς Ἑλλάδος κύριος· δείκνυται δὲ κἀνταῦθα ταφὴ τῶν πεσόντων ἐν τῇ μάχῃ δημοσία· περὶ δὲ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς αὐτοὺς καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰς Μιθριδάτου δυνάμεις πολλῶν μυριάδων κατηγωνίσαντο, ὥστ' ὀλίγους ἐπὶ θάλατταν σωθέντας φυγεῖν ἐν ταῖς ναυσί, τοὺς δ' ἄλλους τοὺς μὲν ἀπολέσθαι τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἁλῶναι.

Chaeroneia is near Orchomenus. It was here that Philip the son of Amyntas conquered the Athenians, Boeotians, and Corinthians in a great battle, {167} and set himself up as lord of Greece. And here, too, are to be seen tombs of those who fell in the battle, tombs erected at public expense. And it was in the same region that the Romans so completely defeated the forces of Mithridates, many tens of thousands in number, that only a few escaped in safety to the sea and fled in their ships, whereas the rest either perished or were taken captive.

167. 338 B.C.

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 Λεβάδεια δ' ἐστίν, ὅπου Διὸς Τροφωνίου μαντεῖον ἵδρυται, χάσματος ὑπονόμου κατάβασιν ἔχον, καταβαίνει δ' αὐτὸς ὁ χρηστηριαζόμενος· κεῖται δὲ μεταξὺ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος καὶ τῆς Χαιρωνείας, Κορωνείας πλησίον.

At Lebadeia is situated an oracle of Trophonian Zeus. The oracle has a descent into the earth consisting of an underground chasm; and the person who consults the oracle descends into it himself. It is situated between Mt. Helicon and Chaeroneia, near Coroneia.

009.002.039

 τὰ δὲ Λεῦκτρά ἐστιν, ὅπου Λακεδαιμονίους μεγάλῃ μάχῃ νικήσας Ἐπαμεινώνδας ἀρχὴν εὕρετο τῆς καταλύσεως αὐτῶν· οὐκέτι γὰρ ἐξ ἐκείνου τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμονίαν ἀναλαβεῖν ἴσχυσαν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον, καὶ μάλιστ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ τῇ δευτέρᾳ συμβολῇ τῇ περὶ Μαντίνειαν κακῶς ἔπραξαν. τὸ μέντοι μὴ ὑφ' ἑτέροις εἶναι καίπερ οὕτως ἐπταικόσι συνέμεινε μέχρι τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἐπικρατείας· καὶ παρὰ τούτοις δὲ τιμώμενοι διατελοῦσι διὰ τὴν τῆς πολιτείας ἀρετήν. δείκνυται δὲ ὁ τόπος οὗτος κατὰ τὴν ἐκ Πλαταιῶν εἰς Θεσπιὰς ὁδόν.

Leuctra is the place where Epameinondas defeated the Lacedaemonians in a great battle and found a beginning of his overthrow of them; for after that time they were never again able to regain the hegemony of the Greeks which they formerly held, and especially because they also fared badly in the second clash near Mantineia. However, although they had suffered such reverses, they continued to avoid being subject to others until the Roman conquest. And among the Romans, also, they have continued to be held in honor because of the excellence of their government. This place is to be seen on the road that leads from Plataeae to Thespiae.

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 ἑξῆς δ' ὁ ποιητὴς μέμνηται τοῦ τῶν Ὀρχομενίων καταλόγου, χωρίζων αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ Βοιωτιακοῦ ἔθνους. καλεῖ δὲ Μινύειον τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν ἀπὸ ἔθνους τοῦ Μινυῶν· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ἀποικῆσαί τινας τῶν Μινυῶν εἰς Ἰωλκόν φασιν, ὅθεν τοὺς Ἀργοναύτας Μινύας λεχθῆναι. φαίνεται δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν καὶ πλουσία τις γεγονυῖα πόλις καὶ δυναμένη μέγα· τοῦ μὲν οὖν πλούτου μάρτυς καὶ Ὅμηρος· διαριθμούμενος γὰρ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς πολυχρηματήσαντάς φησιν “οὐδ' ὅς' ἐς Ὀρχομενὸν ποτινίσσεται, “οὐδ' ὅσα Θήβας Αἰγυπτίας.” τῆς δυνάμεως δέ, ὅτι Θηβαῖοι δασμὸν ἐτέλουν τοῖς Ὀρχομενίοις καὶ Ἐργίνῳ τῷ τυραννοῦντι αὐτῶν, ὃν ὑφ' Ἡρακλέους καταλυθῆναί φασιν. Ἐτεοκλῆς δέ, τῶν βασιλευσάντων ἐν Ὀρχομενῷ τις, Χαρίτων ἱερὸν ἱδρυσάμενος πρῶτος ἀμφότερα ἐμφαίνει, καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ δύναμιν, ὃς εἴτ' ἐν τῷ λαμβάνειν χάριτας εἴτ' ἐν τῷ διδόναι κατορθῶν εἴτε καὶ ἀμφότερα, τὰς θεὰς ἐτίμησε ταύτας. λέγουσι δὲ τὸ χωρίον, ὅπερ ἡ λίμνη κατέχει νῦν ἡ Κωπαΐς, ἀνεψῦχθαι πρότερον καὶ γεωργεῖσθαι παντοδαπῶς ὑπὸ τοῖς Ὀρχομενίοις ὂν πλησίον οἰκοῦσι· καὶ τοῦτ' οὖν τεκμήριον τοῦ πλούτου τιθέασι.

Next the poet gives the catalogue of the Orchomenians, whom he separates from the Boeotian tribe. He calls Orchomenus "Minyeian," after the tribe of the Minyae. They say that some of the Minyae emigrated from there to Iolcus, and that from this fact the Argonauts were called Minyae. Clearly it was in early times both a rich and very powerful city. Now to its wealth Homer also is a witness, for when enumerating the places that abounded in wealth he says: "Nor yet all that comes to Orchomenus  {168} nor all that comes to Egyptian Thebes." {169} And of its power there is this proof, that the Thebans were wont to pay tribute to the Orchomenians and to Erginus their tyrant, who is said to have been put to death by Heracles. Eteocles, one of those who reigned as king at Orchomenus, who founded a temple of the Graces, was the first to display both wealth and power; for he honored these goddesses either because he was successful in receiving graces, {170} or in giving them, or both. For necessarily, when he had become naturally inclined to kindly deeds, he began doing honor to these goddesses; and therefore he already possessed this power; but in addition he also had to have money, for neither could anyone give much if he did not have much, nor could anyone have much if he did not receive much. But if he has both together, he has the reciprocal giving and receiving; for the vessel that is at the same time being emptied and filled is always full for use; but he who gives and does not receive could not succeed in either, for he will stop giving because his treasury fails; also the givers will stop giving to him who receives only and grants no favours; and therefore he could not succeed in either way. And like things might be said concerning power. Apart from the common saying, "money is the most valuable thing to men, and it has the most power of all things among men," we should look into the subject in detail. We say that kings have the greatest power; and on this account we call them potentates. They are potent in leading the multitudes whither they wish, through persuasion or force. Generally they persuade through kindness, for persuasion through words is not kingly; indeed, this belongs to the orator, whereas we call it kingly persuasion when kings win and attract men whither they wish by kindly deeds. They persuade men, it is true, through kindly deeds, but they force them by means of arms. Both these things may be bought with money; for he has the largest army who is able to support the largest, and he who possesses the most means is also able to show the most kindness.They say that the place now occupied by Lake Copais was formerly dry ground, and that it was tilled in all kinds of ways when it was subject to the Orchomenians, who lived near it. And this fact, accordingly, is adduced as an evidence of their wealth.

168. On the treasury of Orchomenus, see Paus. 8.33.

169. Hom. Il. 9.381

170. i.e., favors

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 τὴν δ' Ἀσπληδόνα χωρὶς τῆς πρώτης συλλαβῆς ἐκάλουν τινές· εἶτ' Εὐδείελος μετωνομάσθη καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ἡ χώρα, τάχα τι ἰδίωμα προσφερομένη ἐκ τοῦ δειλινοῦ κλίματος οἰκεῖον τοῖς κατοικοῦσι, καὶ μάλιστα τὸ εὐχείμερον. διέχει δὲ τοῦ Ὀρχομενοῦ στάδια εἴκοσι· μεταξὺ δ' ὁ Μέλας ποταμός.

Aspledon was by some called Spledon, without the first syllable. Then the name, both of it and of the country, was changed to Eudeielos, perhaps because, from its "evening" inclination, {171} it offered a special advantage peculiar to its inhabitants, especially the mildness of its winters; for the two ends of the day are coldest; and of these the evening is colder than the morning, for as night approaches the cold is more intense, and as night retires it abates. But the sun is a means of mitigating the cold. The place, therefore, that is warmed most by the sun at the coldest time is mildest in winter. Eudeielos is twenty stadia distant from Orchomenus. And the River Melas is between them.

171. Deilinou klimatos: apparently a false etymology of "Eudeielos," based on the fact that the effect of the sun's heat is greatest in the deile (evening). But the most likely meaning of eudeielos is "sunny," the word being used of places exposed to the hot sun (e.g., see Pind. O. 3.111 and Gildersleeve's note thereon), and having a southerly rather than an "evening" (westerly) inclination, as is the case with Aspledon (Buttmann Lexilogus, s.v. Δείλη sections 7-9). Butcher and Lang, and Murray, in their translations of the Odyssey, e.g., Hom. Od. 9.21, translate the word "clear seen," and Cunliffe (Lexicon Homeric Dialect, "bright, shining," as though used for εὔδηλος. Certainly Strabo, as the context shows, is thinking of the position of the place and of the sun's heat (see 10. 2. 12, where he discusses " eudeielos Ithaca" at length).

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 ὑπέρκειται δ' Ὀρχομενίας ὁ Πανοπεύς, Φωκικὴ πόλις, καὶ Ὑάμπολις· τούτοις δ' ὁμορεῖ Ὀποῦς, ἡ τῶν Λοκρῶν μητρόπολις τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων. πρότερον μὲν οὖν οἰκεῖσθαι τὸν Ὀρχομενόν φασιν ἐπὶ πεδίῳ, ἐπιπολαζόντων δὲ τῶν ὑδάτων ἀνοικισθῆναι πρὸς τὸ Ἀκόντιον ὄρος, παρατεῖνον ἐπὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίους μέχρι Παραποταμίων τῶν ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι. ἱστοροῦσι δὲ τοὺς ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ καλουμένους Ἀχαιοὺς ἀποίκους Ὀρχομενίων εἶναι τῶν μετὰ Ἰαλμένου πλανηθέντων ἐκεῖσε μετὰ τὴν τῆς Τροίας ἅλωσιν. καὶ περὶ Κάρυστον δ' ἦν τις Ὀρχομενός. εὖ γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην ὕλην ὑποβεβλήκασιν ἡμῖν οἱ τὰ περὶ τῶν νεῶν συγγράψαντες, οἷς ἀκολουθοῦμεν ὅταν οἰκεῖα λέγωσι πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ὑπόθεσιν.

Above the Orchomenian territory lies Panopeus, a Phocian city, and also Hyampolis. And bordering on these is Opus, the metropolis of the Epicnemidian Locrians. Now in earlier times Orchomenus was situated on a plain, they say, but when the waters overflowed, the inhabitants migrated up to the mountain Acontius, which extends for a distance of sixty stadia to Parapotamii in Phocis. And they relate that the Achaeans in Pontus, as they are called, are a colony of Orchomenians who wandered there with Ialmenus after the capture of Troy. There was also an Orchomenus in the neighborhood of Carystus. Those who have written concerning the Ships {172} have supplied us well with such materials, and are the writers we follow when they say things appropriate to the purpose of our work.

172. i.e., Homer's Catalogue of Ships

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 μετὰ δὲ τὴν Βοιωτίαν καὶ τὸν Ὀρχομενὸν ἡ Φωκίς ἐστι πρὸς ἄρκτον παραβεβλημένη τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ παραπλησίως ἀπὸ θαλάττης εἰς θάλατταν τό γε παλαιόν. ὁ γὰρ Δαφνοῦς ἦν τότε τῆς Φωκίδος, σχίζων ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τὴν Λοκρίδα καὶ μέσος ταττόμενος τοῦ τε Ὀπουντίου κόλπου καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων παραλίας· νῦν δὲ Λοκρῶν ἐστὶν ἡ χώρα τὸ δὲ πόλισμα κατέσκαπται , ὥστ' οὐδ' ἐκεῖ καθήκει οὐκέτι μέχρι τῆς πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ θαλάττης ἡ Φωκίς, τῷ δὲ Κρισαίῳ κόλπῳ συνῆπται. αὐτὴ γὰρ ἡ Κρῖσα τῆς Φωκίδος ἐστὶν ἐπ' αὐτῆς ἱδρυμένη τῆς θαλάττης καὶ Κίρρα καὶ Ἀντικύρα καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ συνεχῆ κείμενα χωρία πρὸς τῷ Παρνασσῷ, Δελφοί τε καὶ Κίρφις καὶ Δαυλὶς καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Παρνασσὸς τῆς τε Φωκίδος ὢν καὶ ἀφορίζων τὸ ἑσπέριον πλευρόν. ὃν τρόπον δ' ἡ Φωκὶς τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ παράκειται, τοῦτον καὶ ἡ Λοκρὶς τῇ Φωκίδι ἑκατέρα. διττὴ γάρ ἐστι διῃρημένη ὑπὸ τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ δίχα, ἡ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ ἑσπερίου μέρους παρακειμένη τῷ Παρνασσῷ καὶ μέρος αὐτοῦ νεμομένη, καθήκουσα δ' ἐπὶ τὸν Κρισαῖον κόλπον, ἡ δ' ἐκ τοῦ πρὸς ἕω τελευτῶσα ἐπὶ τὴν πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ θάλατταν. καλοῦνται δ' οἱ μὲν ἑσπέριοι Λοκροὶ καὶ Ὀζόλαι, ἔχουσί τε ἐπὶ τῇ δημοσίᾳ σφραγῖδι τὸν ἕσπερον ἀστέρα ἐγκεχαραγμένον· οἱ δ' ἕτεροι δίχα πως καὶ αὐτοὶ διῃρημένοι, οἱ μὲν Ὀπούντιοι ἀπὸ τῆς μητροπόλεως, ὅμοροι Φωκεῦσι καὶ Βοιωτοῖς, οἱ δ' Ἐπικνημίδιοι ἀπὸ ὄρους Κνημῖδος, προσεχεῖς Οἰταίοις τε καὶ Μαλιεῦσιν. ἐν μέσῳ δὲ ἀμφοῖν τῶν τε Ἑσπερίων καὶ τῶν ἑτέρων Παρνασσός, παραμήκης εἰς τὸ προσάρκτιον μέρος ἐκτεινόμενος ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Δελφοὺς τόπων μέχρι τῆς συμβολῆς τῶν τε Οἰταίων ὀρῶν καὶ τῶν Αἰτωλικῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνὰ μέσον Δωριέων. πάλιν γὰρ ὥσπερ ἡ Λὁκρὶς διττὴ οὖσα τοῖς Φωκεῦσι παραβέβληται, οὕτω καὶ ἡ πᾶσα Οἰταίἆ μετὰ τῆς Αἰτωλίας καί τινων ἀνὰ μέσον τὅπων τῆς Δὦρικῆς τετραπόλεως τῇ Λοκρίδι ἑκατέρᾳ καὶ Παρναςσῷ καὶ τοῖς Δωριεῦσιν. ὑπὲρ τούτων δ' ἤδη ὁἱ Θετταλοἶ καὶ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν οἱ προσάρκτιοι καὶ Ἀκαρνἇνες καί τινἆ τῶν Ἠπειρωτικῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ τῶν Μακεδονικῶν· δεῖ δέ, ὅπερ ἔφαμεν καὶ πρότερον, παραλλήλους ὥςπερ ταινίας τινὰς τεταμένας ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπὶ τὰς ἇνατολὰς νοῆσαι τὰς λεχθείσας χώρας. ἱεροπρεπὴς δ' ἐστὶ πᾶς ὁ Παρνασσός, ἔχων ἄντρα τε καὶ ἄλλα χωρία τιμώμενά τε καὶ ἁγιστευόμενα· ὧν ἐστι γνωριμώτατόν τε καὶ κάλλιστον τὸ Κωρύκιον νυμφῶν ἄντρον ὁμώνυμον τῷ Κιλικίῳ. τῶν δὲ πλευρῶν τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ τὸ μὲν ἑσπέριον νέμονται Λοκροί τε οἱ Ὀζόλαι καί τινες τῶν Δωριέων καὶ Αἰτωλοὶ κατὰ τὸν Κόρακα προσαγορευόμενον Αἰτωλικὸν ὄρος, τὸ δὲ Φωκεῖς καὶ Δωριεῖς οἱ πλείους, ἔχοντες τὴν Τετράπολιν περικειμένην πως τῷ Παρνασσῷ, πλεονάζουσαν δὲ τοῖς πρὸς ἕω. αἱ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὸ μῆκος πλεὗραὶ τῶν λεχθεισῶν χωρῶν τε καὶ ταινιῶν ἑκάστης παῥάλληλοἶ ἅπασαί εἰσιν, ἡ μὲν οὖσα προσάρκτιος ἡ δὲ πρὸς νότον. αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ ἑσπέριοι ταῖς ἑῴαις οὔκ εἰσι πἇράλληλοι· οὖδὲ ἡ παραλία ἑκατέρα, ἥ τε τοῦ Κρἷσαίου κόλπου μἐχρι Ἀκτίου καὶ ἡ πρὸς Εὔβοιαν μέχρι τῆς Θεσσαλονικείας παράλληλοι ἀλλήλαις εἰσίν, εἰς ἃς τελἑυτᾷ ταῦτα τἆ ἔθνη· ἀλλ' οὕτω δέχεσθαι δεῖ τὰ σχήματα τούτων τῶν χὦρίων ὡς ἂν ἐν τριγώνῳ παρὰ τὴν βάσιν τεταμένων γραμμῶν πλειόνων· τὰ γὰρ ἀποληφθέντα σχήματα πἆράλληλα μὲν ἀλλήλοις ἔσται, καὶ τὰς κατὰ μῆκος ἐναντίον πλευρὰς ἕξει παραλλήλους, τἃς δὲ κατὰ πλάτος οὖκέτι. ὁ μὲν οὖν ὁλοσχερὴς τύπος οὗτος τῆς λοιπῆς καὶ ἐφεξῆς περιοδείας, τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα δ' ἑξῆς λέγωμεν ἀπὸ τῆς Φωκίδος ἀρξάμενοι.

After Boeotia and Orchomenus one comes to Phocis; it stretches towards the north alongside Boeotia, nearly from sea to sea; it did so in early times, at least, for in those times Daphnus belonged to Phocis, splitting Locris into two parts and being placed by geographers midway between the Opuntian Gulf and the coast of the Epicnemidians. The country now belongs to the Locrians (the town has been razed to the ground), so that even here Phocis no longer extends as far as the Euboean Sea, though it does border on the Crisaean Gulf. For Crisa itself belongs to Phocis, being situated by the sea itself and so do Cirrha and Anticyra and the places which lie in the interior and contiguous to them near Parnassus--I mean Delphi, Cirphis, and Daulis--and Parnassus itself which belongs to Phocis and forms its boundary on its western side. In the same way as Phocis lies alongside Boeotia, so also Locris lies alongside Phocis on either side; for Locris is double, being divided into two parts by Parnassus, the part on the western side lying alongside Parnassus and occupying a part of it, and extending to the Crisaean Gulf, whereas the part on the side towards the east ends at the Euboean Sea. The Westerners {173} are called Locrians and Ozolae; and they have the star Hesperus engraved on their public seal. The other division of inhabitants is itself also divided, in a way, into two parts: the Opuntians, named after their metropolis, whose territory borders on Phocis and Boeotia, and the Epicnemidians, named after a mountain called Cnemis, who are next to the Oetaeans and Malians. In the middle between both, I mean the Westerners and the other division, is Parnassus, extending lengthwise into the northerly part of the country, from the region of Delphi as far as the junction of the Oetaean and the Aetolian mountains, and the country of the Dorians which lies in the middle between them. For again, just as Locris, being double, lies alongside Phocis, so also the country of the Oetaeans together with Aetolia and with certain places of the Dorian Tetrapolis, which lie in the middle between them, lie alongside either part of Locris and alongside Parnassus and the country of the Dorians. Immediately above these are the Thessalians, the northerly Aetolians, the Acarnanians, and some of the Epeirote and Macedonian tribes. As I was saying before, {174} one should think of the aforementioned countries as ribbon-like stretches, so to speak, extending parallel to one another from the west towards the east. The whole of Parnassus is esteemed as sacred, since it has caves and other places that are held in honor and deemed holy. Of these the best known and most beautiful is Corycium, a cave of the nymphs bearing the same name as that in Cilicia. Of the sides of Parnassus, the western is occupied by the Ozolian Locrians and by some of the Dorians and by the Aetolians who live near the Aetolian mountain called Corax; whereas the other side is occupied by Phocians and by the majority of the Dorians, who occupy the Tetrapolis, which in a general way lies round Parnassus, but widens out in its parts that face the east. Now the long sides of each of the aforementioned countries and ribbon-like stretches are all parallel, one side being towards the north and the other towards the south; but as for the remaining sides, the western are not parallel to the eastern; neither are the two coastlines, where the countries of these tribes end, I mean that of the Crisaean Gulf as far as Actium and that facing Euboea as far as Thessaloniceia, parallel to one another. But one should conceive of the geometrical figures of these regions as though several lines were drawn in a triangle parallel to the base, for the figures thus marked off will be parallel to one another, and they will have their opposite long sides parallel, but as for the short sides this is no longer the case. This, then, is my rough sketch of the country that remains to be traversed and is next in order. Let me now describe each separate part in order, beginning with Phocis.

173. In Greek, the "Hesperioi."

174. 9. 2. 1.

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 ταύτης δ' ἐπιφανέσταται δύο πόλεις Δελφοί τε καὶ Ἐλάτεια· Δελφοὶ μὲν διὰ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Πυθίου Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ τὸ μαντεῖον ἀρχαῖον ὄν, εἴ γε Ἀγαμέμνων ἀπ' αὐτοῦ χρηστηριάσασθαι λέγεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ· ὁ γὰρ κιθαρῳδὸς ᾄδων εἰσάγεται

νεῖκος Ὀδυσσῆος καὶ Πηλείδεω Ἀχιλῆος, ὥς ποτε δηρίσαντο. --ἄναξ δ' ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων χαῖρε νόῳ ὣς γάρ οἱ χρείων μυθήσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων Πυθοῖ· 

Δελφοὶ μὲν δὴ διὰ ταῦτα, Ἐλάτεια δὲ ὅτι πασῶν μεγίστη τῶν ἐνταῦθα πόλεων καὶ ἐπικαιριωτάτη διὰ τὸ ἐπικεῖσθαι τοῖς στενοῖς καὶ τὸν ἔχοντα ταύτην ἔχειν τὰς εἰσβολὰς τὰς εἰς τὴν Φωκίδα καὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν. ὄρη γάρ ἐστιν Οἰταῖα πρῶτον, ἔπειτα τὰ τῶν Λοκρῶν καὶ τῶν Φωκέων, οὐ πανταχοῦ στρατοπέδοις βάσιμα τοῖς ἐκ Θετταλίας ἐμβάλλουσιν, ἀλλ' ἔχει παρόδους στενὰς μὲν ἀφωρισμένας δέ, ἃς αἱ παρακείμεναι πόλεις φρουροῦσιν· ἁλουσῶν δ' ἐκείνων κρατεῖσθαι συμβαίνει καὶ τὰς παρόδους. ἐπεὶ δ' ἡ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπιφάνεια τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἔχει πρεσβεῖον, καὶ ἅμα ἡ θέσις τῶν χωρίων ἀρχὴν ὑπαγορεύει φυσικήν ταῦτα γάρ ἐστι τὰ ἑσπεριώτατα μέρη τῆς Φωκίδος , ἐντεῦθεν ἀρκτέον.

Of Phocis two cities are the most famous, Delphi and Elateia. Delphi, because of the temple of the Pythian Apollo, and because of the oracle, which is ancient, since Agamemnon is said by the poet to have had an oracle given him from there; for the minstrel is introduced as singing "the quarrel of Odysseus and Achilles, son of Peleus, how once they strove . . ., and Agamemnon, lord of men, rejoiced at heart . . ., for thus Phoebus Apollo, in giving response to him at Pytho, had told him that it should be." {175} Delphi, I say, is famous because of these things, but Elateia, because it is the largest of all the cities there, and has the most advantageous position, because it is situated in the narrow passes and because he who holds this city holds the passes leading into Phocis and Boeotia. For, first, there are the Oetaean Mountains; and then those of the Locrians and Phocians, which are not everywhere passable to invaders from Thessaly, but have passes, both narrow and separated from one another, which are guarded by the adjacent cities; and the result is, that when these cities are captured, their captors master the passes also. But since the fame of the temple at Delphi has the priority of age, and since at the same time the position of its places suggests a natural beginning (for these are the most westerly parts of Phocis), I should begin my description there.

175. Hom. Od. 8.75

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 εἴρηται δ' ὅτι καὶ ὁ Παρνασσὸς ἐπὶ τῶν ἑσπερίων ὅρων ἵδρυται τῆς Φωκίδος. τούτου δὴ τὸ μὲν πρὸς δύσιν πλευρὸν οἱ Λοκροὶ κατέχουσιν οἱ Ὀζόλαι, τὸ δὲ νότιον οἱ Δελφοί, πετρῶδες χωρίον θεατροειδές, κατὰ κορυφὴν ἔχον τὸ μαντεῖον καὶ τὴν πόλιν, σταδίων ἑκκαίδεκα κύκλον πληροῦσαν. ὑπέρκειται δ' αὐτῆς ἡ Λυκώρεια, ἐφ' οὗ τόπου πρότερον ἵδρυντο οἱ Δελφοὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἱεροῦ· νῦν δ' ἐπ' αὐτῷ οἰκοῦσι περὶ τὴν κρήνην τὴν Κασταλίαν. πρόκειται δὲ τῆς πόλεως ἡ Κίρφις ἐκ τοῦ νοτίου μέρους, ὄρος ἀπότομον, νάπην ἀπολιπὸν μεταξύ, δι' ἧς Πλεῖστος διαρρεῖ ποταμός. ὑποπέπτωκε δὲ τῇ ὁ Κίρφει πόλις ἀρχαία Κίρρα, ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ ἱδρυμένη, ἀφ' ἧς ἀνάβασις εἰς Δελφοὺς ὀγδοήκοντά που σταδίων· ἵδρυται δ' ἀπαντικρὺ Σικυῶνος. πρόκειται δὲ τῆς Κίρρας τὸ Κρισαῖον πεδίον εὔδαιμον. πάλιν γὰρ ἐφεξῆς ἐστιν ἄλλη πόλις Κρῖσα, ἀφ' ἧς ὁ κόλπος Κρισαῖος· εἶτα Ἀντικύρα, ὁμώνυμος τῇ κατὰ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον καὶ τὴν Οἴτην. καὶ δή φασιν ἐκεῖ τὸν ἑλλέβορον φύεσθαι τὸν ἀστεῖον, ἐνταῦθα δὲ σκευάζεσθαι βέλτιον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀποδημεῖν δεῦρο πολλοὺς καθάρσεως καὶ θεραπείας χάριν· γίνεσθαι γάρ τι σησαμοειδὲς φάρμακον ἐν τῇ Φωκικῇ, μεθ' οὗ σκευάζεσθαι τὸν Οἰταῖον ἑλλέβορον.

As I have already said, Parnassus is situated on the western boundaries of Phocis. Of this mountain, then, the side towards the west is occupied by the Ozolian Locrians, whereas the southern is occupied by Delphi, a rocky place, theatre-like, having the oracle and the city on its summit, and filling a circuit of sixteen stadia. Situated above Delphi is Lycoreia, on which place, above the temple, the Delphians were established in earlier times. But now they live close to the temple, round the Castalian fountain. Situated in front of the city, toward the south, is Cirphis, a precipitous mountain, which leaves in the intervening space a ravine, through which flows the Pleistus River. Below Cirphis lies Cirrha, an ancient city, situated by the sea; and from it there is an ascent to Delphi of about eighty stadia. It is situated opposite Sicyon. In front of Cirrha lies the fertile Crisaean Plain; for again one comes next in order to another city, Crisa, from which the Crisaean Gulf is named. Then to Anticyra, bearing the same name as the city on the Maliac Gulf near Oeta. And, in truth, they say that it is in the latter region that the hellebore of fine quality is produced, though that produced in the former is better prepared, and on this account many people resort thither to be purged and cured; for in the Phocian Anticyra, they add, grows a sesame-like medicinal plant with which the Oetaean hellebore is prepared.

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 αὕτη μὲν οὖν συμμένει, ἡ δὲ Κίρρα καὶ ἡ Κρῖσα κατεσπάσθησαν, ἡ μὲν . . . ὕστερον ὑπ' Εὐρυλόχου τοῦ Θετταλοῦ κατὰ τὸν Κρισαῖον πόλεμον· εὐτυχήσαντες γὰρ οἱ Κρισαῖοι διὰ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας καὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας τέλη, πικρῶς ἐτελώνουν τοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερὸν ἀφικνουμένους καὶ παρὰ τὰ προστάγματα τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων. τὰ δ' αὐτὰ καὶ τοῖς Ἀμφισσεῦσι συνέβη. Λοκρῶν δ' εἰσὶν οὗτοι τῶν Ὀζολῶν. ἐπελθόντες γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι τήν τε Κρῖσαν ἀνέλαβον, καὶ τὸ πεδίον τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων ἀνιερωθὲν αὖθις κατεγεώργουν, καὶ χείρους ἦσαν περὶ τοὺς ξένους τῶν πάλαι Κρισαίων. καὶ τούτους οὖν ἐτιμωρήσαντο οἱ Ἀμφικτύονες, καὶ τῷ θεῷ τὴν χώραν ἀπέδοσαν. ὠλιγώρηται δ' ἱκανῶς καὶ τὸ ἱερόν, πρότερον δ' ὑπερβαλλόντως ἐτιμήθἦ. δηλοῦσι δ' οἵ τε θησαυροὶ οὓς καὶ δῆμοι καὶ δυνάσται κατεσκεύασαν, εἰς οὓς καὶ χρήματα ἀνετίθεντο καθιερωμένα καὶ ἔργα τῶν ἀρίστων δημιουργῶν, καὶ ὁ ἀγὼν ὁ Πυθικὸς καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἱστορουμένων χρησμῶν.

Now Anticyra still endures, but Cirrha and Crisa have been destroyed, the former earlier, by the Crisaeans, and Crisa itself later, by Eurylochus the Thessalian, at the time of the Crisaean War. {176} For the Crisaeans, already prosperous because of the duties levied on importations from Sicily and Italy, proceeded to impose harsh taxes on those who came to visit the temple, {177} even contrary to the decrees of the Amphictyons. And the same thing also happened in the case of the Amphissians, who belonged to the Ozolian Locrians. For these too, coming over, not only restored Crisa and proceeded to put under cultivation again the plain which had been consecrated by the Amphictyons, but were worse in their dealings with foreigners than the Crisaeans of old had been. Accordingly, the Amphictyons punished these too, and gave the territory back to the god: The temple, too, has been much neglected, though in earlier times it was held in exceedingly great honor. Clear proofs of this are the treasure houses, built both by peoples and by potentates, in which they deposited not only money which they had dedicated to the god, but also works of the best artists; and also the Pythian Games, and the great number of the recorded oracles.

176. About 595 B.C.

177. Of Appolo at Delphi.

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 φασὶ δ' εἶναι τὸ μαντεῖον ἄντρον κοῖλον κατὰ βάθους οὐ μάλα εὐρύστομον, ἀναφέρεσθαι δ' ἐξ αὐτοῦ πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, ὑπερκεῖσθαι δὲ τοῦ στομίου τρίποδα ὑψηλόν, ἐφ' ὃν τὴν Πυθίαν ἀναβαίνουσαν δεχομένην τὸ πνεῦμα ἀποθεσπίζειν ἔμμετρά τε καὶ ἄμετρα· ἐντείνειν δὲ καὶ ταῦτα εἰς μέτρον ποιητάς τινας ὑπουργοῦντας τῷ ἱερῷ. πρώτην δὲ Φημονόην γενέσθαι φασὶ Πυθίαν, κεκλῆσθαι δὲ καὶ τὴν προφῆτιν οὕτω καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἀπὸ τοῦ πυθέσθαι, ἐκτετάσθαι δὲ τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν, ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀθανάτου καὶ ἀκαμάτου καὶ διακόνου.

They say that the seat of the oracle is a cave that is hollowed out deep down in the earth, with a rather narrow mouth, from which arises breath that inspires a divine frenzy; and that over the mouth is placed a high tripod, mounting which the Pythian priestess receives the breath and then utters oracles in both verse and prose, though the latter too are put into verse by poets who are in the service of the temple. They say that the first to become Pythian priestess was Phemonoe; and that both the prophetess and the city were so called {178} from the word pythésthai," {179} though the first syllable was lengthened, as in athanatos, akamatos, and diakonos. {180} Now the following is the idea which leads to the founding of cities and to the holding of common sanctuaries in high esteem: men came together by cities and by tribes, because they naturally tend to hold things in common, and at the same time because of their need of one another; and they met at the sacred places that were common to them for the same reasons, holding festivals and general assemblies; for everything of this kind tends to friendship, beginning with eating at the same table, drinking libations together, and lodging under the same roof; and the greater the number of the sojourners and the greater the number of the places whence they came, the greater was thought to be the use of their coming together.

178. i.e., "Pythia" and "Pytho."

179. "To inquire of the oracle." Other mythologers more plausibly derived the two names from the verb pythesthai, "to rot" (note the length of the vowel), because the serpent Python, slain by Apollo, "rotted" at the place.

180. But in "diakonos" it is the second syllable that is long; and Homer does not use the word. For his uses of the first two with long a see (e.g.) Hom. Il. 6.108, 5.4.

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 ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον τιμὴ τῷ ἱερῷ τούτῳ διὰ τὸ χρηστήριον συνέβη δόξαντι ἀψευδεστάτῳ τῶν πάντων ὑπάρξαι, προσέλαβε δέ τι καὶ ἡ θέσις τοῦ τόπου. τῆς γὰρ Ἑλλάδος ἐν μέσῳ πώς ἐστι τῆς συμπάσης, τῆς τε ἐντὸς Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἐκτός, ἐνομίσθη δὲ καὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ ἐκάλεσαν τῆς γῆς ὀμφαλόν, προσπλάσαντες καὶ μῦθον ὅν φησι Πίνδαρος, ὅτι συμπέσοιεν ἐνταῦθα οἱ ἀετοὶ οἱ ἀφεθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός, ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς δύσεως ὁ δ' ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνατολῆς· οἱ δὲ κόρακάς φασι. δείκνυται δὲ καὶ ὀμφαλός τις ἐν τῷ ναῷ τεταινιωμένος καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῷ αἱ δύο εἰκόνες τοῦ μύθου.

Now although the greatest share of honor was paid to this temple because of its oracle, since of all oracles in the world it had the repute of being the most truthful, yet the position of the place added something. For it is almost in the center of Greece taken as a whole, between the country inside the Isthmus and that outside it; and it was also believed to be in the center of the inhabited world, and people called it the navel of the earth, in addition fabricating a myth, which is told by Pindar, that the two eagles (some say crows) which had been set free by Zeus met there, one coming from the west and the other from the east. There is also a kind of navel to be seen in the temple; it is draped with fillets, and on it are the two likenesses of the birds of the myth.

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 τοιαύτης δὲ τῆς εὐκαιρίας οὔσης τῆς περὶ τοὺς Δελφούς, συνῄεσάν τε ῥᾳδίως ἐκεῖσε, μάλιστα δ' οἱ ἐγγύθεν, καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ Ἀμφικτυονικὸν σύστημα ἐκ τούτων συνετάχθη περί τε τῶν κοινῶν βουλευσόμενον καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ἕξον κοινοτέραν, ἅτε καὶ χρημάτων ἀποκειμένων πολλῶν καὶ ἀναθημάτων φυλακῆς καὶ ἁγιστείας δεομένων μεγάλης. τὰ πάλαι μὲν οὖν ἀγνοεῖται, Ἀκρίσιος δὲ τῶν μνημονευομένων πρῶτος διατάξαι δοκεῖ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας καὶ πόλεις ἀφορίσαι τὰς μετεχούσας τοῦ συνεδρίου καὶ ψῆφον ἑκάστῃ δοῦναι, τῇ μὲν καθ' αὑτὴν τῇ δὲ μεθ' ἑτέρας ἢ μετὰ πλειόνων, ἀποδεῖξαι δὲ καὶ τὰς Ἀμφικτυονικὰς δίκας ὅσαι πόλεσι πρὸς πόλεις εἰσίν· ὕστερον δ' ἄλλαι πλείους διατάξεις γεγόνασιν, ἕως κατελύθη καὶ τοῦτο τὸ σύνταγμα, καθάπερ τὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν. αἱ μὲν οὖν πρῶται δυοκαίδεκα συνελθεῖν λέγονται πόλεις· ἑκάστη δ' ἔπεμπε Πυλαγόραν, δὶς κατ' ἔτος οὔσης τῆς συνόδου ἔαρός τε καὶ μετοπώρου· ὕστερον δὲ καὶ πλείους προσῆλθον πόλεις. τὴν δὲ σύνοδον Πυλαίαν ἐκάλουν τὴν μὲν ἐαρινὴν τὴν δὲ μετοπωρινήν, ἐπειδὴ ἐν Πύλαις συνήγοντο, ἃς καὶ Θερμοπύλας καλοῦσιν· ἔθυον δὲ τῇ Δήμητρι οἱ πυλαγόροι. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῖς ἐγγὺς μετῆν καὶ τούτων καὶ τοῦ μαντείου, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ οἱ πόρρωθεν ἀφικνοῦντο καὶ ἐχρῶντο τῷ μαντείῳ καὶ ἔπεμπον δῶρα καὶ θησαυροὺς κατεσκεύαζον, καθάπερ Κροῖσος καὶ ὁ πατὴρ Ἀλυάττης καὶ Ἰταλιωτῶν τινες καὶ Σικελοί.

Such being the advantages of the site of Delphi, the people easily came together there, and especially those who lived near it. And indeed the Amphictyonic League was organized from the latter, both to deliberate concerning common affairs and to keep the superintendence of the temple more in common, because much money and many votive offerings were deposited there, requiring great vigilance and holiness. Now the facts of olden times are unknown, but among the names recorded Acrisius is reputed to have been the first to administer the Amphictyony and to determine the cities that were to have a part in the council and to give a vote to each city, to one city separately or to another jointly with a second or with several, and also to proclaim the Amphictyonic Rights--all the rights that cities have in their dealings with cities. Later there were several other administrations, until this organization, like that of the Achaeans, {181} was dissolved. Now the first cities which came together are said to have been twelve, and each sent a Pylagoras, {182} the assembly convening twice a year, in spring and in late autumn; but later still more cities were added. They called the assembly Pylaea, both that of spring and that of late autumn, since they convened at Pylae, which is also called Thermopylae; and the Pylagorae sacrificed to Demeter. Now although at the outset only the people who lived near by had a share both in these things and in the oracle, later the people living at a distance also came and consulted the oracle and sent gifts and built treasure houses, as, for instance, Croesus, and his father Alyattes, and some of the Italiotes,  {183} and the Sicilians.

181. See 8. 7. 3.

182. i.e., Pylae--assemblyman.

183. Greeks living in Italy.

009.003.008

 ἐπίφθονος δ' ὢν ὁ πλοῦτος δυσφύλακτός ἐστι κἂν ἱερὸς ᾗ. νυνί γέ τοι πενέστατόν ἐστι τὸ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἱερὸν χρημάτων γε χάριν, τῶν δ' ἀναθημάτων τὰ μὲν ἦρται τὰ δὲ πλείω μένει. πρότερον δὲ πολυχρήματον ἦν τὸ ἱερόν, καθάπερ Ὅμηρός τε εἴρηκεν “οὐδ' ὅσα “λάινος οὐδὸς ἀφήτορος ἐντὸς ἐέργει Φοίβου Ἀπόλλωνος Πυθοῖ ἐνὶ πετρηέσσῃ,” καὶ οἱ θησαυροὶ δηλοῦσι καὶ ἡ σύλησις ἡ γενηθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῶν Φωκέων, ἐξ ἧς ὁ Φωκικὸς καὶ ἱερὸς καλούμενος ἐξήφθη πόλεμος. αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἡ σύλησις γεγένηται κατὰ Φίλιππον τὸν Ἀμύντου· προτέραν δ' ἄλλην ὑπονοοῦσιν ἀρχαίαν, ἣ τὸν ὑφ' Ὁμήρου λεγόμενον πλοῦτον ἐξεφόρησεν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴχνος αὐτοῦ σωθῆναι πρὸς τοὺς ὕστερον χρόνους ἐν οἷς οἱ περὶ Ὀνόμαρχον καὶ Φάυλλον ἐσύλησαν τὸ ἱερόν, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν . . . ἀπενεχθέντα νεώτερα ἐκείνων εἶναι τῶν χρημάτων· ἀποκεῖσθαι γὰρ ἐν θησαυροῖς, ἀπὸ λαφύρων ἀνατεθέντα, ἐπιγραφὰς σώζοντα ἐν αἷς καὶ οἱ ἀναθέντες· “Γύγο” γὰρ καὶ “Κροίσο” καὶ “Συβαριτῶν” καὶ “Σπινητῶν τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν,” καὶ οὕτως ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων. οὔτ . . . ήκοι τὰ παλαιὰ χρήματα ἀναμεμῖχθαι· ὧς καὶ ἄλλοι τόποι διασημαίνουσιν ὑπὸ τούτων σκευωρηθέντες τῶν ἀνδρῶν. ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν ἀφήτορα δεξάμενοι λέγεσθαι θησαυρόν, ἀφήτορος δ' οὐδὸν κατὰ γῆς θησαυρισμόν, ἐν τῷ ναῷ κατορωρύχθαι φασὶ τὸν πλοῦτον ἐκεῖνον, καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ὀνόμαρχον ἐπιχειρήσαντας ἀνασκάπτειν νύκτωρ σεισμῶν γενομένων μεγάλων ἔξω τοῦ ναοῦ φυγεῖν καὶ παύσασθαι τῆς ἀνασκαφῆς, ἐμβαλεῖν δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις φόβον τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιχειρήσεως.

But wealth inspires envy, and is therefore difficult to guard, even if it is sacred. At present, certainly, the temple at Delphi is very poor, at least so far as money is concerned; but as for the votive offerings, although some of them have been carried off, most of them still remain. In earlier times the temple was very wealthy, as Homer states: "nor yet all the things which the stone threshold of the archer Phoebus Apollo enclosed in rocky Pytho." {184} The treasure houses clearly indicate its wealth, and also the plundering done by the Phocians, which kindled the Phocian War, or Sacred War, as it is called. Now this plundering took place in the time of Philip, the son of Amyntas, although writers have a notion of another and earlier plundering, in ancient times, in which the wealth mentioned by Homer was carried out of the temple. For, they add, not so much as a trace of it was saved down to those later times in which Onomarchus and his army, and Phaÿllus and his army, {185} robbed the temple; but the wealth then carried away was more recent than that mentioned by Homer; for there were deposited in treasure houses offerings dedicated from spoils of war, preserving inscriptions on which were included the names of those who dedicated them; for instance, Gyges, Croesus, the Sybarites, and the Spinetae {186} who lived near the Adriatic, and so with the rest. And it would not be reasonable to suppose that the treasures of olden times were mixed up with these, as indeed is clearly indicated by other places that were ransacked by these men. Some, however, taking "aphetor" {187} to mean "treasure-house," and "threshold of the aphetor" to mean "underground repository of the treasure-house," say that that wealth was buried in the temple, and that Onomarchus and his army attempted to dig it up by night, but since great earthquakes took place they fled outside the temple and stopped their digging, and that their experience inspired all others with fear of making a similar attempt.

184. Hom. Il. 9.404

185. 352 B.C. Both were Phocian generals. For an account of their robberies see Diod. Sic. 16. 31-61.

186. See 5. 1. 7.

187. The Greek word translated "archer" in the above citation from Homer.

009.003.009

 τῶν δὲ ναῶν τὸν μὲν πτέρινον εἰς τοὺς μύθους τακτέον, τὸν δὲ δεύτερον Τροφωνίου καὶ Ἀγαμήδους ἔργον φασί, τὸν δὲ νῦν Ἀμφικτύονες κατεσκεύασαν. δείκνυται δ' ἐν τῷ τεμένει τάφος Νεοπτολέμου κατὰ χρησμὸν γενόμενος, Μαχαιρέως Δελφοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀνελόντος αὐτόν, ὡς μὲν ὁ μῦθος, δίκας αἰτοῦντα τὸν θεὸν τοῦ πατρῴου φόνου, ὡς δὲ τὸ εἰκός, ἐπιθέμενον τῷ ἱερῷ. τοῦ δὲ Μαχαιρέως ἀπόγονον Βράγχον φασὶ τὸν προστατήσαντα τοῦ ἐν Διδύμοις ἱεροῦ.

Of the temples, the one "with wings" must be placed among the myths; the second is said to be the work of Trophonius and Agamedes; and the present temple was built by the Amphictyons. In the sacred precinct is to be seen the tomb of Neoptolemus, which was made in accordance with an oracle, Machaereus, a Delphian, having slain him because, according to the myth, he was asking the god for redress for the murder of his father; {188} but according to all probability it was because he had attacked the temple. Branchus, who presided over the temple at Didyma, is called a descendant of Machaereus.

188. Achilles.

009.003.010

 ἀγὼν δὲ ὁ μὲν ἀρχαῖος ἐν Δελφοῖς κιθαρῳδῶν ἐγενήθη παιᾶνα ᾀδόντων εἰς τὸν θεόν· ἔθηκαν δὲ Δελφοί· μετὰ δὲ τὸν Κρισαῖον πόλεμον οἱ Ἀμφικτύονες ἱππικὸν καὶ γυμνικὸν ἐπ' Εὐρυλόχου διέταξαν στεφανίτην καὶ Πύθια ἐκάλεσαν. προσέθεσαν δὲ τοῖς κιθαρῳδοῖς αὐλητάς τε καὶ κιθαριστὰς χωρὶς ᾠδῆς, ἀποδώσοντάς τι μέλος ὃ καλεῖται νόμος Πυθικός. πέντε δ' αὐτοῦ μέρη ἐστίν, ἄγκρουσις ἄμπειρα κατακελευσμὸς ἴαμβοι καὶ δάκτυλοι σύριγγες. ἐμελοποίησε μὲν οὖν Τιμοσθένης, ὁ ναύαρχος τοῦ δευτέρου Πτολεμαίου ὁ καὶ τοὺς λιμένας συντάξας ἐν δέκα βίβλοις. βούλεται δὲ τὸν ἀγῶνα τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τὸν πρὸς τὸν δράκοντα διὰ τοῦ μέλους ὑμνεῖν, ἄγκρουσιν μὲν τὸ προοίμιον δηλῶν, ἄμπειραν δὲ τὴν πρώτην κατάπειραν τοῦ ἀγῶνος, κατακελευσμὸν δὲ αὐτὸν τὸν ἀγῶνα, ἴαμβον δὲ καὶ δάκτυλον τὸν ἐπιπαιανισμὸν τὸν γινόμενον ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ μετὰ τοιούτων ῥυθμῶν, ὧν ὁ μὲν ὕμνοις ἐστὶν οἰκεῖος ὁ δ' ἴαμβος κακισμοῖς, σύριγγας δὲ τὴν ἔκλειψιν τοῦ θηρίου, μιμουμένων ὡς ἂν καταστρέφοντος ἐσχάτους τινὰς συριγμούς.

As for the contests at Delphi, there was one in early times between citharoedes, who sang a paean in honor of the god; it was instituted by the Delphians. But after the Crisaean war, in the time of Eurylochus, {189} the Amphictyons instituted equestrian and gymnastic contests in which the prize was a crown, and called them Pythian Games. And to the citharoedes {190} they added both fluteplayers and citharists who played without singing, who were to render a certain melody which is called the Pythian Nome. There are five parts of it: angkrousis, ampeira, katakeleusmos, iambi and dactyli, and syringes. Now the melody was composed by Timosthenes, the admiral of the second Ptolemy, who also compiled The Harbours, a work in ten books; {191} and through this melody he means to celebrate the contest between Apollo and the dragon, setting forth the prelude as anakrousis, the first onset of the contest as ampeira, the contest itself as katakeleusmos, the triumph following the victory as iambus and dactylus, the rhythms being in two measures, one of which, the dactyl, is appropriate to hymns of praise, whereas the other, the iamb, is suited to reproaches (compare the word "iambize"), and the expiration of the dragon as syringes, since with syringes {192} players imitated the dragon as breathing its last in hissings. {193}

189. On the time, compare 9. 3. 4 and footnote.

190. The citharoedes sang to the accompaniment of the cithara, and their contests must have had no connection with those of the fluteplayers and the citharists, whose performance (of the Pythian Nome) was a purely instrumental affair.

191. If the text of this sentence is correct, Strabo must be referring to the melody played as the Pythian Nome in his own time or in that of some authority whom he is quoting, earlier compositions perhaps having been superseded by that of Timosthenes (fl. about 270 B.C.). But since the invention of the Pythian Nome has been ascribed to Sacadas (Pollux 4.77), who was victorious with the flute at the Pythian Games about three hundred years before the time of Timosthenes (Paus. 6.14.9, 10.7.4), Guhrauer (Jahrb. für Class. Philol., Suppl. 8, 1875-1876, pp. 311--351 makes a strong argument for a lacuna in the Greek text, and for making Strabo say that the melody was composed by Sacadas and later merely described by Timosthenes in one of his numerous works. Cp. also H. Riemann, Handb. der Musikgeschichte 1919, vol. i, pp. 63-65.

192. "Pipes."

193. "Pipings."

009.003.011

 Ἔφορος δ', ᾧ τὸ πλεῖστον προσχρώμεθα διὰ τὴν περὶ ταῦτα ἐπιμέλειαν, καθάπερ καὶ Πολύβιος μαρτυρῶν τυγχάνει, ἀνὴρ ἀξιόλογος, δοκεῖ μοι τἀναντία ποιεῖν ἔσθ' ὅτε τῇ προαιρέσει καὶ ταῖς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑποσχέσεσιν. ἐπιτιμήσας γοῦν τοῖς φιλομυθοῦσιν ἐν τῇ τῆς ἱστορίας γραφῇ καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπαινέσας προστίθησι τῷ περὶ τοῦ μαντείου τούτου λόγῳ σεμνήν τινα ὑπόσχεσιν, ὡς πανταχοῦ μὲν ἄριστον νομίζει τἀληθές, μάλιστα δὲ κατὰ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ταύτην. ἄτοπον γὰρ εἰ περὶ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων τὸν τοιοῦτον ἀεὶ τρόπον διώκομεν, φησί, περὶ δὲ τοῦ μαντείου λέγοντες, ὃ πάντων ἐστὶν ἀψευδέστατον, τοῖς οὕτως ἀπίστοις καὶ ψευδέσι χρησόμεθα λόγοις. ταῦτα δ' εἰπὼν ἐπιφέρει παραχρῆμα, ὅτι ὑπολαμβάνουσι κατασκευάσαι τὸ μαντεῖον Ἀπόλλωνα μετὰ Θέμιδος ὠφελῆσαι βουλόμενον τὸ γένος ἡμῶν. εἶτα τὴν ὠφέλειαν εἰπὼν ὅτι εἰς ἡμερότητα προὐκαλεῖτο καὶ ἐσωφρόνιζε, τοῖς μὲν χρηστηριάζων καὶ τὰ μὲν προστάττων τὰ δ' ἀπαγορεύων, τοὺς δ' οὐδ' ὅλως προσιέμενος, ταῦτα διοικεῖν νομίζουσι, φησίν, αὐτόν, οἱ μὲν αὐτὸν τὸν θεὸν σωματοειδῆ γινόμενον, οἱ δ' ἀνθρώποις ἔννοιαν παραδιδόντα τῆς ἑαυτοῦ βουλήσεως.

Ephorus, whom I am using more than any other authority because, as Polybius, a noteworthy writer, testifies, he exercises great care in such matters, seems to me sometimes to do the opposite of what he intended, and at the outset promised, to do. At any rate, after censuring those who love to insert myths in the text of their histories, and after praising the truth, he adds to his account of this oracle a kind of solemn promise, saying that he regards the truth as best in all cases, but particularly on this subject; for it is absurd, he says, if we always follow such a method in dealing with every other subject, and yet, when speaking of the oracle which is the most truthful of all, go on to use the accounts that are so untrustworthy and false. Yet, though he says this, he adds forthwith that historians take it for granted that Apollo, with Themis, devised the oracle because he wished to help our race; and then, speaking of the helpfulness of it, he says that Apollo challenged men to gentleness and inculcated self control by giving out oracles to some, commanding them to do certain things and forbidding them to do other things, and by absolutely refusing admittance to other consultants. Men believe that Apollo directs all this, he says, some believing that the god himself assumes a bodily form, others that he transmits to human beings a knowledge of his own will.

009.003.012

 ὑποβὰς δὲ περὶ τῶν Δελφῶν οἵτινές εἰσι διαλεγόμενος φησὶ τὸ παλαιὸν Παρνασσίους τινὰς αὐτόχθονας καλουμένους οἰκεῖν τὸν Παρνασσόν· καθ' ὃν χρόνον Ἀπόλλωνα τὴν γῆν ἐπιόντα ἡμεροῦν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀπό τε τῶν ἡμέρων καρπῶν καὶ τῶν βίων, ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν δ' ὁρμηθέντα ἐπὶ Δελφοὺς ταύτην ἰέναι τὴν ὁδόν, ᾖ νῦν Ἀθηναῖοι τὴν Πυθιάδα πέμπουσι· γενόμενον δὲ κατὰ Πανοπέας Τιτυὸν καταλῦσαι ἔχοντα τὸν τόπον, βίαιον ἄνδρα καὶ παράνομον· τοὺς δὲ Παρνασσίους συμμίξαντας αὐτῷ καὶ ἄλλον μηνῦσαι χαλεπὸν ἄνδρα Πύθωνα τοὔνομα, ἐπίκλησιν δὲ Δράκοντα, κατατοξεύοντος δ' ἐπικελεύειν ἵε παιάν, ἀφ' οὗ τὸν παιανισμὸν οὕτως ἐξ ἔθους παραδοθῆναι τοῖς μέλλουσι συμπίπτειν εἰς παράταξιν· ἐμπρησθῆναι δὲ καὶ σκηνὴν τότε τοῦ Πύθωνος ὑπὸ τῶν Δελφῶν, καθάπερ καὶ νῦν ἔτι καὶ ἀεὶ ὑπόμνημα ποιουμένους τῶν τότε γενομένων. τί δ' ἂν εἴη μυθωδέστερον ἢ Ἀπόλλων τοξεύων καὶ κολάζων Τιτυοὺς καὶ Πύθωνας καὶ ὁδεύων ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν εἰς Δελφοὺς καὶ γῆν πᾶσαν ἐπιών; εἰ δὲ ταῦτα μὴ ὑπελάμβανε μύθους εἶναι, τί ἐχρῆν τὴν μυθευομένην Θέμιν γυναῖκα καλεῖν, τὸν δὲ μυθευόμενον δράκοντα ἄνθρωπον; πλὴν εἰ συγχεῖν ἐβούλετο τόν τε τῆς ἱστορίας καὶ τὸν τοῦ μύθου τύπον. παραπλήσια τούτοις καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν εἰρημένα. φήσας γὰρ ἀπορθήτους αὐτοὺς ἐκ παντὸς τοῦ χρόνου τοτὲ μὲν Αἰολέας φησὶν οἰκῆσαι τοὺς κατέχοντας βαρβάρους ἐκβαλόντας, τοτὲ δ' Αἰτωλὸν μετὰ τῶν ἐξ Ἤλιδος Ἐπειῶν . . . τῶν ἐχθρῶν· τούτους δ' ὑπ' Ἀλκμέωνος καὶ Διομήδους. ἀλλ' ἐπάνειμι ἐπὶ τοὺς Φωκέας.

A little further on, when discussing who the Delphians were, he says that in olden times certain Parnassians who were called indigenous inhabited Parnassus; and that at this time Apollo, visiting the land, civilized the people by introducing cultivated fruits and cultured modes of life; and that when he set out from Athens to Delphi he went by the road which the Athenians now take when they conduct the Pythias; {194} and that when he arrived at the land of the Panopaeans he destroyed Tityus, a violent and lawless man who ruled there; and that the Parnassians joined him and informed him of another cruel man named Python and known as the Dragon, and that when Apollo shot at him with his arrows the Parnassians shouted "Hie Paean" {195} to encourage him (the origin, Ephorus adds, of the singing of the Paean which has been handed down as a custom for armies just before the clash of battle); and that the tent of Python was burnt by the Delphians at that time, just as they still burn it to this day in remembrance of what took place at that time. But what could be more mythical than Apollo shooting with arrows and punishing Tityuses and Pythons, and travelling from Athens to Delphi and visiting the whole earth? But if Ephorus did not take these stories for myths, by what right did he call the mythological Themis a woman, and the mythological Dragon a human being--unless he wished to confound the two types, history and myth? Similar to these statements are also those concerning the Aetolians; for after saying that from all time their country had been unravaged, he at one time says that Aeolians took up their abode there, having ejected the barbarians who were in possession of it, and at another time that Aetolus together with the Epeii from Elis took up their abode there, but that these were destroyed by the Aeolians, and that these latter were destroyed by Alcmaeon and Diomedes. But I return to the Phocians.

194. A sacred mission despatched from Athens to Pytho (Delphi). See 9. 2. 11.

195. A shout addressed to Apollo in his capacity as Paean (Healer).

009.003.013

 ἑξῆς γὰρ ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ μετὰ τὴν Ἀντικύραν πολίχνιόν ἐστιν Ὀπισθομάραθος· εἶτ' ἄκρα Φαρύγιον ἔχουσα ὕφορμον· εἶθ' ὁ λιμὴν ὕστατος ὁ προσαγορευθεὶς μυχὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος, ὑπὸ τῷ Ἑλικῶνι καὶ τῇ Ἄσκρῃ κείμενος. οὐδ' αἱ Ἀβαὶ δὲ τὸ μαντεῖον ἄπωθεν τῶν τόπων τούτων ἐστίν, οὐδ' ἡ Ἄμβρυσος, ὁὐδ' ἡ Μἐδεὼν ὁμώνυμος τῇ Βοιωτιακῇ. ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ μετὰ Δελφοὺς ὡς πρὸς τὴν ἕω Δαυλὶς πολίχνιον, ὅπου Τηρέα τὸν Θρᾷκά φασι δυναστεῦσαι· καὶ τὰ περὶ Φιλομήλαν καὶ Πρόκνην ἐκεῖ μυθεύουσι. τοὔνομα δὲ τῷ τόπῳ γεγονέναι ἀπὸ τοῦ δάσους· δαυλοὺς γὰρ καλοῦσι τὰ δάση. Ὅμηρος μὲν οὖν Δαυλίδα εἶπεν, οἱ δ' ὕστερον Δαυλίαν. καὶ τὸ “ὁἶ Κυπάρισσον ἔχον” δέχονται διττῶς, οἱ μὲν ὁμωνύμως τῷ φυτῷ οἱ δὲ παρωνύμως κώμην ὑπὸ τῇ Λυκωρείᾳ.

On the seacoast after Anticyra, one comes first to a town called Opisthomarathus; then to a cape called Pharygium, where there is an anchoring-place; then to the harbor that is last, which, from the fact in the case, is called Mychus; {196} and it lies below Helicon and Ascre. And the oracle of Abae is not far from this region, nor Ambrysus, nor Medeon, {197} which bears the same name as the Boeotian Medeon. Still farther in the interior, after Delphi, approximately towards the east, is a town Daulis, where Tereus the Thracian is said to have held sway (the scene of the mythical story of Philomela and Procne is laid there, though Thucydides {198} says at Megara). The place got its name from the thickets, for they call thickets "dauli." Now Homer called it Daulis, but later writers call it Daulia. And "Cyparissus," in the words "held Cyparissus," {199} is interpreted by writers in two ways, by some as bearing the same name as the tree, {200} and by others, by a slight change in the spelling, as a village below Lycoreia. {201}

196. Inmost recess.

197. On the site of Medeon see Frazer's Pausanias, note on Paus. 36.6.

198. But Thuc. 2.29 says: In that country (Daulia) Itys suffered at the hands of Philomela and Procne." Eustathius ad Iliad 2.520 repeats without correction Strabo's erroneous reference.

199. Hom. Il. 2.519

200. Cyparissus is the word for cypress tree.

201. As the text stands, the meaning is obscure. The scholiast on Ven. A, Hom. Il. 2.519, says that Cyparissus was named after Cyparissus the brother of Orchomenus, or after the cypress trees that grew in it; and the scholiast on Ven. B ibid., "Cyparissus, the present Apollonias, named after Cyparissus." Paus. 10.36.3 says: "In earlier times the name of the city was Cyparissus, and Homer, in his list of the Phocians, purposely used this name, though the city was even then called Anticyra" (see Frazer, note ad loc.). On the position of Lycoreia, see 9. 3. 3.

009.003.014

 Πανοπεὺς δ' ὁ νῦν Φανοτεύς, ὅμορος τοῖς περὶ Λεβάδειαν τόποις, ἡ τοῦ Ἐπειοῦ πατρίς. καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τιτυὸν δὲ ἐνταῦθα μυθεύουσιν. Ὅμηρος δέ φησιν ὅτι οἱ Φαίηκες τὸν Ῥαδάμανθυν εἰς Εὔβοιαν “ἤγαγον, “ὀψόμενον Τιτυὸν γαιήϊον υἱόν.” καὶ Ἐλάριόν τι σπήλαιον ἀπὸ τῆς Τιτυοῦ μητρὸς Ἐλάρας δείκνυται κατὰ τὴν νῆσον καὶ ἡρῷον τοῦ Τιτυοῦ καὶ τιμαί τινες. πλησίον δὲ Λεβαδείας καὶ ἡ Τραχίν, ὁμώνυμος τῇ Οἰταίᾳ, Φωκικὴ πολίχνη· οἱ δ' ἐνοικοῦντες Τραχίνιοι λέγονται.

Panopeus, the Phanoteus of today, borders on the region of Lebadeia, and is the native land of Epeius. And the scene of the myth of Tityus is laid here. Homer says that the Phaeacians "led" Rhadamanthys into Euboea "to see Tityus, son of the Earth." {202} And a cave called Elarium is to be seen in the island, named after Elara the mother of Tityus; and also a hero-temple of Tityus, and certain honors which are paid to him. Near Lebadeia, also, is Trachin, a Phocian town, which bears the same name as the Oetaean city; and its inhabitants are called Trachinians.

202. Hom. Od. 7.324

009.003.015

 ἡ δ' Ἀνεμώρεια ὠνόμασται ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβαίνοντος πάθους· καταιγίζει γὰρ εἰς αὐτὴν ὁ καλούμενος Κατοπτήριος χῶρος, κρημνός τις ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ διήκων· ὅριον δ' ἦν ὁ τόπος οὗτος Δελφῶν τε καὶ Φωκέων, ἡνίκα ἀπέστησαν τοὺς Δελφοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ συστήματος τῶν Φωκέων Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ ἐπέτρεψαν καθ' αὑτοὺς πολιτεύεσθαι· τινὲς δὲ Ἀνεμώλειαν καλοῦσιν. εἶθ' Ὑάμπολις Ὕα μετὰ ταῦτα ἐκλήθη ὑπό τινων , εἰς ἣν ἐκ Βοιωτίας ἐκπεσεῖν ἔφαμεν τοὺς Ὕαντας· ἔστι δ' ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ μάλιστα καὶ αὕτη, πλησίον τῶν Παραποταμίων, ἑτέρα οὖσα τῆς ἐν τῷ Παρνασσῷ Ὑαμπεἷας, καὶ Ἐλάτεια ἡ μεγίστη πόλις τῶν Φωκικῶν, ἣν Ὅμηρος μὲν οὐκ οἶδε νεωτέρα γάρ ἐστι τῆς ἡλικίας ἐκείνου , ἐπικαιρίως δ' ἵδρυται πρὸς τὰς ἐκ τῆς Θετταλίας εἰσβολάς. δηλοῖ δὲ τὴν εὐφυΐαν ταύτην καὶ Δημοσθένης, φράζων τὸν θόρυβον τὸν γενηθέντα Ἀθήνησιν αἰφνιδίως, ἐπειδὴ ἧκέ τις ἀπαγγέλλων ὡς τοὺς πρυτάνεις ὡς Ἐλάτεια κατείληπται.

Anemoreia {203} has been named from a circumstance connected with it: squalls of wind sweep down upon it from Catopterius, {204} as it is called, a beetling cliff extending from Parnassus. This place was a boundary between Delphi and the Phocians when the Lacedaemonians caused the Delphians to revolt from the common organization of the Phocians, {205} and permitted them to form a separate State of their own. Some, however, call the place Anemoleia. And then one comes to Hyampolis (later called Hya by some), to which, as I have said, {206} the Hyantes were banished from Boeotia. This city is very far inland, near Parapotamii, and is not the same as Hyampeia on Parnassus; also far inland is Elateia, the largest city of the Phocians, which is unknown by Homer, for it is more recent than the Homeric age, and it is advantageously situated in that it commands the passes from Thessaly. Demosthenes {207} clearly indicates the natural advantage of its position when he speaks of the commotion that suddenly took place at Athens when a messenger came to the Prytanes with the report that Elateia had been captured. {208}

203. "Wind-swept."

204. "The Look-out."

205. About 457 B.C. (see Thuc. 1.107-108).

206. 9. 2. 3. Cf. 10. 3. 4.

207. Dem. 18.168.

208. By Philip in 338 B.C.

009.003.016

 Παραποτάμιοι δ' εἰσὶ κατοικία τις ἐπὶ τῷ Κηφισσῷ ἱδρυμένη πλησίον Φανοτεῦσι καὶ Χαιρωνεῦσι καὶ Ἐλατείᾳ. φησὶ δὲ Θεόπομπος τὸν τόπον τοῦτον διέχειν τῆς μὲν Χαιρωνείας ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίους, διορίζειν δὲ τοὺς Ἀμβρυσέας καὶ Πανοπέας καὶ Δαυλιέας· κεῖσθαι δ' ἐπὶ τῆς ἐμβολῆς τῆς ἐκ Βοιωτίας εἰς Φωκέας ἐν λόφῳ μετρίως ὑψηλῷ, μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Παρνασσοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁδυλίου ὀρους πενταστάδιον σχεδόν τι ἀπολειπόντων ἀνἃ μέσον χὦρίον, διαιρεῖν δὲ τὸν Κηφισσὸν στενὴν ἑκατέρωθεν διδόντα πάροδον, τὰς μὲν ἀρχὰς ἐκ Λιλαίας ἔχοντα Φωκικῆς πόλεως καθάπερ καὶ Ὅμηρός φησιν “οἵ τε Λίλαιαν ἔχον πηγῇς ἔπι Κηφισσοῖ” , εἰς δὲ τὴν Κωπαΐδα λίμνην ἐκδιδόντα· τὸ δὲ Ἁδύλιον παρατείνειν ἐφ' ἑξήκοντα σταδίους μέχρι τοῦ Ἀκοντίου, ἐφ' ᾧ κεῖται ὁ Ὀρχομενός. καὶ Ἡσίοδος δ' ἐπὶ πλέον περὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ λέγει καὶ τῆς ῥύσεως, ὡς δι' ὅλης ῥέοι τῆς Φωκίδος σκολιῶς καὶ δρακοντοειδῶς “παρὲκ Πανοπῆα διὰ Γλήχωνά τ' ἐρυμνὴν “καί τε δι' Ὀρχομενοῦ εἱλιγμένος εἶσι δράκων ὥς.” τὰ δὲ στενὰ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Παραποταμίους ἢ τὴν Παραποταμίαν λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφοτέρως περιμάχητα ὑπῆρξεν ἐν τᾧ Φωκικῷ πολἐμῳ, μίαν ἐχόντων ταύτην ἐμβολὴν ἑἰς τὴν Φωκίδἆ· ἔστι δὲ Κηφισσὸς ὅ τε Φωκικὸς καὶ ὁ Ἀθήνησι καὶ ὁ ἐν Σαλαμῖνι, τέταρτος δὲ καὶ πέμπτος ὁ ἐν Σικυῶνι καὶ ὁ ἐν Σκύρῳ, ἐν Ἀπολλωνίᾳ δὲ τῇ πρὸς Ἐπιδάμνῳ πηγή ἐστι κατὰ τὸ γυμνάσιον, ἣν καλοῦσι Κηφισσόν.

Parapotamii is a settlement on the Cephissus River near Phanoteus and Chaeroneia and Elateia. Theopompus says that this place is distant from Chaeroneia about forty stadia and marks the boundary of the territories of the Ambryseans, the Panopeans and the Daulians; and that it lies on a moderately high hill at the pass which leads from Boeotia into Phocis, between the mountains Parnassus and Hadylius, between which is left a tract of about five stadia divided by the Cephissus River, which affords a narrow pass on each side. The river, he continues, has its beginnings in the Phocian city Lilaea (just as Homer says, "and those who held Lilaea, at the fountains of Cephissus " {209} ), and empties into Lake Copais; and the mountain Hadylius extends over a distance of sixty stadia as far as the mountain Acontius, {210} where Orchomenus is situated. And Hesiod, too, describes at considerable length the river and the course of its flow, saying that it flows through the whole of Phocis in a winding and serpentine course; "like a dragon it goes in tortuous courses out past Panopeus and through strong Glechon and through Orchomenus." {211} The narrow pass in the neighborhood of Parapotamii, or Parapotamia (for the name is spelled both ways), was an object of contention in the Phocian war, since the enemy had here their only entrance into Phocis. There are, besides the Phocian Cephissus, the one at Athens, the one in Salamis, a fourth and a fifth in Sicyon and in Scyros, and a sixth in Argos, which has its sources in Mt. Lyrceius; and at Apollonia near Epidamnus there is a fountain near the gymnasium which is called Cephissus.

209. Hom. Il. 2.523

210. Cf. 9. 2. 42.

211. A fragment otherwise unknown.Hes. Fr. 37 (Rzach)

009.003.017

 Δαφνοῦς δὲ νῦν μὲν κατέσκαπται· ἦν δέ ποτε τῆς Φωκίδος πόλις ἁπτομένη τῆς Εὐβοϊκῆς θαλάττης, διαιροῦσα τοὺς Ἐπικνημιδίους Λοκρούς, τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὸ πρὸς Βοιὧτίαν μέρος τοὺς δὲ πρὸς Φωκίδα τὴν ἀπὸ θαλάττης καθήκὁυσαν τότε ἐπὶ θάλατταν. τεκμήριον δὲ τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ Σχεδιεῖον, ὅ φασιν εἶναι τάφον Σχεδίου. ἑἴρἦται δὲ ὁ Δαφνοῦς ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τὴν Λοκρίδα σχίσαι, ὥστἐ μηδαμοῦ ἅπτεσθαι ἀλλήλων τούς τ' Ἐπικνημἷδίους καὶ τὀὺς Ὀπουντίους· ὕστερον δὲ προσωρίσθη τοῖς Ὀπουντίοις ὁ τὀπος. περὶ μὲν δὴ τῆς Φωκίδος ἀπόχρη.

Daphnus is now razed to the ground. It was at one time a city of Phocis, bordering on the Euboean Sea; it divided the Epicnemidian Locrians into two parts, one part in the direction of Boeotia, and the other facing Phocis, which at that time reached from sea to sea. And evidence of this is the Schedieium in Daphnus, which, they say, is the tomb of Schedius; but as I have said, {212} Daphnus "split" {213} Locris on either side, so that the Epicnemidian and Opuntian Locrians nowhere bordered on one another; but in later times the place was included within the boundaries of the Opuntians. Concerning Phocis, however, I have said enough.

212. 9. 3. 1.

213. The Greek word for "split" is "schidzo," which Strabo connects etymologically with "Schedius" (see Hom. Il. 2.517).

009.004.001

 ἐφεξῆς δ' ἐστὶν ἡ Λοκρίς, ὥστε περὶ ταύτης λεκτέον. διῄρηται δὲ δίχα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς ἐστιν οἱ πρὸς Εὔβοιαν Λοκροί, ὁὓς ἐλἐγομεν σχίζεσθαί ποτε ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τοῦ Δαφνοῦντος· ἐπεκαλοῦντο δ' οἱ μὲν Ὀπούντιοι ἀπὸ τῆς μητροπόλεως, οἱ δ' Ἐπικνημίδιοι ἀπὸ ὄρους τινὸς Κνημῖδος· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν οἱ ἑσπέριοί εἰσι Λοκροί, οἱ δ' αὐτοὶ καὶ Ὀζόλαι καλοῦνται. χωρίζει δ' αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν Ὀπουντίων καὶ τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων ὅ τε Παρνασσὸς μεταξὺ ἱδρυμένος καὶ ἡ τῶν Δωριέων τετράπολις. ἀρκτέον δ' ἀπὸ τῶν Ὀπουντίων.

Locris comes next in order, and therefore I must describe this country. It is divided into two parts: one part is that which is inhabited by the Locrians and faces Euboea; and, as I was saying, it was once split into two parts, one on either side of Daphnus. The Opuntians were named after their metropolis, {214} and the Epicnemidians after a mountain called Cnemis. The rest of Locris is inhabited by the Western Locrians, who are also called Ozolian Locrians. They are separated from the Opuntians and the Epicnemidians by Parnassus, which is situated between them, and by the Tetrapolis of the Dorians. But I must begin with the Opuntians.

214. Opus.

009.004.002

 ἐφεξῆς τοίνυν ταῖς Ἁλαῖς, εἰς ἃς κατέληγεν ἡ Βοιωτιακὴ παραλία ἡ πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ, τὸν Ὀπούντιον κόλπον κεῖσθαι συμβαίνει. ὁ δ' Ὀποῦς ἐστι μητρόπολις, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἐπίγραμμα δηλοῖ τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ πρώτῃ τῶν πέντε στηλῶν τῶν περὶ Θερμοπύλας ἐπιγεγραμμένον πρὸς τῷ πολυανδρίῳ “τούσδε ποθεῖ φθιμένους “ὑπὲρ Ἑλλάδος ἀντία Μήδων, μητρόπολις Λοκρῶν εὐθυνόμων Ὀπόεις.” ἀπέχει δὲ τῆς θαλάττης περὶ πεντεκαίδεκα σταδίους, τοῦ δ' ἐπινείου καὶ ἑξήκοντα. Κῦνος δ' ἐστὶ τὸ ἐπίνειον, ἄκρα τερματίζουσα τὸν Ὀπούντιον κόλπον σταδίων ὄντα περὶ τετταράκοντα· μεταξὺ δὲ Ὀποῦντος καὶ Κύνου πεδίον εὔδαιμον· κεῖται δὲ κατὰ Αἰδηψὸν τῆς Εὐβοίας, ὅπου τὰ θερμὰ τὰ Ἡρακλέους, πορθμῷ διειργόμενος σταδίων ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν. ἐν δὲ τῷ Κύνῳ Δευκαλίωνά φασιν οἰκῆσαι, καὶ τῆς Πύρρας αὐτόθι δείκνυται σῆμα, τοῦ δὲ Δευκαλίωνος Ἀθήνησι. διέχει δὲ τῆς Κνημῖδος ὁ Κῦνος ὅσον πεντήκοντα σταδίους. καὶ ἡ Ἀταλάντη δὲ νῆσος κατὰ Ὀποῦντα ἵδρυται, ὁμώνυμος τῇ πρὸ τῆς Ἀττικῆς. λέγεσθαι δ' Ὀπουντίους τινὰς καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἠλείᾳ φασίν, ὧν οὐκ ἄξιον μεμνῆσθαι, πλὴν ὅτι συγγένειαν αὐτῶν ἐξανανεοῦνται τοῖς Ὀπουντίοις ὑπάρχουσαν. ὅτι δ' ἐξ Ὀποῦντος ἦν ὁ Πάτροκλος λέγει Ὅμηρος, καὶ διότι φόνον ἀκούσιον πράξας ἔφυγεν εἰς Πηλέα, ὁ δὲ πατὴρ Μενοίτιος ἔμεινεν ἐν τῇ πατρίδι· ἐκεῖσε γάρ φησιν ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς ὑποσχέσθαι τῷ Μενοιτίῳ κατάξειν τὸν Πάτροκλον ἐκ τῆς στρατείας ἐπανελθόντα. οὐ μὴν ἐβασίλευέ γε ἐκεῖνος τῶν Ὀπουντίων, ἀλλ' Αἴας ὁ Λοκρός, πατρίδος ὤν, ὥς φασι, Ναρύκου. Αἰάνην δ' ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἀναιρεθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Πατρόκλου, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τέμενος Αἰάνειον δείκνυται καὶ κρήνη τις Αἰανίς.

Next, then, after Halae, {215} where that part of the Boeotian coast which faces Euboea terminates, lies the Opuntian Gulf. Opus is the metropolis, as is clearly indicated by the inscription on the first of the five pillars in the neighborhood of Thermopylae, near the Polyandrium: {216} "Opöeis, metropolis of the Locrians of righteous laws, mourns for these who perished in defence of Greece against the Medes."It is about fifteen stadia distant from the sea, and sixty from the seaport. Cynus is the seaport, a cape which forms the end of the Opuntian Gulf, the gulf being about forty stadia in extent. Between Opus and Cynus is a fertile plain; and Cynus lies opposite Aedepsus in Euboea, where are the hot waters of Heracles, and is separated from it by a strait one hundred and sixty stadia {217} wide. Deucalion is said to have lived in Cynus; and the grave of Pyrrha is to be seen there, though that of Deucalion is to be seen at Athens. Cynus is about fifty stadia distant from Mount Cnemis. The island Atalanta is also situated opposite Opus, and bears the same name as the island in front of Attica. It is said that a certain people in Eleia are also called Opuntians, but it is not worth while to mention them, except to say that they are reviving a kinship which exists between them and the Opuntians. Now Homer says that Patroclus was from Opus, {218} and that after committing an involuntary murder he fled to Peleus, but that his father Menoetius remained in his native land; for thither Achilles says that he promised Menoetius to bring back Patroclus when Patroclus should return from the expedition. However, Menoetius was not king of the Opuntians, but Aias the Locrian, whose native land, as they say, was Narycus. They call the man who was slain by Patroclus "Aeanes"; and both a sacred precinct, the Aeaneium, and a spring, Aeanis, named after him, are to be seen.

215. See 9. 2. 13.

216. A polyandrium is a place where many heroes are buried.

217. An error. The actual distance is about half this.

218. Hom. Il. 23.85.

009.004.003

 ἑξῆς μετὰ τὸν Κῦνον Ἀλόπη ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ Δαφνοῦς, ὃν ἔφαμεν κατεσπάσθαι· λιμὴν δ' ἐστὶν αὐτόθι διέχων Κύνου περὶ ἐνενήκοντα σταδίους, Ἐλατείας δὲ πεζεύοντι εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν. ἤδη δ' ἐστὶ ταῦτα τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου· μετὰ γὰρ τὸν Ὀπούντιον συνεχής ἐστιν οὗτος.

Next after Cynus, one comes to Alope and to Daphnus, which latter, as I said, is razed to the ground; {219} and here there is a harbor which is about ninety stadia distant from Cynus, and one hundred and twenty stadia from Elateia, for one going on foot into the interior. We have now reached the Maliac Gulf, which is continuous with the Opuntian Gulf.

219. 9. 3. 1.

009.004.004

 μετὰ δὲ Δαφνοῦντα Κνημῖδες χωρίον ἐρυμνὸν ὅσον σταδίους εἴκοσι πλεύσαντι· καθ' ὃ τὸ Κήναιον ἐκ τῆς Εὐβοίας ἀντίκειται ἄκρα βλέπουσα πρὸς ἑσπέραν καὶ τὸν Μαλιέα κόλπον, πορθμῷ διειργομένη σχεδὸν εἰκοσασταδίῳ. ταῦτα δ' ἤδη τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων ἐστὶ Λοκρῶν. ἐνταῦθα καὶ αἱ Λιχάδες καλούμεναι τρεῖς νῆσοι πρόκεινται ἀπὸ Λίχα τοὔνομα ἔχουσαι. καὶ ἄλλαι δ' εἰσὶν ἐν τῷ λεχθέντι παράπλῳ, ἃς ἑκόντες παραλείπομεν. μετὰ δὲ εἴκοσι σταδίους ἀπὸ Κνημίδων λιμήν, ὑπὲρ οὗ κεῖται τὸ Θρόνιον ἐν σταδίοις τοῖς ἴσοις κατὰ τὴν μεσόγαιαν. εἶθ' ὁ Βοάγριος ποταμὸς ἐκδίδωσιν ὁ παραρρέων τὸ Θρόνιον, Μάνην δ' ἐπονομάζουσιν αὐτόν· ἔστι δὲ χειμάρρους ὥστ' ἀβρόχοις ἐμβαίνειν τοῖς ποσίν, ἄλλοτε δὲ καὶ δίπλεθρον ἴσχειν πλάτος. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Σκάρφεια σταδίοις ὑπερκειμένη τῆς θαλάττης δέκα, διέχουσα δὲ τοῦ Θρονίου τριάκοντα, ἐλάττοσι δὲ μικρῷ . . . ἔπειτα Νίκαιά ἐστι καὶ αἱ Θερμοπύλαι.

After Daphnus one comes to Cnemides, a natural stronghold, about twenty stadia by sea; and opposite it, in Euboea, lies Cenaeum, a cape facing the west and the Maliac Gulf, and separated from it by a strait about twenty stadia in width. At this point we have now reached the territory of the Epicnemidian Locrians. Here, too, lying off the coast, are the three Lichades Islands, as they are called, named after Lichas; and there are also other islands along the coast, but I am purposely omitting them. After twenty stadia from Cnemides one comes to a harbor, above which, at an equal distance in the interior, lies Thronium. Then one comes to the Boagrius River, which flows past Thronium and empties into the sea. They also call it Manes. It is a winter stream, so that at times one can cross it dry-shod, though at other times it has a breadth of two plethra. After this one comes to Scarpheia, which is situated ten stadia above the sea, thirty stadia distant from Thronium, and slightly less from the harbor itself. Then one comes to Nicaea and Thermopylae.

009.004.005

 τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν πόλεων τῶν μὲν ἄλλων οὐκ ἄξιον μεμνῆσθαι· ὧν δ' Ὅμηρος μέμνηται Καλλίαρος μὲν οὐκέτι οἰκεῖται, ἑὐήροτον δὲ νῦν ἐςτι πεδίον· καλοῦσι δ' οὕτως ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος· καὶ Βῆσσα δ' οὐκ ἔστι, δρυμώδης τις τόπος· οὐδ' ἇἱ Αὐγειαί, τὴν δὲ χὦραν ἔχουσι Σκαρφιεῖς· ταύτην μὲν οὖν τὴν Βῆσσαν ἐν τοῖς δυσὶ γραπτέον σίγμα ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ δρυμώδους ὠνόμασται ὁμωνύμως, ὥσπερ καὶ Νάπη ἐν τῷ Μηθύμνης πεδίῳ, ἣν Ἑλλάνικος ἀγνοῶν . . . Λάπην ὀνομάζει , τὸν δ' ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ δῆμον, ἀφ' οὗ Βησαιεῖς οἱ δημόται λέγονται, ἐν τῷ ἑνὶ σίγμα.

As for the remaining cities, it is not worthwhile to mention any of them except those which are mentioned by Homer. Calliarus is no longer inhabited, but is now a beautifully-tilled plain, and they so call it from what is the fact in the case. {220} Bessa, too, does not exist; it is a wooded place. Neither does Augeiae, whose territory is held by the Scarphians. Now this Bessa should be written with a double s (for it is named from its being a wooded place, being spelled the same way--like Nape {221} in the plain of Methymne, which Hellanicus ignorantly names Lape), whereas the deme in Attica, whose inhabitants are accordingly called Besaeeis, should be written with one s.

220. i.e., from καλός (beautiful) and ἀρόω (till). Eustathius (Eustatius ad Iliad 2.531) says: "Calliarus, they say, was named after Calliarus, son Hodoedocus and Laonome: others say that it was named Calliara, in the nueter gender, because the land there was beautifully tilled."

221. Both "bessa" and nape mean "wooded glen."

009.004.006

 ἡ δὲ Τάρφη κεῖται ἐφ' ὕψους, διέχουσα Θρονίοὖ σταδίους εἴκοσι, χώραν δ' εὔκαρπόν τε καὶ εὔδενδρον ἔχει· ἤδη γὰρ καὶ αὕτη ἀπὸ τοῦ δάσους ὠνόμασται. καλεῖται δὲ νῦν Φαρύγαι· ἵδρυται δ' αὐτόθι Ἥρας Φαρυγαίας ἱερὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Φαρύγαις τῆς Ἀργείας· καὶ δὴ καὶ ἄποικοί φασιν εἶναι Ἀργείων.

Tarphe is situated on a height, at a distance of twenty stadia from Thronium; its territory is both fruitful and well-wooded, for already {222} this place had been named from its being thickly wooded. But it is now called Pharygae; and here is situated a temple of Pharygaean Hera, so called from the Hera in the Argive Pharygae; and, indeed, they say that they are colonists of the Argives.

222. i.e., in the time of Homer, who names Tarphe (cp. "tarphos," "thicket") and Thronium together, Hom. Il. 2.533.

009.004.007

 τῶν γε μὴν ἑσπερίων Λοκρῶν Ὅμηρος οὐ μέμνηται, ἢ οὐ ῥητῶς γε, ἀλλὰ μόνον τῷ δοκεῖν ἀντιδιαστέλλεσθαι τούτοις ἐκείνους περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν “Λοκρῶν, οἳ ναίουσι πέρην ἱερῆς Εὐβοίης,” ὡς καὶ ἑτέρων ὄντων. ἀλλ' οὐδ' ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων τεθρύληνται πολλῶν· πόλεις δ' ἔσχον Ἄμφισσάν τε καὶ Ναύπακτον, ὧν ἡ Ναύπακτος συμμένει τοῦ Ἀντιρρίου πλησίον, ὠνόμασται δ' ἀπὸ τῆς ναυπηγίας τῆς ἐκεῖ γενομένης, εἴτε τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν ἐκεῖ ναυπηγησαμένων τὸν στόλον, εἴθ' ὥς φησιν Ἔφορος Λοκρῶν ἔτι πρότερον παρασκευασάντων· ἔστι δὲ νῦν Αἰτωλῶν Φιλίππου προσκρίναντος.

However, Homer does not mention the Western Locrians, or at least not in express words, but only in that he seems by contrast to distinguish these from those other Locrians of whom I have already spoken, when he says, "of the Locrians who dwell opposite sacred Euboea," {223} implying that there was a different set of Locrians. But they have not been much talked about by many others either. The cities they held were Amphissa and Naupactus; of these, Naupactus survives, near Antirrhium, and it was named from the shipbuilding {224} that was once carried on there, whether it was because the Heracleidae built their fleet there, or (as Ephorus says) because the Locrians had built ships there even before that time. It now belongs to the Aetolians, having been adjudged to them by Philip.

223. Hom. Il. 2.535

224. "Naus" (ship" and "pactos" (put together, built), the Doric spelling of the verbal πηκτός.

009.004.008

 αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ ἡ Χαλκίς, ἧς μέμνηται καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς ἐν τῷ Αἰτωλικῷ καταλόγῳ, ὑποκάτω Καλυδῶνος· αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ ὁ Ταφιασσὸς λόφος, ἐν ᾧ τὸ τοῦ Νέσσου μνῆμα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Κενταύρων, ὧν ἀπὸ τῆς σηπεδόνος φασὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῇ ῥίζῃ τοῦ λόφου προχεόμενον δυσῶδες καὶ θρόμβους ἔχον ὕδωρ ῥεῖν· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ Ὀζόλας καλεῖσθαι τὸ ἔθνος. καὶ ἡ Μολύκρεια δ' ἐστὶ κατὰ τὸ Ἀντίρριον, Αἰτωλικὸν πολίχνιον. ἡ δ' Ἄμφισσα ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄκροις ἵδρυται τοῦ Κρισαίου πεδίου, κατέσπασαν δ' αὐτὴν οἱ Ἀμφικτύονες, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν· καὶ Οἰάνθεἶα δὲ καὶ Εὐπάλιον Λοκρῶν εἰσίν. ὁ δὲ πᾶς παράπλους ὁ Λοκρικὸς μικρὸν ὑπερβάλλει τῶν διακοσίων σταδίων.

Here, also, is Chalcis, which the poet mentions in the Aetolian Catalogue; {225} it is below Calydon. Here, also, is the hill Taphiassus, on which are the tombs of Nessus and the other Centaurs, from whose putrefied bodies, they say, flows forth at the base of the hill the water which is malodorous and clotted; and it is on this account, they add, that the tribe is also called Ozolian. {226} Molycreia, an Aetolian town, is also near Antirrhium. The site of Amphissa is on the edge of the Crisaean Plain; it was razed to the ground by the Amphictyons, as I have said. {227} And both Oeantheia and Eupalium belong to the Locrians. The whole voyage along the Locrian coast slightly exceeds two hundred stadia in length.

225. Hom. Il. 2.640.

226. i.e., Ozolian Locrians, as well as Western (see 9. 4. 1). The authorities quote by Strabo derive "Ozolian" from "ozein" (to smell).

227. 9. 3. 4.

009.004.009

 Ἀλόπην δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἐν τοῖς Ἐπικνημιδίοις ὀνομάζουσι καὶ ἐν τῇ Φθιώτιδι· οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ἄποικοι τῶν Ἐπικνημιδίων εἰσίν, οἱ δ' Ἐπιζεφύριοι τούτων.

There is a place named Alope, not only here and among the Epicnemidian Locrians, but also in Phthiotis. Now these {228} are colonists of the Epicnemidian Locrians, but the Epizephyrian Locrians are colonists of these. {229}

228. He means, apparently, the Ozolian Locrians.

229. Again he appears to mean the Ozolian Locrians.

009.004.010

 τοῖς δὲ Λοκροῖς τοῖς μὲν ἑσπερίοις συνεχεῖς εἰσιν Αἰτωλοί, τοῖς δ' Ἐπικνημιδίοις Αἰνιᾶνες συνεχεῖς οἱ τὴν Οἴτην ἔχοντες, καὶ μέσοι Δωριεῖς. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν εἰσιν οἱ τὴν τετράπολιν οἰκήσαντες, ἥν φασιν εἶναι μητρόπολιν τῶν ἁπάντων Δωριέων, πόλεις δ' ἔσχον Ἐρινεὸν Βοῖον Πίνδον Κυτίνιον· ὑπέρκειται δ' ἡ Πίνδος τοῦ Ἐρινεοῦ, παραρρεῖ δ' αὐτὴν ὁμώνυμος ποταμὸς ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Κηφισσὸν οὐ πολὺ τῆς Λιλαίας ἄπωθεν· τινὲς δ' Ἀκύφαντα λέγουσι τὴν Πίνδον. τούτων ὁ βασιλεὺς Αἰγίμιος ἐκπεσὼν τῆς ἀρχῆς κατήχθη πάλιν, ὡς ἱστοροῦσιν, ὑφ' Ἡρακλέους· ἀπεμνημόνευσεν οὖν αὐτῷ τὴν χάριν τελευτήσαντι περὶ τὴν Οἴτην· Ὕλλον γὰρ εἰσεποιήσατο τὸν πρεσβύτατον τῶν ἐκείνου παίδων, καὶ διεδέξατο ἐκεῖνος τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ οἱ ἀπόγονοι. ἐντεῦθεν ὁρμηθεῖσι τοῖς Ἡρακλείδαις ὑπῆρξεν ἡ εἰς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδος.

The Aetolians border on the western Locrians; and the Aenianians who inhabit Mount Oeta border on the Epicnemidian Locrians; and in the middle between them are Dorians. {230} Now these Dorians are the people who inhabited the Tetrapolis, which, they say, was the metropolis of all the Dorians; and the cities they held were Erineus, Boeum, Pindus and Cytinium. Pindus is situated above Erineus; and a river bearing the same name flows past it, emptying into the Cephissus not very far from Lilaea. By some, however, Pindus is called Acyphas. The king of these Dorians was Aegimius, who was driven from his throne, but was brought back again, as the story goes, by Heracles; accordingly, Aegimius requited the favor to Heracles after the latter's death on Oeta; for he adopted Hyllus, the eldest of the sons of Heracles; and Hyllus and his descendants became his successors on the throne. From here it was that the Heracleidae set out on their return to the Peloponnesus.

230. See 9. 3. 1.

009.004.011

 τέως μὲν οὖν ἦσαν ἐν ἀξιώματι αἱ πόλεις, καίπερ οὖσαι μικραὶ καὶ λυπρόχωροι, ἔπειτ' ὠλιγωρήθησαν· ἐν δὲ τῷ Φωκικῷ πολέμῳ καὶ τῇ Μακεδόνων ἐπικρατείᾳ καὶ Αἰτωλῶν καὶ Ἀθαμάνων θαυμαστὸν εἰ καὶ ἴχνος αὐτῶν εἰς Ῥωμαίους ἦλθε. τὰ δ' αὐτὰ πεπόνθασι καὶ Αἰνιᾶνες· καὶ γὰρ τούτους ἐξέφθειραν Αἰτωλοί τε καὶ Ἀθαμᾶνες, Αἰτωλοὶ μὲν μετὰ Ἀκαρνάνων πολεμοῦντες καὶ μέγα δυνάμενοι, Ἀθαμᾶνες δ' ὕστατοι τῶν Ἠπειρωτῶν εἰς ἀξίωμα προαχθέντες, ἤδη τῶν ἄλλων ἀπειρηκότων, καὶ μετ' Ἀμυνάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως δύναμιν κατασκευασάμενοι. οὗτοι δὲ τὴν Οἴτην διακατεῖχον.

Now for a time the cities in question were held in respect, although they were small and had poor soil, but afterwards they were lightly esteemed. During the Phocian War and the domination of the Macedonians, Aetolians, and Athamanians--it is marvellous that even a trace of them passed to the Romans. And the Aenianians had the same experience, for they too were destroyed by the Aetolians and the Athamanians: by the Aetolians, when they waged war in conjunction with the Acarnanians, and were very powerful, and by the Athamanians, when they attained to distinction (the last of the Epeirotes to do so, the other peoples having by this time been worn out) and under their king Amynander had acquired power. These Athamanians kept possession of Oeta.

009.004.012

 τὸ δ' ὄρος διατείνει ἀπὸ Θερμοπυλῶν καὶ τῆς ἀνατολῆς μέχρι πρὸς τὸν κόλπον τὸν Ἀμβρακικὸν καὶ τὴν ἑσπέραν· τρόπον δέ τινα καὶ πρὸς ὀρθὰς τέμνει τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ μέχρι Πίνδου καὶ τῶν ὑπερκειμένων βαρβάρων ὀρεινὴν τὸ ὄρος τοῦτο. τούτου δὴ τὸ μὲν πρὸς Θερμοπύλας νενευκὸς μέρος Οἴτη καλεῖται σταδίων διακοσίων τὸ μῆκος, τραχὺ καὶ ὑψηλόν, ὑψηλότατον δὲ κατὰ τὰς Θερμοπύλας· κορυφοῦται γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καὶ τελευτᾷ πρὸς ὀξεῖς καὶ ἀποτόμους μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης κρημνούς, ὀλίγην δ' ἀπολείπει πάροδον τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ἐμβάλλουσιν εἰς τοὺς Λοκροὺς ἐκ τῆς Θετταλίας.

This mountain extends from Thermopylae in the east to the Ambracian Gulf in the west; and, in a way, it cuts at right angles the mountainous country which extends from Parnassus to Pindus and to the barbarians who are situated beyond Pindus. Of this mountain, the part which verges towards Thermopylae is called Oeta; its length is two hundred stadia, and it is rugged and high; but it is highest at Thermopylae, for there it rises into a peak, and ends at the sea in sharp and abrupt precipices, though it leaves a narrow pass for invasions from Thessaly into the country of the Locrians.

009.004.013

 τὴν μὲν οὖν πάροδον Πύλας καλοῦσι καὶ στενὰ καὶ Θερμοπύλας· ἔστι γὰρ καὶ θερμὰ πλησίον ὕδατα τιμώμενα ὡς Ἡρακλέους ἱερά· τὸ δ' ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος Καλλίδρομον· τινὲς δὲ καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τὸ δι' Αἰτωλίας καὶ τῆς Ἀκαρνανίας διῆκον μέχρι τοῦ Ἀμβρακικοῦ κόλπου Καλλίδρομον προσαγορεύουσι. πρὸς δὲ ταῖς Θερμοπύλαις ἐστὶ φρούρια ἐντὸς τῶν στενῶν, Νίκαια μὲν ἐπὶ θάλατταν Λοκρῶν, Τειχιοῦς δὲ καὶ Ἡράκλεια ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς, ἡ Τραχὶν καλουμένη πρότερον, Λακεδαιμονίων κτίσμα· διέχει δὲ τῆς ἀρχαίας Τραχῖνος περὶ ἓξ σταδίους ἡ Ἡράκλεια· ἑξῆς δὲ ἡ Ῥοδουντία, χωρίον ἐρυμνόν.

Now the pass is called not only "Pylae" and "Narrows," but also "Thermopylae," {231} for there are hot waters near it that are held in honor as sacred to Heracles; and the mountain that lies above it is called Callidromus, but by some the remaining part of the mountain, which extends through Aetolia and Acarnania to the Ambracian Gulf, is also called Callidromus. Near Thermopylae, inside the narrows, are forts--Nicaea, towards the sea of the Locrians, and above it, Teichius and Heracleia, the latter in earlier times having been called Trachin, a settlement of Lacedaemonians. Heracleia is about six stadia distant from the old Trachin. Next one comes to Rhoduntia, a natural stronghold.

231. "Hot-gates."

009.004.014

 ποιεῖ δὲ δυσείσβολα τὰ χωρία ταῦτα ἥ τε τραχύτης καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ὑδάτων φάραγγας ποιούντων, ἃς διέξεισι. πρὸς γὰρ τῷ Σπερχειῷ τῷ παραρρέοντι τὴν Ἀντικύραν καὶ ὁ Δύρας ἐστίν, ὅν φασιν ἐπιχειρῆσαι τὴν Ἡρακλέους σβέσαι πυράν· καὶ ἄλλος Μέλας διέχων Τραχῖνος εἰς πέντε σταδίους. πρὸς δὲ μεσημβρίαν τῆς Τραχῖνος φησὶν Ἡρόδοτος εἶναι βαθεῖαν διασφάγα, δι' ἧς Ἀσωπός, ὁμώνυμος τοῖς εἰρημένοις Ἀσωποῖς, εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐκπίπτει τὴν ἐκτὸς Πυλῶν, παραλαβὼν καὶ τὸν Φοίνικα ἐκ τῆς μεσημβρίας συμβάλλοντα αὐτῷ, ὁμώνυμον τῷ ἥρωι, οὗ καὶ τάφος πλησίον δείκνυται· στάδιοι δ' εἰσὶν ἐπὶ Θερμοπύλας ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀσωποῦ πεντεκαίδεκα.

These places are rendered difficult of access both by the ruggedness of the country and by the number of streams of water which here form ravines through which they flow. For besides the Spercheius, which flows past Anticyra, there is the Dyras River, which, they say, tried to quench the funeral pyre of Heralces, and also another  {232} Melas, which is five stadia distant from Trachin. To the south of Trachin, according to Herodotus, {233} there is a deep gorge through which the Asopus, bearing the same name as the aforesaid Asopus Rivers, {234} empties into the sea outside Pylae after receiving the Phoenix River, which meets it from the south and bears the name of the hero Phoenix, whose tomb is to be seen near it. The distance from the Asopus to Thermopylae is fifteen stadia.

232. See Book 7, Fr. 52.

233. 7. 198, 200.

234. 8. 6. 24 and 9. 2. 23.

009.004.015

 τότε μὲν οὖν ἦν ἐνδοξότατα τὰ χωρία ταῦτα, ἡνίκα τῶν κλείθρων ἐκυρίευε τῶν περὶ τὰ στενά, καὶ τοῖς ἔξω τῶν στενῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἐντὸς ἦσαν ἀγῶνες πρωτείων· καθάπερ καὶ πέδας ἐκάλει Φίλιππος τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὴν Χαλκίδα καὶ τὴν Κόρινθον, πρὸς τὰς ἐκ τῆς Μακεδονίας ἀφορμὰς βλέπων· ἐπιδέσμους δ' οἱ ὕστερον προσηγόρευον ταύτας τε καὶ ἔτι τὴν Δημητριάδα· καὶ γὰρ αὕτη παρόδων ἦν κυρία τῶν περὶ τὰ Τέμπη, τό τε Πήλιον ἔχουσα καὶ τὴν Ὄσσαν. ὕστερον δὲ πάντων ὑπὸ μίαν ἐξουσίαν ὑπηγμένων, ἅπαντ' ἀτελεύεται πᾶσι καὶ ἀνέῳγε.

Now at that time these places were at the height of their fame when they held the mastery over the keys of the Narrows, and when there were struggles for the primacy between the peoples outside the Narrows and those inside them; for instance, Philip used to call Chalcis and Corinth "the fetters of Greece," having Macedonia in view as his base of operations; {235} and the men of later times called, not only these, but also the city Demetrias "shackles," for Demetrias commanded the passes round Tempe, since it held both Pelion and Ossa. But later, now that all peoples have been brought into subjection to a single power, everything is free from toll and open to all mankind.

235. i.e., by holding these places he could control Greece even from distant Macedonia.

009.004.016

 περὶ δὲ τὰ στενὰ ταῦτα οἱ περὶ Λεωνίδαν μετὰ ὀλίγων τῶν ὁμόρων τοῖς τόποις ἀντέσχον πρὸς τὰς τοσαύτας τῶν Περσῶν δυνάμεις, μέχρι περιελθόντες δι' ἀτραπῶν τὰ ὄρη κατέκοψαν αὐτοὺς οἱ βάρβαροι. καὶ νῦν τὸ πολυάνδριον ἐκείνων ἐστὶ καὶ στῆλαι καὶ ἡ θρυλουμένη ἐπιγραφὴ τῇ Λακεδαιμονίων στήλῃ οὕτως ἔχουσα “ὦ ξέν' ἀπάγγειλον Λακεδαιμονίοις ὅτι “τῇδε κείμεθα τοῖς κείνων πειθόμενοι νομίμοις.”

It was at these Narrows that Leonidas and his men, with a few who came from the neighborhood thereof, held out against all those forces of the Persians, until the barbarians, coming around the mountains through by-paths, cut them down. And today their Polyandrium {236} is to be seen, and pillars, and the oft-quoted inscription on the pillar of the Lacedaemonians, which is as follows: "Stranger, report to the Lacedaemonians that we lie here in obedience to their laws."

236. See 9. 4. 2 and footnote.

009.004.017

 ἔστι δὲ καὶ λιμὴν μέγας αὐτόθι καὶ Δήμητρος ἱερόν, ἐν ᾧ κατὰ πᾶσαν Πυλαίαν θυσίαν ἐτέλουν οἱ Ἀμφικτύονες. ἐκ δὲ τοῦ λιμένος εἰς Ἡράκλειαν τὴν Τραχῖνα πεζῇ στάδιοι τετταράκοντα, πλοῦς δ' ἐπὶ τὸ Κήναιον ἑβδομήκοντα. ἔξω δὲ Πυλῶν εὐθὺς ὁ Σπερχειὸς ἐκδίδωσιν. ἐπὶ δὲ Πύλας ἀπὸ Εὐρίπου στάδιοι πεντακόσιοι τριάκοντα. καὶ ἡ μὲν Λοκρὶς τέλος ἔχει. τὰ δ' ἔξω Θετταλῶν ἐστι τὰ πρὸς ἕω καὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον, τὰ δὲ πρὸς δύσιν Αἰτωλῶν καὶ Ἀκαρνάνων. Ἀθαμᾶνες δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐκλελοίπασι.

There is also a large harbor here, and a temple of Demeter, in which at the time of every Pylaean assembly the Amphictyons performed sacrificial rites. From the harbor to Heracleian Trachin the distance on foot is forty stadia, and by boat to Cenaeum seventy stadia. The Spercheius empties immediately outside Pylae. The distance to Pylae from the Euripus is five hundred and thirty stadia. And whereas Locris ends at Pylae, the parts outside Pylae towards the east and the Maliac Gulf belong to the Thessalians, and the parts towards the west belong to the Aetolians and the Acarnanians. As for the Athamanians, they are now extinct.

009.004.018

 μέγιστον δὴ καὶ παλαιότατον τῶν Θετταλῶν σύστημα, ὧν τὰ μὲν Ὅμηρος εἴρηκε τὰ δ' ἄλλοι πλείους. Αἰτωλοὺς δ' Ὅμηρος μὲν ἀεὶ ἑνὶ ὀνόματι λέγει, πόλεις οὐκ ἔθνη τάττων ὑπ' αὐτοῖς, πλὴν εἰ τοὺς Κουρῆτας, οὓς ἐν μέρει τακτέον Αἰτωλικῶν. ἀπὸ Θετταλῶν δ' ἀρκτέον, τὰ μὲν σφόδρα παλαιὰ καὶ μυθώδη καὶ οὐχ ὁμολογούμενα τὰ πολλὰ ἐῶντες, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐποιήσαμεν, τὰ δὲ φαινόμενα ἡμῖν καίρια λέγοντες.

Now the largest and most ancient composite part of the Greeks is that of the Thessalians, who have been described partly by Homer and partly by several others. The Aetolians Homer always speaks of under one name, classing cities, not tribes, under them, except the Curetes, who should be classified as Aetolians. {237} But I must begin with Thessaly, omitting such things as are very old and mythical and for the most part not agreed upon, as I have already done in all other cases, and telling such things as seem to me appropriate to my purpose.

237. Cf. 10. 3. 1.

009.005.001

 ἔστι δ' αὐτῆς πρὸς θαλάττῃ μὲν ἡ ἀπὸ Θερμοπυλῶν μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Πηνειοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Πηλίου παραλία βλέπουσα πρὸς ἕω καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Εὐβοίας τὰ βόρεια. ἔχουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ καὶ Θερμοπύλαις Μαλιεῖς καὶ οἱ Φθιῶται Ἀχαιοί, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τῷ Πηλίῳ Μάγνητες. αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἡ πλευρὰ τῆς Θετταλίας ἑῴα λεγέσθω καὶ παραλία. ἑκατέρωθεν δ' ἀπὸ μὲν Πηλίου καὶ Πηνειοῦ πρὸς τὴν μεσόγαιαν Μακεδόνες παράκεινται μέχρι Παιονίας καὶ τῶν Ἠπειρωτικῶν ἐθνῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Θερμοπυλῶν τὰ παράλληλα τοῖς Μακεδόσιν ὄρη τὰ Οἰταῖα καὶ Αἰτωλικά, τοῖς Δωριεῦσι καὶ τῷ Παρνασσῷ συνάπτοντα. καλείσθω δὲ τὸ μὲν πρὸς τοῖς Μακεδόσι πλευρὸν ἀρκτικόν, τὸ δ' ἕτερον νότιον. λοιπὸν δ' ἐστὶ τὸ ἑσπέριον, ὃ περικλείουσιν Αἰτωλοὶ καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶνες καὶ Ἀμφίλοχοι καὶ τῶν Ἠπειρωτῶν Ἀθαμᾶνες καὶ Μολοττοὶ καὶ ἡ τῶν Αἰθίκων ποτὲ λεγομένη γῆ καὶ ἁπλῶς ἡ περὶ Πίνδον . . . πλὴν τοῦ Πηλίου καὶ τῆς Ὄσσης. ταῦτ' ἐξῆρται μὲν ἱκανῶς, οὐ μήν γε πολλὴν περιλαμβάνει κύκλῳ χώραν, ἀλλ' εἰς τὰ πεδία τελευτᾷ.

Thessaly comprises, first, on the sea, the coast which extends from Thermopylae to the outlet of the Peneius River {238} and the extremities of Pelion, and faces the east and the northern extremities of Euboea. The parts that are near Euboea and Thermopylae are held by the Malians and the Achaean Phthiotae, and the parts near Pelion by the Magnetans. Let this side of Thessaly, then, be called the eastern or coastal side. As for the two sides {239} of Thessaly: on one side, beginning at Pelion and the Peneius, {240} Macedonia stretches towards the interior as far as Paeonia and the Epeirote tribes, and on the other side, beginning at Thermopylae, the Oetaean and Aetolian mountains lie parallel to Macedonia, bordering on the country of the Dorians and on Parnassus. {241} Let the former side, which borders on Macedonia, be called the northern side, and the latter the southern side. There remains the western side, which is surrounded by the Aetolians and Acarnanians and Amphilochians, and, of the Epeirotes, the Athamanians and Molossians and what was once called the land of the Aethices, or, in a word, the land about Pindus. {242} The land of Thessaly, as a whole, is a plain, except Pelion and Ossa. These mountains rise to a considerable height; they do not, however, enclose much territory in their circuits, but end in the plains.

238. Cf. Book 7 Fr. 12.

239. i.e., the northern and southern boundaries.

240. The mouth of the Peneius.

241. On the boundaries of Macedonia, see Fr. 10, 11, 12a and 13.

242. In 7. 7. 1 and 7. 7. 8 Strabo classes the Amphilochians as Epeirotes.

009.005.002

 ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τὰ μέσα τῆς Θετταλίας, εὐδαιμονεστάτη χώρα πλὴν ὅση ποταμόκλυστός ἐστιν. ὁ γὰρ Πηνειὸς διὰ μέσης ῥέων καὶ πολλοὺς δεχόμενος ποταμοὺς ὑπερχεῖται πολλάκις· τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν καὶ ἐλιμνάζετο, ὡς λόγος, τὸ πεδίον ἔκ τε τῶν ἄλλων μερῶν ὄρεσι περιειργόμενον καὶ τῆς παραλίας μετεωρότερα τῶν πεδίων ἐχούσης τὰ χωρία ὑπὸ δὲ σεισμῶν ῥήγματος γενομένου κατἆ τὰ νῦν καλούμενα Τέμπη καὶ τὴν Ὄσσαν ἀποσχίσαντος ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὀλύμπου, διεξέπεσε ταύτῃ πρὸς θάλατταν ὁ Πηνειὸς καὶ ἀνέψυξε τὴν χώραν ταύτην. ὑπολείπεται δ' ὅμως ἥ τε Νεσσωνὶς λίμνη μεγάλη καὶ ἡ Βοιβηὶς ἐλάττων ἐκείνης καὶ πλησιεστέρα τῇ παραλίᾳ.

These plains are the middle parts of Thessaly, a country most blest, except so much of it as is subject to inundations by rivers. For the Peneius, which flows through the middle of it and receives many rivers, often overflows; and in olden times the plain formed a lake, according to report, being hemmed in by mountains on all sides except in the region of the seacoast; and there too the region was more elevated than the plains. But when a cleft was made by earthquakes at Tempe, as it is now called, and split off Ossa from Olympus, the Peneius poured out through it towards the sea and drained the country in question. But there remains, nevertheless, Lake Nessonis, which is a large lake, and Lake Boebeïs, which is smaller than the former and nearer to the seacoast.

009.005.003

 τοιαύτη δ' οὖσα εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διῄρητο· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τὸ μὲν Φθιῶτις τὸ δὲ Ἑστιαιῶτις τὸ δὲ Θετταλιῶτις τὸ δὲ Πελασγιῶτις. ἔχει δ' ἡ μὲν Φθιῶτις τὰ νότια τὰ παρὰ τὴν Οἴτην ἀπὸ τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου καὶ Πυλαϊκοῦ μέχρι τῆς Δολοπίας καὶ τῆς Πίνδου διατείνοντα, πλατυνόμενα δὲ μέχρι Φαρσάλου καὶ τῶν πεδίων τῶν Θετταλικῶν· ἡ δ' Ἑστιαιῶτις τὰ ἑσπέρια καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ Πίνδου καὶ τῆς ἄνω Μακεδονίας· τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ οἵ τε ὑπὸ τῇ Ἑστιαιώτιδι νεμόμενοι τὰ πεδία, καλούμενοι δὲ Πελασγιῶται, συνάπτοντες ἤδη τοῖς κάτω Μακεδόσι, καὶ οἱ ἐφεξῆς τὰ μέχρι Μαγνητικῆς παραλίας ἐκπληροῦντες χωρία. κἀνταῦθα δ' ἐνδόξων ὀνομάτων ἔσται ἀρίθμησις καὶ ἄλλως καἶ διὰ τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν· τῶν δὲ πόλεων ὀλίγαι σώζουσι τὸ πάτριον ἀξίωμα, μάλιστα δὲ Λάρισα.

Such being its nature, Thessaly was divided into four parts. One part was called Phthiotis, another Hestiaeotis, {243} another Thessaliotis, and another Pelasgiotis. Phthiotis occupies the southern parts which extend alongside Oeta from the Maliac, or Pylaïc, Gulf as far as Dolopia and Pindus, and widen out as far as Pharsalus and the Thessalian plains. Hestiaeotis occupies the western parts and the parts between Pindus and Upper Macedonia. {244} The remaining parts of Thessaly are held, first, by the people who live in the plains below Hestiaeotis (they are called Pelasgiotae and their country borders on Lower Macedonia), and, secondly, by the Thessaliotae next in order, who fill out the districts extending as far as the Magnetan seacoast. Here, too, there will be an enumeration of famous names of cities, and especially because of the poetry of Homer; only a few of the cities preserve their ancient dignity, but Larisa most of all.

243. "Hestiaeotis" is the Attic spelling, and "Histiaeotis" the Ionic and Doric spelling, according to Stephanus Byzantinus, s.v. ἱΣτίαιαν.

244. See Fr. 12.

009.005.004

 ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς εἰς δέκα μέρη καὶ δυναστείας διελὼν τὴν σύμπασαν γῆν ἣν νῦν Θετταλίαν προσαγορεύομεν, προσλαβών τινα καὶ τῆς Οἰταίας καὶ τῆς Λοκρικῆς, ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ τῆς ὑπὸ Μακεδόσιν νῦν τεταγμένης, ὑπογράφει τι κοινὸν καὶ πάσῃ χώρᾳ συμβαῖνον, τὸ μεταβάλλεσθαι καὶ τὰ ὅλα καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα παρὰ τὰς τῶν ἐπικρατούντων δυνάμεις.

The poet, after dividing into ten parts, or dynasties, {245} the whole of the country which we now call Thessaly, and after adding certain parts both of the Oetaean and the Locrian countries, and likewise certain parts of the country now classed under Macedonia, intimates a fact which is common to, and true of, all countries, that whole regions and their several parts undergo changes in proportion to the power of those who hold sway.

245. The dynasties of Achilles, Protesilaüs, Eumelus, Philoctetes, Podaleirus, Eurypylus, Polypoetes, Guneus, Prothoüs, and Phoenix, all of whom are mentioned in Hom. Il. 2.685-756, except Phoenix, who in Hom. Il. 9.484 is "lord over the Dolopians" and in Hom. Il. 16.196 is "ruler of the fourth company" of the Myrmidons.

009.005.005

 πρώτους δὴ καταλέγει τοὺς ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεῖ τοὺς τὸ νότιον πλευρὸν κατέχοντας καὶ παρακειμένους τῇ τε Οἴτῃ καὶ τοῖς Ἐπικνημιδίοις Λοκροῖς “ὅσσοι τὸ Πελασγικὸν Ἄργος ἔναιον,” “οἵ τ' Ἄλον οἵ τ' Ἀλόπην οἵ τε “Τρηχῖν' ἐνέμοντο,” “οἵ τ' εἶχον Φθίην ἠδ' Ἑλλάδα “καλλιγύναικα,” “Μυρμιδόνες δὲ καλεῦντο καὶ Ἕλληνες καὶ Ἀχαιοί.” συζεύγνυσι δὲ τούτοις καὶ τοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ Φοίνικι καὶ κοινὸν ἀμφοῖν ποιεῖ τὸν στόλον. ὁ μὲν οὖν ποιητὴς οὐδαμοῦ μέμνηται Δολοπικῆς στρατιᾶς κατὰ τοὺς περὶ Ἴλιον ἀγῶνας· οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτῶν τὸν ἡγεμόνα Φοίνικα πεποίηκεν εἰς τοὺς κινδύνους ἐξιόντα, καθάπερ τὸν Νέστορα· ἄλλοι δ' εἰρήκασι, καθάπερ καὶ Πίνδαρος μνησθεὶς τοῦ Φοίνικος “ὃς Δολόπων “ἄγαγε θρασὺν ὅμιλον σφενδονᾶσαι, ἱπποδάμων Δαναῶν βέλεσι πρόσφορον.” τοῦτο δὴ καὶ παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ κατὰ τὸ σιωπώμενον, ὡς εἰώθασι λέγειν οἱ γραμματικοί, συνυπακουστέον. γελοῖον γὰρ τὸ τὸν βασιλέα μετέχειν τῆς στρατείας, τοὺς δ' ὑπηκόους μὴ παρεῖναι ἇὐτᾦ· οὐδὲ γὰρ συστρατεύειν ἂν τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ δόξειεν, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἐπιστάτης καὶ ῥήτωρ ἕπεσθαι, εἰ δ' ἄρα, σύμβουλος. τὰ δ' ἔπη βούλεται καὶ τοῦτο δηλοῦν· τοιοῦτον γὰρ τὸ “μύθων τε ῥητῆρ' ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε “ἔργων.” . . . ταῦτα λέγων.

Now the first peoples he names in the Catalogue are those under Achilles, who occupied the southern side and were situated alongside Oeta and the Epicnemidian Locrians, "all who dwelt in the Pelasgian Argos and those who inhabited Alus and Alope and Trachin, and those who held Phthia and also Hellas the land of fair women, and were called Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaeans." {246} with these he joins also the subjects of Phoenix, and makes the expedition common to both leaders. It is true that the poet nowhere mentions the Dolopian army in connection with the battles round Ilium, for he does not represent their leader Phoenix as going forth into the perils of battle either, any more than he does Nestor; yet others so state, as Pindar, for instance, who mentions Phoenix and then says, "who held a throng of Dolopians, bold in the use of the sling and bringing aid to the missiles of the Danaans, tamers of horses." {247} This, in fact, is the interpretation which we must give to the Homeric passage according to the principle of silence, as the grammarians are wont to call it, for it would be ridiculous if the king Phoenix shared in the expedition ("I dwelt in the farthermost part of Phthia, being lord over the Dolopians") {248}  {249} without his subjects being present; for if they were not present, he would not have been regarded as sharing in the expedition with Achilles, but only as following him in the capacity of a chief over a few men and as a speaker, perhaps as a counsellor. Homer's verses {250} on this subject mean also to make this clear, for such is the import of the words, "to be a speaker of words and a doer of deeds." {251} Clearly, therefore, he means, as I have already said, that the forces under Achilles and Phoenix are the same. But the aforesaid statements concerning the places subject to Achilles are themselves under controversy. Some take the Pelasgian Argos as a Thessalian city once situated in the neighborhood of Larisa but now no longer existent; but others take it, not as a city, but as the plain of the Thessalians, which is referred to by this name because Abas, who brought a colony there from Argos, so named it.

246. Hom. Il. 2.681

247. Pind. Fr. 183 (Bergkk

248. Hom. Il. 9.484

249. Possibly an interpolation.

250. i.e., concerning Phoenix.

251. Hom. Il. 9.443

009.005.006

 εἴρηται τό τε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ καὶ τῷ Φοἶνικι· αὐτὰ δὲ λεχθέντα περὶ τῶν ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεἶ ἐν ἀντιλογίᾳ ἐστί. τό τε γὰῤ Ἄργος τὸ Πελασγικὸν ὁἱ μὲν καὶ πόλιν δέχονται Θετταλικὴν περὶ Λάρισαν ἱδρυμένην ποτὲ νῦν δ' οὐκέτι οὖσαν· οἱ δ' οὐ πόλιν ἀλλὰ τὸ τῶν Θετταλῶν πεδίον οὕτως ὀνοματικῶς λεγόμενον, θεμένου τοὔνομα Ἄβαντος ἐξ Ἄργους δεῦρ' ἀποικήσαντος. Φθίαν τε οἱ μὲν τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι τῇ Ἑλλάδι καὶ Ἀχαΐᾳ, ταύτας δ' εἶναι διατεμνομένης τῆς συμπάσης Θετταλίας θάτερον μέρος τὸ νότιον· οἱ δὲ διαιροῦσιν. ἔοικε δ' ὁ ποιητὴς δύο ποιεῖν τήν τε Φθίαν καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὅταν οὕτως φῇ “οἵ τ' εἶχον Φθίην ἠδ' Ἑλλάδα,” ὡς δυεῖν οὐσῶν· καὶ ὅταν οὕτως “φεὗγον ἔπειτ' ἀπάνευθε δι' Ἑλλάδος εὐρυχόροιο, Φθίην δ' ἐξικόμην,” καὶ ὅτι “πολλαὶ Ἀχαιίδἐς εἰσὶν ἀν' Ἑλλάδα τε Φθίην “τε.” ὁ μὲν οὖν ποιητὴς δύο ποιεῖ, πότερον δὲ πόλεις ἢ χώρας οὐ δηλοῖ. οἱ δ' ὕστερον τὴν Ἑλλάδα οἱ μὲν εἰπόντες χώραν διατετάσθαι φασὶν ἑἰς τὰς Θήβας τὰς Φθιώτιδας ἀπὸ Παλαιφαρσάλου ἐν δὲ τῇ χώρᾳ ταύτῃ καὶ τὸ Θετίδειον ἔστι πλησίον τῶν Φαρσάλων ἀμφοῖν τῆς τε παλαιᾶς καὶ τῆς νέας, κἀκ τοῦ Θετιδείου τεκμαιρόμενοι τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ μέρος εἶναι καὶ τήνδε τὴν χώραν , οἱ δ' εἰπόντες πόλιν Φαρσάλιοι μὲν δεικνύουσιν ἀπὸ ἑξήκοντα σταδίων τῆς ἑαυτῶν πόλεως κατεσκαμμένην πόλιν ἣν πεπιστεύκασιν εἶναι τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ δύο κρήνας πλησίον Μεσσηίδα καὶ Ὑπέρειαν, Μελιταιεῖς δ' ἄπωθεν ἑαυτῶν ὅσον δέκα σταδίους οἰκεῖσθαι τὴν Ἑλλάδα πέραν τοῦ Ἐνιπέως, ἡνίκα ἡ ἑαυτῶν πόλις Πύρρα ὠνομάζετο, ἐκ δὲ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐν ταπεινῷ χωρίῳ κειμένης εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῶν μετοικῆσαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας· μαρτύριον δ' εἶναι τὸν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ τῇ σφετέρᾳ τάφον τοῦ Ἕλληνος τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος υἱοῦ καὶ Πύρρας. ἱστορεῖται γὰρ ὁ Δευκαλίων τῆς Φθιώτιδος ἄρξαι καὶ ἁπλῶς τῆς Θετταλίας· ὁ δ' Ἐνιπεὺς ἀπὸ τῆς Ὄθρυος παρὰ Φάρσαλον ῥυεὶς εἰς τὸν Ἀπιδανὸν παραβάλλει, ὁ δ' εἰς τὸν Πηνειόν. περὶ μὲν Ἑλλήνων ταῦτα.

As for Phthia, some say that it is the same as Hellas and Achaea, and that these constitute the other, the southern, of the two parts into which Thessaly as a whole was divided; but others distinguish between Hellas and Achaea. The poet seems to make Phthia and Hellas two different things when he says, "and those who held Phthia and Hellas," {252} as though there were two, and when he says, "And then (I fled) far away through spacious Hellas, and I came to Phthia," {253} and, "There are many Achaean women throughout Hellas and Phthia." {254} So the poet makes them two, but he does not make it plain whether they are cities or countries. As for later authorities, some, speaking of Hellas as a country, say that it stretches from Palaepharsalus {255} to Phthiotic Thebes. In this country also is the Thetideium, {256} near both Pharsaluses, both the old and the new; and they infer from the Thetideium that this country too is a part of that which was subject to Achilles. As for those, however, who speak of Hellas as a city, the Pharsalians point out at a distance of sixty stadia from their own city a city in ruins which they believe to be Hellas, and also two springs near it, Messeïs and Hypereia, whereas the Melitaeans say that Hellas was situated about ten stadia distant from themselves on the other side of the Enipeus, at the time when their own city was named Pyrrha, and that it was from Hellas, which was situated in a low-lying district, that the Hellenes migrated to their own city; and they cite as bearing witness to this the tomb of Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, situated in their marketplace. For it is related that Deucalion ruled over Phthia, and, in a word, over ThessaIy. The Enipeus, flowing from Othrys past Pharsalus, turns aside into the Apidanus, and the latter into the Peneius. Thus much, then, concerning the Hellenes.

252. Hom. Il. 2.683

253. Hom. Il. 9.478

254. Hom. Il. 9.395

255. Old Pharsalus.

256. Temple of Thetis, mother of Achilles.

009.005.007

 Φθῖοι δὲ καλοῦνται οἵ τε ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεῖ καὶ ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ καὶ Φιλοκτήτῃ· ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς τούτου μάρτυς. εἰπὼν γὰρ ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ τῶν ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεῖ “οἵ “τ' εἶχον Φθίην,” ἐν τῇ ἐπὶ ναυσὶ μάχῃ τούτους μὲν ὑπομένοντας ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶ πεποίηκε μετὰ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως καὶ καθ' ἡσυχίαν ὄντας, τοὺς δ' ὑπὸ Φιλοκτήτῃ μαχομένους ἔχοντας Μέδοντα ἡγεμόνἆ καὶ τοὺς ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ, Ποδάρκους . . . πἐρὶ ὧν κοινῶς μὲν οὕτω φησίν “ἔνθα δὲ Βοιωτοὶ καὶ Ἰάονες “ἑλκεχίτωνες, Λοκροὶ καὶ Φθῖοι καὶ φαιδιμόεντες “Ἐπειοί·” ἰδίως δέ “πρὸ Φθίων δὲ Μέδων τε μενεπτόλεμός τε Ποδάρκης. οἱ μὲν πρὸ Φθίων μεγαθύμων θωρηχθέντες ναῦφιν ἀμυνόμενοι μετὰ Βοιὦτῶν ἐμάχοντο.” τάχα δὲ καὶ οἱ σὺν Εὐρυπύλῳ Φθῖοι ἐλέγοντο, ὅμοροι τούτοις ὄντες· νῦν μέντοι Μαγνησίας νομίζουσι τῆς τε ὑπ' Εὐρυπύλῳ τὰ περὶ Ὀρμένιον καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ Φιλοκτήτῃ πᾶσαν, τὴν δ' ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάᾦ τῆς Φθίας ἀπὸ Δολοπίας καὶ τῆς Πίνδου μέχρι τῆς Μαγνητικῆς θαλάττης· μέχρι δὲ τῆς ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ πόλεως Ἀντρῶνος, ἣ νῦν πληθυντικῶς λέγεται, τὸ πλάτος ἀφορίζεται τῆς ὑπὸ Πηλεῖ καὶ Ἀχιλλεῖ γἧς, ἀπὀ τῆς Τραχινίας καὶ τῆς Οἰταίας ἀρξαμένοις· τὀ δ' αὐτὸ σχεδόν τι μῆκός ἐστι τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κὅλποὖ.

"Phthians" is the name given to those who were subject to Achilles and Protesilaüs and Philoctetes. And the poet is witness to this, for after mentioning in the Catalogue those who were subject to Achilles "and those who held Phthia," {257} he represents these, in the battle at the ships, as staying behind with Achilles in their ships and as being inactive, but those who were subject to Philoctetes as taking part in the battle, having Medon as "marshal," {258} and those who were subject to Protesilaüs as "marshalled by Podarces." {259} Concerning these, speaking in a general way, he says, "And there the Boeotians and Ionians with trailing tunics, the Locrians and Phthians and illustrious Epeians;" {260} and, in a specific way, "and in front of the Phthians was Medon, and also Podarces steadfast in war. These in their armour, in front of the great-hearted Phthians, were fighting along with the Boeotians in defence of the ships." {261} Perhaps the men with Eurypylus also were called Phthians, since their country indeed bordered on Phthia. Now, however, historians regard as belonging to Magnesia, not only the region round Ormenium, which belonged to the country that was subject to Eurypylus, but also the whole of the country that was subject to Philoctetes; but they regard the country that was subject to Protesilaüs as a part of Phthia, extending from Dolopia and Pindus as far as the Magnetan Sea; whereas the land subject to Peleus and Achilles, beginning at the Trachinian and Oetaean countries, is defined as extending in breadth as far as Antron, the city subject to Protesilaüs, the name of which is now spelled in the plural number. And the Maliac Gulf has about the same length.

257. Hom. Il. 2.683

258. Hom. Il. 2.727.

259. Hom. Il. 2.704.

260. Hom. Il. 13.685

261. Hom. Il. 13.693, 699

009.005.008

 περὶ Ἅλου δὲ καὶ Ἀλόπης διαποροῦσι μὴ οὐ τούτους λέγει τοὺς τόπους οἳ νῦν ἐν τῷ Φθιωτικῷ τέλει φέρονται, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἐν Λοκροῖς, μέχρι δεῦρο ἐπικρατοῦντος τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως, ὥσπερ καὶ μέχρι Τραχῖνος καὶ τῆς Οἰταίας. ἔστι γὰρ καὶ Ἅλος καὶ Ἁλιοῦς ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ τῶν Λοκρῶν, καθάπερ καὶ Ἀλόπη. οἱ δὲ τὸν Ἁλιοῦντα ἀντὶ Ἀλόπης τιθέασι καὶ γράφουσιν οὕτως “οἵ θ' Ἅλον οἵ θ' Ἁλιοῦνθ' οἵ τε Τρηχῖν' ἐνέμοντο.” ὁ δὲ Φθιωτικὸς Ἅλος ὑπὸ τῷ πέρατι κεῖται τῆς Ὄθρυος ὄρους πρὸς ἄρκτον κειμένου τῇ Φθιώτιδι, ὁμόρου δὲ τῷ Τυφρηστῷ καὶ τοῖς Δόλοψιν, κἀνθένδε παρατείνοντος εἰς τὰ πλησίον τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου. ἀπέχει δὲ Ἰτώνου περὶ ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ὁ Ἅλος ἢ ἡ Ἅλος· λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφοτέρως. ᾤκισε δὲ ὁ Ἀθάμας τὴν Ἅλον, ἀφανισθεῖσαν δἐ συνᾧκισαν Φαρσάλιοἶ χρόνοις ὕστερον. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τοῦ Κροκίου πεδίου· ῥεῖ δὲ ποταμὸς Ἄμφρυσος πρὸς τῷ τείχεἶ. ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ Κροκίῳ Θῆβαι εἰσὶν αἱ Φθιώτιδες, καὶ ἡ Ἅλος δὲ Φθιῶτις καλεῖται καὶ Ἀχαϊκή, συνάπτουσα τοῖς Μαλιεῦσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ τῆς Ὄθρυος πρόποδες. καθάπερ δὲ ἡ Φυλάκη ἡ ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ τῆς Φθιώτιδός ἐστι τῆς προσχώρου τοῖς Μαλιεῦσιν, οὕτω καὶ ἡ Ἅλος· διέχει δὲ Θηβῶν περὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίους, ἐν μέσῳ δ' ἐστὶ Φαρσάλου καὶ Φθιωτῶν· Φίλιππος μέντοι Φαρσαλίοις προσένειμεν ἀφελόμενος τῶν Φθιωτῶν. οὕτω δὲ συμβαίνει τοὺς ὅρους καὶ τὰς συντάξεις τῶν τε ἐθνῶν καὶ τῶν τόπων ἀλλάττεσθαι ἀεί, καθάπερ εἴπομεν. οὕτω καὶ Σοφοκλῆς τὴν Τραχῖνα Φθιῶτιν εἴρηκεν, Ἀρτεμίδωρος δὲ τὴν Ἅλον ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ τίθησι, ἔξω μὲν τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου κειμένην, Φθιῶτιν δέ. προϊὼν γὰρ ἐνθένδε ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Πηνειὸν μετὰ τὸν Ἀντρῶνα τίθησι Πτελεόν, εἶτα τὸν Ἅλον ἀπὸ τοῦ Πτελεοῦ διέχοντα ἑκατὸν καὶ δέκα σταδίους. περὶ δὲ τῆς Τραχῖνος εἴρηται ὁποία τις· καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς κατονομάζει.

But as regards Halus and Alope, historians are thoroughly in doubt, suspecting that the poet does not mean the places so named which now are classed in the Phthiotic domain, but those among the Locrians, since the dominion of Achilles extended thus far, just as it also extended as far as Trachin and the Oetaean country; for there is both a Halus and a Halius on the seaboard of the Locrians, just as there is also an Alope. Some substitute Halius for Alope and write as follows: "and those who dwelt in Halus and in Halius and in Trachin." {262} The Phthiotic Halus is situated below the end of Othrys, a mountain situated to the north of Phthiotis, bordering on Mount Typhrestus and the country of the Dolopians, and extending from there to the region of the Maliac Gulf. Halus (either feminine or masculine, for the name is used in both genders) is about sixty stadia distant from Itonus. {263} It was Athamas who founded Halus, but in later times, after it had been wiped out, the Pharsalians colonized the place. It is situated above the Crocian Plain; and the Amphrysus River flows close to its walls. Below the Crocian Plain lies Phthiotic Thebes. Halus is called both Phthiotic and Achaean Halus, and it borders on the country of the Malians, as do also the spurs of Othrys Mountain. And just as the Phylace, which was subject to Protesilaüs, is in that part of Phthiotis which lies next to the country of the Malians, so also is Halus; it is about one hundred stadia distant from Thebes, and it is midway between Pharsalus and the Phthiotae. However, Philip took it away from the Phthiotae and assigned it to the Pharsalians. And so it comes to pass, as I have said before, {264} that the boundaries and the political organizations of tribes and places are always undergoing changes. So, also, Sophocles speaks of Trachinia as belonging to Phthiotis. And Artemidorus places Halus on the seaboard, as situated outside the Maliac Gulf, indeed, but as belonging to Phthiotis; for proceeding thence in the direction of the Peneius, he places Pteleum after Antron, and then Halus at a distance of one hundred and ten stadia from Pteleum. As for Trachin, I have already described it, {265} and the poet mentions it by name.

262. Hom. Il. 2.682

263. On Halus, see Rawlinson's note on "Alus," Hdt. 7.173

264. 9. 5. 4. Cf. 3. 4. 19, 4. 1. 1, and 8. 3. 10.

265. 9. 4. 13 ff.

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 τοῦ δὲ Σπερχειοῦ μεμνημένος πολλάκις ὡς ἐπιχωρίου ποταμοῦ, τὰς πηγὰς ἔχοντος ἐκ Τυφρηστοῦ Δρυοπικοῦ ὄρους, τοῦ καλουμένου . . . πῤότερον, ἐκδιδόντος δὲ πλησίον Θερμοπυλῶν μεταξὺ αὐτῶν καὶ Λαμίας, δηλοῖ ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἐντὸς πυλῶν ὅσα τοῦ Μαλιακοῦ κόλπου καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς ὑπ' ἐκείνῳ ἦν· ἀπέχει δὲ Λαμίας ὁ Σπερχειὸς περὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους ὑπερκειμένης πεδίου τινὸς καθήκοντος ἐπὶ τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον· ὅτι δ' ὁ Σπερχειὸς ἐπιχώριος, ἔκ τε τοῦ τρέφειν ἐκείνῳ τὴν κόμην φάσκειν καὶ τοῦ τὸν Μενέσθιον, ἕνα τῶν λοχαγῶν αὐτοῦ, Σπερχειοῦ λέγεσθαι παῖδα καὶ τῆς ἀδελφῆς τῆς Ἀχιλλέως. Μυρμιδόνας δ' εἰκὸς καλεῖσθαι πάντας τοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ καὶ τῷ Πατρόκλῳ, οἳ συνηκολούθησαν ἐξ Αἰγίνης φεύγοντι τῷ Πηλεῖ. Ἀχαιοὶ δ' ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ Φθιῶται πάντες.

Since the poet often {266} mentions the Spercheius as a river of this country, {267} and since it has its sources in Typhrestus, the Dryopian mountain which in earlier times was called . . ., {268} and empties near Thermopylae and between it and Lamia, he plainly indicates that both the region inside the Gates, I mean in so far as it belonged to the Maliac Gulf, and the region outside the Gates, were subject to Achilles. The Spercheius is about thirty stadia distant from Lamia, which is situated above a certain plain that extends down to the Maliac Gulf. And he plainly indicates that the Spercheius was a river of this country, not only by the assertion of Achilles that he "fostered the growth of his hair as an offering to Spercheius," {269} but also by the fact that Menesthius, one of his commanders, was called the son of Spercheius and the sister of Achilles. {270} And it is reasonable to suppose that all the people, the subjects of Achilles and Patroclus, who had accompanied Peleus in his flight from Aegina, were called Myrmidons. And all the Phthiotae were called Achaeans.

266. Three times only, Hom. Il. 16.174, 176; 23.144.

267. i.e., of Achilles' domain.

268. See critical note.

269. Hom. Il. 23.142.

270. Hom. Il. 16.173-175.

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 διαριθμοῦνται δὲ τὰς ὑπὸ τῷ Φθιωτικῷ τέλει τῷ ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεῖ κατοικίας ἆπὀ Μαλιέων ἀρξάμενοι πλείους μέν, ἐν δ' αὐταῖς Θήβας τὰς Φθιώτιδας Ἐχῖνον Λάμιαν, περὶ ἣν ὁ Λαμιακὸς συνέστη πόλεμος Μακεδόσι καὶ Ἀντιπάτρῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους· ἐν ᾧ Λεωσθένης τε ἔπεσε τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγός, καὶ Λεοννάτος ὁ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως ἑταῖρος. ἔτι δὲ Ναρθάκἶον Ἐρινεὸν Κορώνειαν, ὁμώνυμον τῇ Βοιωτικῇ, Μελίταιαν Θαυμακοὺς Πρόερναν Φάρσαλον Ἐρέτριαν, ὁμώνυμον τῇ Εὐβοϊκῇ, Παραχελωίτας καὶ τούτους ὁμωνύμους τοῖς Αἰτωλικοῖς· καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθά ἐστιν Ἀχελῶος ποταμὸς πλησίον Λαμίας, παρ' ὃν οἰκοῦσιν οἱ Παραχελωῖται. παρέτεινε δ' ἡ χώρα αὕτη πρὸς ἄρκτον μὲν τῇ τῶν Ἀσκληπἷαδῶν τῶν μἆλιστα προσεσπερίων καὶ τῇ Εὐρυπύλου καὶ ἔτι τᾗ Πρωτεσιλάου, ταῖς πρὸς ἕω κεκλιμέναις, πρὸς νότον δὲ τῇ Οἰταίᾳ εἰς τετταρεσκαίδεκα δήμους διῃρημένῃ, Ἡράκλειάν τε καὶ τὴν Δρυοπίδα, τετράπολιν γεγονυῖάν ποτε καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Δωρίδα, μητρόπολιν δὲ τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ Δρυόπων νομιζομένην. τῆς δ' Οἰταίας καὶ ὁ Ἀκύφας ἐστὶ καὶ Παρασωπιὰς καὶ Οἰνειάδαι καὶ Ἀντικύρα, ὁμώνυμος τῇ ἐν Λοκροῖς τοῖς ἑσπερίοις. λέγω δὲ τὰς διατάξεις ταύτας οὐκ ἀεὶ μεμενηκυίας τὰς αὐτάς, ἀλλὰ ποικίλως μεταβεβλημένας· αἱ δ' ἐπισημόταται μάλιστα ἄξιαι μνήμης εἰσί.

Historians enumerate the settlements in the Phthiotic domain that was subject to Achilles, and they begin with the Malians. They name several, and among them Phthiotic Thebes, Echinus, Lamia (near which the Lamian War arose between the Macedonians, under Antipater, and the Athenians, and in this war Leosthenes, a general of the Athenians, fell, and also Leonnatus, the comrade of king Alexander), and also Narthacium, Erineus, Coroneia (bearing the same name as the Boeotian city), Melitaea, Thaumaci, Proerna, Pharsalus, Eretria (bearing the same name as the Euboean city), and Paracheloïtae (this, too, bearing the same name as the Aetolian city), for here too, near Lamia, is a river Acheloüs, on whose banks live the Paracheloïtae. This country bordered, in its stretch towards the north, on the country of the most westerly of the Asclepiadae, and on the country of Eurypylus, and also on that of Protesilaüs, these countries inclining towards the east; and in its stretch towards the south, on the Oetaean country, which was divided into fourteen demes, and also Heracleia and Dryopis, {271} Dryopis having at one time been a tetrapolis, like Doris, {272} and regarded as the metropolis of the Dryopians who lived in the Peloponnesus. To the Oetaean country belong also Acyphas, {273} Parasopias, {274} Oeneiadae, and Anticyra, which bears the same name as the city among the Western Locrians. But I am speaking of these divisions of the country, not as having always remained the same, but as having undergone various changes. However, only the most significant divisions are particularly worthy of mention.

271. The Trachinian Heracleia (see 9. 4. 13 and 9. 2. 23) was in the Oetaean country (9. 3. 14), and, in the above passage, the same appears to have been true of Dryopis. But something seems to have fallen out of the MSS. after "demes"; and it is not clear whether Strabo means to include Heracleia and Dryopis in the fourteen demes or to name them as additional parts of the Oetaean country.

272. See 9. 3. 1 and 9. 4. 10.

273. The city Pindus (9. 4. 10).

274. The same as Parasopii (9. 2. 23).

009.005.011

 τοὺς δὲ Δόλοπας φράζει καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς ἱκανῶς ὅτι ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐσχατιαῖς εἰσι τῆς Φθίας, καὶ ὅτι ὑπὸ τῷ αὐτῷ ἡγεμόνι ἦσαν τῷ Πηλεῖ οὗτοί τε καὶ οἱ Φθιῶται· ἔναιον γάρ, φησίν, ἐσχατιὴν Φθίης Δολόπεσσιν ἀνάσσων, δόντος τοῦ Πηλέως. γειτνιᾷ δὲ τῇ Πίνδῳ καὶ τοῖς περὶ αὐτὴν χωρίοις Θετταλικοῖς οὖσι τοῖς πλείστοις. διὰ γὰρ τὴν ἐπιφάνειάν τε καὶ τὴν ἐπικράτειαν τῶν Θετταλῶν καὶ τῶν Μακεδόνων οἱ πλησιάζοντες αὐτοῖς μάλιστα τῶν Ἠπειρωτῶν, οἱ μὲν ἑκόντες οἱ δ' ἄκοντες, μέρη καθίσταντο Θετταλῶν ἢ Μακεδόνων, καθάπερ Ἀθαμᾶνες καὶ Αἴθικες καὶ Τάλαρες Θετταλῶν, Ὀρέσται δὲ καὶ Πελαγόνες καὶ Ἐλιμιῶται Μακεδόνων.

As for the Dolopians, the poet himself says clearly enough that they were situated in the farthermost parts of Phthia, and that both these and the Phthiotae were under the same leader, Peleus; for "I dwelt," he says, "in the farthermost part of Phthia, being lord over the Dolopians, whom Peleus gave me." {275} The country borders on Pindus, and on the region round Pindus, most of which belongs to the Thessalians. For both on account of the fame and of the predominance of the Thessalians and the Macedonians, the countries of those Epeirotes who were their nearest neighbors were made, some willingly and the others unwillingly, parts of Thessaly or Macedonia; for instance, the Athamanes, the Aethices, and the Talares were made parts of Thessaly, and the Orestae, the Pelagonians, and the Elimiotae of Macedonia.

275. Hom. Il. 9.483-484 (Phoenix speaking).

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 ἡ δὲ Πίνδος ὄρος ἐστὶ μέγα, πρὸς ἄρκτον μὲν τὴν Μακεδόνων, πρὸς ἑσπέραν δὲ Περραιβοὺς μετανάστας ἀνθρώπους ἔχον, πρὸς δὲ μεσημβρίαν Δόλοπας, πρὸς ἕω δὲ . . . αὕτη δ' ἐστὶ τῆς Θετταλίας· ἐπ' αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ Πίνδῳ ᾤκουν Τάλαρες Μολοττικὸν φῦλον, τῶν περὶ τὸν Τόμαρον ἀπόσπασμα, καὶ Αἴθικες, ἑἰς οὓς ἐξελαθῆναί φησιν ὑπὸ Πειρίθου τοὺς Κενταύρους ὁ ποιητής· ἐκλελοιπέναι δὲ νῦν ἱστοροῦνται. τὴν δ' ἔκλειψιν διττῶς ἀκουστέον· ἢ γὰρ ἀφανισθέντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τῆς χώρας τελέως ἠρημωμένης, ἢ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ ἐθνικοῦ μηκέτι ὄντος, μηδὲ τοῦ συστήματος διαμένοντος τοιούτου. ὅταν οὖν ἄσημον τελέως ᾗ τὸ λειπόμενον νυνὶ σύστημα, οὐκ ἄξιον μνήμης τίθεμεν οὔτ' αὐτὸ οὔτε τοὔνομα τὸ μεταληφθέν, ὅταν δ' ἔχῃ τοῦ μεμνῆσθαι δικαίαν πρόφασιν, λέγειν ἀναγκαῖον τὴν μεταβολήν.

The Pindus Mountain is large, having the country of the Macedonians on the north, the Perrhaebian immigrants on the west, the Dolopians on the south, and Hestiaeotis {276} on the east; and this last is a part of Thessaly. The Talares, a Molossian tribe, a branch of those who lived in the neighborhood of Mount Tomarus, lived on Mount Pindus itself, as did also the Aethices, amongst whom, the poet says, the Centaurs were driven {277} by Peirithoüs; but history now tells us that they are "extinct." The term "extinct" is to be taken in one of two meanings; either the people vanished and their country has become utterly deserted, or else merely their ethnic name no longer exists and their political organization no longer remains what it was. When, therefore, any present political organization that survives from an earlier time is utterly insignificant, I hold that it is not worth mentioning, either itself or the new name it has taken; but when it affords a fair pretext for being mentioned, I must needs give an account of the change.

276. See 9. 5. 2 and note on "Hestiaeotis."

277. From Pelion (Hom. Il. 2.744).

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 λοιπὸν δ' εἰπεῖν τῆς παραλίας τὴν τάξιν τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ ἀπὸ Θερμοπυλῶν ἀρξαμένους· τὴν γὰρ Λοκρικὴν καὶ τὴν Οἰταίἆν εἰρήκαμεν. αἱ τοίνυν Θερμοπύλαι τοῦ μὲν Κηναίου διεστήκασιν ἑβδομηκοντασταδίῳ πορθμῷ, παραπλέοντι δ' ἔξω Πυλῶν τοῦ Σπερχειοῦ ὡς σταδίους δέκα· ἔνθεν δ' εἰς Φάλαρα εἴκοσι· τῶν δὲ Φαλάρων ἀπὸ θαλάττης ὑπέρκειται πεντήκοντα σταδίους ἡ τῶν Λαμιέων πόλἶς. εἶθ' ἑξῆς παραπλεύσαντι σταδίοις ἑκατὸν ὁ Ἐχῖνος ὑπέρκειται. τῆς δ' ἑξῆς παραλίας ἐν μεσογαίᾳ ἐστὶν ἡ Κρεμαστὴ Λάρισα εἴκοσι σταδίους αὐτῆς διέχουσα, ἡ δ' αὐτὴ καὶ Πελασγία λεγομένη Λάρισα. εἶτα Μυόννησος νησίον, εἶτ' Ἀντρών· ἦν δὲ αὕτη ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ. τοσαῦτα μὲν περὶ τῆς ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ μἑρίδος.

It remains for me to tell the order of the places on the coast that were subject to Achilles, beginning at Thermopylae; for I have already spoken of the Locrian and the Oetaean countries. Thermopylae, then, is separated from Cenaeum by a strait seventy stadia wide; but, to one sailing along the coast beyond Pylae, it is about ten {278} stadia from the Spercheius; and thence to Phalara twenty stadia; and above Phalara, fifty stadia from the sea, is situated the city of the Lamians; and then next, after sailing fifty stadia along the coast, one comes to Echinus, which is situated above the sea; and in the interior from the next stretch of coast, twenty stadia distant from it, is Larisa Cremaste (it is also called Larisa Pelasgia).

278. See critical note.

009.005.014

 ἐπεὶ δ' ὁ ποιητὴς εἰς πολλὰ καὶ γνώριμα μέρη διἑλὼν δἶὰ τὸ ὀνομάζειν τούς τε ἡγεμόνας καὶ τὰς ὑπ' αὐτοῖς πόλεις τὸν σύμπαντα τῆς Θετταλίας κύκλον διέταξεν, ἧμεῖς ἀκολὀυθοῦντες τούτῳ πάλιν ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἐπάνω πρὀσεκπληρώσομεν τὴν λοιπὴν περιοδείαν τῆς χὧρἆς. καταλέγει τοίνυν ἐφεξῆς τοῖς ὑπ' Ἀχιλλεῖ τοὺς ὑπὸ Πρωτεσιλάῳ· οὗτοι δ' εἰσὶν οἱ καὶ ἐφεξῆς ὄντες τῇ ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεῖ παραλίᾳ μέχρι Ἀντρῶνος. ὁριζομένη τοίνυν τῆς ἐφἐξῆς ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ τῷ Πρωτεσιλάῳ, ἔξω μὲν οὖσα τοῦ Μαλιακὀῦ κόλπου, ἔτι δ' ἐντὸς τῆς Φθιώτιδος, οὐ μὴν τῆς ὗπὸ τῷ Ἀχιλλεἶ. ἡ μὲν οὖν Φυλάκη ἐγγὺς Θηβῶν ἐστι τῶν Φθιωτίδων, αἵπερ εἰσὶ καὶ αὐταὶ ὑπὸ τῷ Πρωτεσιλάῳ· καὶ Ἅλος δὲ καὶ Λάρισα ἡ Κρεμαστὴ καὶ τὸ Δημήτριον ὑπ' ἐκείνῳ, πᾶσαι πρὸς ἕω τῆς Ὄθρυος. τὸ δὲ Δημήτριον Δήμητρος εἴρηκε τέμενος καὶ ἐκάλεσε Πύρασον. ἦν δὲ πόλις εὐλίμενος ἡ Πύρασος ἐν δυσὶ σταδίοις, ἔχουσα Δήμητρος ἄλσος καὶ ἱερὸν ἅγιον, διέχουσα Θηβῶν σταδίους εἴκοσι· ὑπέρκεινται δὲ Πυράσου μὲν αἱ Θῆβαι. τῶν Θηβῶν δὲ ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τὸ Κρόκιον πεδίον πρὸς τῷ καταλήγοντι τῆς Ὄθρυος, δι' οὗ ὁ Ἄμφρυσος ῥεῖ. τούτου δ' ὑπέρκειται ὁ Ἴτωνος, ὅπου τὸ τῆς Ἰτωνίας ἱερόν, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὸ ἐν τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ, καὶ ὁ Κουάριος ποταμός· εἴρηται δὲ πἑρὶ τούτου καἶ τῆς Ἄρνης ἐν τοῖς Βοιωτιακοῖς. ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τῆς Θετταλιώτιδος μιᾶς τῶν τεττάρων μερίδων τῆς συμπάσης Θετταλίας, ἧς καὶ τὰ ὑπ' Εὐρυπύλῳ καὶ ὁ Φύλλὁς, ὅπου Ἀπόλλὦνος τοῦ Φυλλίου ἱερόν, καὶ Ἴχναι, ὅπου ἡ Θέμις Ἰχναία τιμᾶται. καὶ Κίερος δ' εἰς αὐτὴν συντελεῖ καὶ τἆλλα μέχρἶ τῆς Ἀθαμανίας. κατὰ δὲ τὸν Ἀντρῶνα ἕρμα ὕφαλον ἐν τῷ πρὸς Εὐβοίᾳ ἐστὶ πόρῳ καλούμενον ὄνος Ἀντρῶνος. εἶτα Πτελεὸν καὶ ὁ Ἅλος· εἶτα τὸ τῆς Δήμητρος ἱερὸν καὶ ὁ Πύρασος κατεσκαμμένος, ὑπὲρ αὐτὸν δὲ αἱ Θῆβαι· εἶτα ἄκρα Πύρρα καὶ δύο νησία πλησίον, ὧν τὸ μὲν Πύρρα τὸ δὲ Δευκαλίων καλεῖται· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ἡ Φθιῶτίς πως τελευτᾷ.

Then one comes to Myonnesus, a small island; and then to Antron, which was subject to Protesilaüs. So much, then, for the portion that was subject to Achilles. But since the poet, through naming both the leaders and the cities subject to them, has divided Thessaly into numerous well-known parts and arranged in order the whole circuit of it, I, following him again, as above, shall go on to complete the remainder of my geographical description of the country. Now he enumerates next in order after those who were subject to Achilles those who were subject to Protesilaüs; and these are also the people who come next in order after the stretch of coast which was subject to Achilles as far as Antron. Therefore, the territory that was subject to Protesilaüs is in the boundaries of the country that comes next in order, that is, it lies outside the Maliac Gulf, but still inside Phthiotis, though not inside the part of Phthiotis {279} that was subject to Achilles. Now Phylace is near Phthiotic Thebes, which itself is subject to Protesilaüs. And Halus, also, and Larisa Cremaste, and Demetrium, are subject to him, all being situated to the east of the Othrys Mountain. Demetrium he speaks of as "sacred precinct of Demeter," {280} and calls it "Pyrasus." Pyrasus was a city with a good harbor; at a distance of two stadia it had a sacred precinct and a holy temple, and was twenty stadia distant from Thebes. Thebes is situated above Pyrasus, but the Crocian Plain is situated in the interior back of Thebes near the end of Othrys; and it is through this plain that the Amphrysus flows. Above this river are the Itonus, where is the temple of the Itonian, {281} after which the temple in Boeotia is named, and the Cuarius Rivers. But I have already spoken of this river and of Arne in my description of Boeotia. {282} These places are in Thessaliotis, one of the four portions of all Thessaly, in which were not only the regions that were subject to Eurypylus, but also Phyllus, where is the temple of Phyllian Apollo, and Ichnae, where the Ichnaean Themis is held in honor. Cierus, also, was tributary to it, and so was the rest of that region as far as Athamania. Near Antron, in the Euboean strait, is a submarine reef called "Ass of Antron"; and then one comes to Pteleum and Halus; and then to the temple of Demeter; and to Pyrasus, which has been razed to the ground; and, above it, to Thebes; and then to Cape Pyrrha, and to two isles near it, one of which is called Pyrrha and the other Deucalion. And it is somewhere here that Phthiotis ends.

279. Cf. 9. 5. 10.

280. Hom. Il. 2.696.

281. i.e., Itonian Athena.

282. 9. 2. 3, 29, 33, 34.

009.005.015

 ἑξῆς δὲ τοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ Εὐμήλῳ καταλέγει, τὴν συνεχῆ παραλίαν, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἤδη Μαγνησίας καὶ τῆς Πελασγιώτιδος γῆς. Φεραὶ μὲν οὖν εἰσι πέρας τῶν Πελασγικῶν πεδίων πρὸς τὴν Μαγνησίαν, ἃ παρατείνει μέχρι τοῦ Πηλίου σταδίους ἑκατὸν ἑξήκοντα. ἐπίνειον δὲ τῶν Φερῶν Παγασαὶ διέχον ἐνενήκοντα σταδίους αὐτῶν, Ἰωλκοῦ δὲ εἴκοσιν. ἡ δ' Ἰωλκὸς κατέσκαπται μὲν ἐκ παλαιοῦ, ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἔστειλε τὸν Ἰάσονα καὶ τὴν Ἀργὼ Πελίας· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ναυπηγίας τῆς Ἀργοῦς καὶ Παγασὰς λέγεσθαι μυθεύουσι τὸν τόπον, οἱ δὲ πιθανώτερον ἡγοῦνται τοὔνομα τῷ τόπῳ τεθῆναι τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῶν πηγῶν αἳ πολλαί τε καὶ δαψιλεῖς ῥέουσι· πλησίον δὲ καὶ Ἀφέται ὡς ἂν ἀφετήριόν τι τῶν Ἀργοναυτῶν. τῆς δὲ Δημητριάδος ἑπτὰ σταδίους ὑπέρκειται τῆς θαλάττης Ἰωλκός. ἔκτισε δὲ Δημήτριος ὁ πολιορκητὴς ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτοῦ τὴν Δημητριάδα μεταξὺ Νηλείας καὶ Παγασῶν ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ τὰς πλησίον πολίχνας εἰς αὐτὴν συνοικίσας, Νήλειάν τε καὶ Παγασὰς καὶ Ὀρμένιον, ἔτι δὲ Ῥιζοῦντα Σηπιάδα Ὀλιζῶνα Βοίβην Ἰωλκόν, αἳ δὴ νῦν εἰσι κῶμαι τῆς Δημητριάδος. καὶ δὴ καὶ ναύσταθμον ἦν τοῦτο καὶ βασίλειον μέχρι πολλοῦ τοῖς βασιλεῦσι τῶν Μακεδόνων, ἐπεκράτει δὲ καὶ τῶν Τεμπῶν καὶ τῶν ὀρῶν ἀμφοῖν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τοῦ τε Πηλίου καὶ τῆς Ὄσσης· νῦν δὲ συνέσταλται μέν, τῶν δ' ἐν τῇ Μαγνησίᾳ πασῶν ὅμως διαφέρει. ἡ δὲ Βοιβηὶς λίμνη πλησιάζει μὲν ταῖς Φεραῖς, συνάπτει δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἀπολήγουσι τοῦ Πηλίου πέρασι καὶ τῆς Μαγνησίας· Βοίβη δὲ χωρίον ἐπὶ τῇ λίμνῃ κείμενον. καθάπερ δὲ τὴν Ἰωλκὸν αὐξηθεῖσαν ἐπὶ πλέον κατέλυσαν αἱ στάσεις καὶ αἱ τυραννίδες, οὕτως καὶ τὰς Φερὰς συνέστειλαν ἐξαρθείσας ποτὲ καὶ συγκαταλυθείσας τοῖς τυράννοις. πλησίον δὲ τῆς Δημητριάδος ὁ Ἄναυρος ῥεῖ. καλεῖται δὲ καὶ συνεχὴς αἰγιαλὸς Ἰωλκός· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὴν Πυλαϊκὴν πανήγυριν συνετέλουν. ὁ δ' Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἀπωτέρω τῆς Δημητριάδος τίθησι τὸν Παγασιτικὸν κόλπον εἰς τοὺς ὑπὸ Φιλοκτήτῃ τόπους· ἐν δὲ τῷ κόλπῳ φησὶν εἶναι τὴν Κικύνηθον νῆσον καὶ πολίχνην ὁμώνυμον.

Next the poet enumerates the peoples that were subject to Eumelus, that is, the adjacent seacoast, which from this point on belongs to Magnesia and the land of Pelasgiotis. Now Pherae is at the end of the Pelasgian plains on the side towards Magnesia; and these plains extend as far as Pelion, one hundred and sixty stadia. The seaport of Pherae is Pagasae, which is ninety stadia distant from Pherae and twenty from Iolcus. Iolcus has indeed been razed to the ground from early times, but it was from there that Pelias despatched Jason and the Argo. It was from the construction here of the ship {283} Argo, according to mythology, that the place was called Pagasae, though some believe, more plausibly, that this name was given the place from its fountains, {284} which are both numerous and of abundant flow. Nearby is Aphetae also, so named as being the "apheterium" {285} of the Argonauts. Iolcus is situated above the sea seven stadia from Demetrias. Demetrias, which is on the sea between Nelia and Pagasae, was founded by Demetrius Poliorcetes, who named it after himself, settling in it the inhabitants of the nearby towns, Nelia and Pagasae and Ormenium, and also Rhizus, Sepias, Olizon, Boebe, and Iolcus, which are now villages belonging to Demetrias. Furthermore, for a long time this was both a naval station and a royal residence for the kings of the Macedonians; and it held the mastery over both Tempe and the two mountains, Pelion and Ossa, as I have already said. {286} At present it is reduced in power, but still it surpasses all the cities in Magnesia. Lake Boebeïs is near Pherae, and also borders on the foothills of Pelion and the frontiers of Magnesia; and Boebe is a place situated on the lake. Just as seditions and tyrannies destroyed Iolcus after its power had been greatly increased, so they reduced Pherae also, which had once been raised to greatness by its tyrants and was then destroyed along with them. Near Demetrias flows the Anaurus River; and the adjoining shore is also called Iolcus. Here, too, they used to hold the Pylaic Festal Assembly. {287} Artemidorus places the Pagasitic Gulf in the region subject to Philoctetes,farther away from Demetrias; and he says that the island Cicynethos and a town bearing the same name are in the gulf.

283. The Greek word is a compound of "nau(s)" ("ship") and "pagia" ("construction"), "pagia" being the Doric spelling.

284. In Greek (Doric spelling), "pagae."

285. i.e., "starting-place."

286. 9. 4. 15.

287. No other reference to a "Pyliac" Assembly in Iolcus has been found. It could hardly be identified with the "Pylaean (Amphictyonic) Assembly" (9. 3. 7). Groskurd emends "Pyliac" to "Peliac" (i.e., held in honor of Pelias), which is probably right.

009.005.016

 ἑξῆς δ' αἱ ὑπὸ Φιλοκτήτῃ πόλεις καταλέγονται. ἡ μὲν οὖν Μηθώνη ἑτέρα ἐστὶ τῆς Θρᾳκίας Μεθώνης, ἣν κατέσκαψε Φίλιππος· ἐμνήσθημεν δὲ καὶ πρότερον τῆς τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων καὶ τῶν ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ ... τροπῆς· τἆλλα δὲ δἶηρίθμηται, ἥ τε Θαυμακία καὶ ὁ Ὀλιζὢν καὶ ἡ Μελίβοια, ἆ τῆς ἑξῆς παραλίας ἐστίν. πρόκεινται δὲ τῶν Μαγνήτων νῆσοι συχναὶ μέν, αἱ δ' ἐν ὀνόματι Σκίαθός τε καὶ Πεπάρηθος καὶ Ἰκὸς Ἁλόννησός τε καὶ Σκῦρος, ὁμωνύμους ἔχουσαι πόλεις. μάλιστα δ' ἐστὶν ἐν ὀνόματι Σκῦρος διὰ τὴν Λυκομήδους πρὸς Ἀχιλλέα οἰκειότητα καὶ τὴν Νεοπτολέμου τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως ἐνταῦθα γένεσίν τε καὶ ἐκτροφήν. ὕστερον δὲ Φίλιππος αὐξηθείς, ὁρῶν Ἀθηναίους ἐπικρατοῦντας τῆς θαλάττης καὶ τῶν νήσων ἄρχοντας καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ἐποίησε τὰς πλησίον ἑαυτῷ μάλιστα ἐνδόξους. πολεμῶν γὰρ περὶ τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἐπεχείρει πρώτοις ἀεὶ τοῖς ἐγγύθεν, καὶ καθάπερ αὐτῆς τῆς Μαγνήτιδος τὰ πολλὰ μέρη Μακεδονίαν ἐποίησε καὶ τῆς Θρᾴκης καὶ τῆς ἄλλης τῆς κύκλῳ γῆς, οὕτω καὶ τὰς πρὸ τῆς Μαγνησίας νήσους ἀφῃρεῖτο, καὶ τὰς ὑπ' οὐδενὸς γνωριζομένας πρότερον περιμαχήτους καὶ γνωρίμους ἐποίει. τὴν δ' οὖν Σκῦρον καὶ μάλιστα μὲν αἱ ἀρχαιολογίαι συνιστῶσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα θρυλεῖσθαι ποιεῖ, οἷον αἱ τῶν αἰγῶν ἀρεταὶ τῶν Σκυρίων, καὶ τὰ μέταλλα τῆς ποικίλης λίθου τῆς Σκυρίας, καθάπερ τῆς Καρυστίας καὶ τῆς Δοκιμαίας ἢ Συνναδικῆς, καὶ τῆς Ἱεραπολιτικῆς. μονολίθους γὰρ κίονας καὶ πλάκας μεγάλας ὁρᾶν ἔστιν ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ τῆς ποικίλης λιθείας, ἀφ' ἧς ἡ πόλις κοσμεῖται δημοσίᾳ τε καὶ ἰδίᾳ, πεποίηκέ τε τὰ λευκόλιθα οὐ πολλοῦ ἄξια.

The poet next enumerates the cities subject to Philoctetes. Now Methone is different from the Thracian Methone, which was razed to the ground by Philip. I have mentioned heretofore the change of the names of these places, and of certain places in the Peloponnesus.  {288} And the other places enumerated by the poet are Thaumacia and Olizon and Meliboea, which are on the next stretch of seacoast. Off the country of the Magnetans lie numerous islands, but the only notable ones are Sciathos, Peparethos, and Icos, and also Halonnesos and Scyros, all having cities of the same name. But Scyros is the most notable, because of the family relation between Lycomedes and Achilles, and of the birth and nurture there of Neoptolemus the son of Achilles. In later times, when Philip had waxed powerful and saw that the Athenians dominated the sea and ruled over the islands, both these and the rest, he caused the islands that were near him to be most famous; for, since he was fighting for the hegemony, he always attacked those places which were close to him, and, just as he added to Macedonia most parts of the Magnetan country and of Thrace and of the rest of the land all round, so he also seized the islands off Magnesia and made those which were previously well-known to nobody objects of contention and hence well-known. Now Scyros is chiefly commended by the place it occupies in the ancient legends, but there are other things which cause it to be widely mentioned, as, for instance, the excellence of the Scyrian goats, and the quarries of the Scyrian variegated marble, which is comparable to the Carystian marble, {289} and to the Docimaean or Synnadic, {290} and to the Hierapolitic. {291} For at Rome are to be seen monolithic columns and great slabs of the variegated marble; and with this marble the city is being adorned both at public and at private expense; and it has caused the quarries of white marble {292} to be of little worth.

288. See 8. 4. 3-4, 8. 5. 3 and 8. 6. 15.

289. See 10. 1. 6.

290. See 12. 8. 14.

291. See 13. 4. 14.

292. But the Greek might mean, instead of "quarries of white marble," simply "white marble" in general.

009.005.017

 ὁ δ' οὖν ποιητὴς μέχρι δεῦρο προελθὼν τῆς Μαγνητικῆς παραλίας ἐπάνεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄνω Θετταλίαν· καὶ γὰρ τὰ παρατείνοντα τῇ Φθιώτιδἶ, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Δολοπίας καὶ τῆς Πίνδου, μέχρι τῆς κάτω Θετταλίας διέξεισιν “οἳ δ' εἶχον Τρίκκην καὶ Ἰθώμην “κλωμακόεσσαν.” ταῦτα τὰ χωρία ἔστι μὲν τῆς Ἱστιαιώτιδος, ἐκαλεῖτο δ', ὥς φασι, πρότερον Δωρίς· κατασχόντων δὲ τῶν Περραιβῶν αὐτήν, οἳ καὶ τῆς Εὐβοίας τὴν Ἱστιαιῶτιν κατεστρέψαντο καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εἰς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀνέσπασαν, διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐποικησάντων Ἱστιαίων τὴν χώραν ἀπ' ἐκείνων οὕτως ἐκάλεσαν. καλοῦσι δὲ καὶ ἇὐτὴν καἶ τὴν Δολοπίαν τὴν ἄνω Θετταλίαν, ἐπ' εὐθείας οὖσἇν τῇ ἄνὦ Μακεδονίᾳ, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν κάτω τῇ κάτω. ἔστι δ' ἡ μὲν Τρίκκη, ὅπου τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἀσκληπιοῦ τὸ ἀρχαιότατον καὶ ἐπιφανέστατον, ὅμορος τοῖς τε Δόλοψιν καὶ τοῖς περὶ τὴν Πίνδον τόποις. τὴν δ' Ἰθώμην ὁμωνύμως τῇ Μεσσηνιακῇ λεγομένην οὔ φασι δεῖν οὕτως ἐκφέρειν, ἀλλὰ τὴν πρώτην συλλαβὴν ἀφαιρεῖν· οὕτω γὰρ καλεῖσθαι πρότερον, νῦν δὲ Ἰθώμη μετωνομάσθαι, χωρίον ἐρυμνὸν καὶ τῷ ὄντι κλωμακόεν, ἱδρυμένον μεταξὺ τεττάρων φρουρίων ὥσπερ ἐν τετραπλεύρῳ κειμένων, Τρίκκης τε καὶ Μητροπόλεως καὶ Πελινναίου καὶ Γόμφων. τῆς δὲ δὴ Μητροπολιτῶν ἐστι χώρας ἡ Ἰθώμη. ἡ δὲ Μητρόπολις πρότερον μὲν ἐκ τριῶν συνῴκιστο πολιχνίων ἀσήμων, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ πλείους προσελήφθησαν, ὧν ἦν καὶ ἡ Ἰθώμη. Καλλίμαχος μὲν οὖν φησιν ἐν τοῖς ἰάμβοις τὰς Ἀφροδίτας ἡ θεὸς γὰρ οὐ μία τὴν Καστνιῆτιν ὑπερβάλλεσθαι πάσας τῷ φρονεῖν, ὅτι μόνη παραδέχεται τὴν τῶν ὑῶν θυσίαν. καὶ μὴν πολυίστωρ, εἴ τις ἄλλος, καὶ πάντα τὸν βίον, ὡς αὐτὸς εἴρηκεν, ὁ ταῦτα μυθεῖσθαι βουλόμενος. οἱ δ' ὕστερον ἤλεγξαν οὐ μίαν Ἀφροδίτην μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείους ἀποδεδεγμένας τὸ ἔθος τοῦτο, ὧν εἶναι καὶ τὴν ἐν τῇ Μητροπόλει· ταύτῃ δὲ μίαν τῶν συνοικισθεισῶν εἰς αὐτὴν πόλεων παραδοῦναι τὸ ἔθος Ὀνθύριον. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Φαρκαδὼν ἐν τῇ Ἱστιαιώτιδι, καὶ ῥεῖ δι' αὐτῶν ὁ Πηνειὸς καὶ ὁ Κουράλιος· ὧν ὁ Κουράλιος ῥυεὶς παρὰ τὸ τῆς Ἰτωνίας Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερὸν εἰς τὸν Πηνειὸν ἐξίησιν, αὐτὸς δ' ὁ Πηνειὸς ἄρχεται μὲν ἐκ Πίνδου, καθάπερ εἴρηται, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δ' ἀφεὶς Τρίκκην τε καὶ Πελινναῖον καὶ Φαρκαδόνα φέρεται παρά τε Ἄτρακα καὶ Λάρισαν, καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Θετταλιώτιδι δεξάμενος ποταμοὺς πρόεισι διὰ τῶν Τεμπῶν ἐπὶ τὰς ἐκβολάς. τὴν δ' Οἰχαλίαν πόλιν Εὐρύτου λεγομένην ἔν τε τοῖς τόποις τούτοις ἱστοροῦσι καὶ ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ καὶ ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ, καὶ μετονομάζουσιν ἄλλοἶ ἄλλως, ὃ καὶ ἐν τοῖς Πελοποννησιακοῖς εἴρηται. περὶ δὲ τούτων ζητοῦσι καὶ μάλιστα τίς ἦν ἡ ὑπὸ Ἡρακλέους ἁλοῦσα, καὶ περὶ τίνος συνέγραψεν ὁ ποιήσας τὴν Οἰχαλίας ἅλωσιν. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ τὰ χωρία τοῖς Ἀσκληπιάδαις ὑπέταξεν.

However, the poet, after proceeding thus far on the Magnetan seacoast, returns to Upper Thessaly; for, beginning at Dolopia and Pindus, he recounts the parts that stretch alongside Phthiotis, as far as Lower Thessaly: "And those who held Tricce and rocky Ithome." {293} These places belong in fact to Histiaeotis, {294} though in earlier times Histiaeotis was called Doris, as they say; but when the Perrhaebians took possession of it, who had already subdued Histiaeotis in Euboea and had forced its inhabitants to migrate to the mainland, they called the country Histiaeotis after these Histiaeans, because of the large number of these people who settled there. They call Histiaeotis and Dolopia Upper Thessaly, which is in a straight line with Upper Macedonia, as is Lower Thessaly with Lower Macedonia. Now Tricce, where is the earliest and most famous temple of Asclepius, borders on the country of the Dolopians and the regions round Pindus. Ithome, which is called by the same name as the Messenian city, ought not, they say, to be pronounced in this way, but without the first syllable; {295} for thus, they add, it was called in earlier times, though now its name has been changed to Ithome. It is a stronghold and is in reality a heap of stones; {296} and it is situated between four strongholds, which lie in a square, as it were: Tricce, Metropolis, Pelinnaeum, and Gomphi. But Ithome belongs to the territory of the Metropolitans. Metropolis in earlier times was a joint settlement composed of three insignificant towns; but later several others were added to it, among which was Ithome. Now Callimachus, in his Iambics, says that, "of all the Aphrodites (for there was not merely one goddess of this name), Aphrodite Castnietis surpasses all in wisdom, since she alone accepts the sacrifice of swine." {297} And surely he was very learned, if any other man was, and all his life, as he himself states, wished to recount these things. {298} But the writers of later times have discovered that not merely one Aphrodite, but several, have accepted this rite; and that among these was the Aphrodite at Metropolis, and that one of the cities included in the settlement transmitted to it the Onthurian rite. {299} Pharcadon, also, is in Histiaeotis; and the Peneius and the Curalius flow through its territory. Of these rivers, the Curalius flows past the temple of the Itonian Athena and empties into the Peneius; but the Peneius itself rises in Pindus, as I have already said, {300} and after leaving Tricce and Pelinnaeum and Pharcadon on the left flows past both Atrax and Larisa, and after receiving the rivers in Thessaliotis flows on through Tempe to its outlet. Historians place the Oechalia which is called the "city of Eurytus " {301} not only in this region, but also in Euboea and in Arcadia; and they give its name in different ways, as I have already said in my description of the Peloponnesus. {302} They inquire concerning these, and particularly in regard to what Oechalia it was that was captured by Heracles, {303} and concerning what Oechalia was meant by the poet who wrote The Capture of Oechalia {304} These places, then, were classed by Homer as subject to the Asclepiadae.

293. Hom. Il. 2.729

294. See 9. 5. 3 and footnote.

295. i.e., Thome.

296. "Thomos" means "heap of stones."

297. Callimachus Fr. 82b (Schneider).

298. The text is probably corrupt. We should expect either "wished to tell the truth about matters of this sort," or, as Professor Capps suggests, "preferred this branch of learning."

299. "Onthurium" was a "Thessalian city near Arne" (Stehpanus Byzantinus, s.v.).

300. Fr. 14, 15, 15a.

301. Hom. Il. 2.596.

302. See 9. 5. 16 and footnote.

303. Cf. 10. 1. 10.

304. See 14. 1. 18.

009.005.018

 ἑξῆς δὲ λέγει τὴν ὑπ' Εὐρυπύλῳ “οἳ δ' ἔχον Ὀρμένιον οἵ τε κρήνην Ὑπέρειαν, οἵ τ' ἔχον Ἀστέριον Τιτάνοιό τε λευκὰ κάρηνα.” τὸ μὲν οὖν Ὀρμένιον νῦν Ὀρμίνιον καλεῖται, ἔστι δ' ὑπὸ τῷ Πηλίῳ κώμη κατὰ τὸν Παγασιτικὸν κόλπον τῶν συνῳκισμένων εἰς τὴν Δημητριάδα πόλεων, ὡς εἴρηται. ἀνάγκη δὲ καὶ τὴν Βοιβηίδα λίμνην εἶναι πλησίον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἡ Βοίβη τῶν περιοικίδων ἦν τῆς Δημητριάδος καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ Ὀρμένιον. τὸ μὲν οὖν Ὀρμένιον ἀπέχει τῆς Δημητριάδος πεζῇ σταδίους ἑπτὰ καὶ εἴκοσιν, ὁ δὲ τῆς Ἰωλκοῦ τόπος ἐν ὁδῷ κείμενος τῆς μὲν Δημητριάδος ἑπτὰ σταδίους διέστηκε, τοῦ δ' Ὀρμενίου τοὺς λοιποὺς σταδίους εἴκοσι. φησὶ δ' ὁ Σκήψιος ἐκ τοῦ Ὀρμενίου τὸν Φοίνικα εἶναι, καὶ φεύγειν αὐτὸν ἐνθένδε παρὰ τοῦ “πατρὸς Ἀμύντορος “Ὀρμενίδα” εἰς τὴν Φθίαν “ἐς Πηλῆα ἄνακτα.” ἐκτίσθαι γὰρ ὑπὸ Ὀρμένου τὸ χωρίον τοῦτο τοῦ Κερκάφου τοῦ Αἰόλου· παῖδας δὲ τοῦ Ὀρμένου γενέσθαι τόν τε Ἀμύντορα καὶ Εὐαίμονα, ὧν τοῦ μὲν εἶναι Φοίνικα τοῦ δ' Εὐρύπυλον· φυλαχθῆναι δὲ τῷ Εὐρυπύλῳ τὴν διαδοχὴν κοινήν, ἅτε ἂν ἀπελθόντος τοῦ Φοίνικος ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας· καὶ δὴ καὶ γράφει οὕτως “οἷον ὅτε πρῶτον λίπον Ὀρμένιον πολύμηλον,” ἀντὶ τοῦ “λίπον Ἑλλάδα “καλλιγύναικα.” Κράτης δὲ Φωκέα ποιεῖ τὸν Φοίνικα, τεκμαιρόμενος ἐκ τοῦ κράνους τοῦ Μέγητος ᾧ ἐχρήσατο ὁ Ὀδυσσεὺς κατὰ τὴν νυκτεγερσίαν, περὶ οὗ φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ὅτι “ἐξ Ἐλεῶνος Ἀμύντορος Ὀρμενίδαο “ἐξέλετ' Αὐτόλυκος, πυκινὸν δόμον ἀντιτορήσας.” τόν τε γὰρ Ἐλεῶνα ἐν τῷ Παρνασσῷ πολίχνιον εἶναι, τόν τε Ὀρμενίδην Ἀμύντορα οὐκ ἄλλον τινὰ λέγεσθαι ἢ τὸν τοῦ Φοίνικος πατέρα, καὶ τὸν Αὐτόλυκον οἰκοῦντα ἐν τῷ Παρνασσῷ τοιχωρυχεῖν τὰ τῶν γειτόνων, ὅπερ κοινόν ἐστι τοιχωρύχου παντός, οὐ τὰ τῶν πόρρωθεν. ὁ δὲ Σκήψιός φησι μήτε Ἐλεῶνα μηδένα τόπον τοῦ Παρνασσοῦ δείκνυσθαι, ἀλλὰ Νεῶνα, καὶ ταύτην οἰκισθεῖσαν μετὰ τὰ Τρωικά, μήτ' ἐκ γειτόνων τὰς τοιχωρυχίας γίνεσθαι μόνον. καὶ ἄλλα δ' ἐστὶν ἃ λέγοι τις ἄν, ἀλλ' οὖν ὀκνῶ διατρίβειν ἐπὶ πλέον. ἄλλοι δὲ γράφουσιν ἐξ Ἑλεῶνος· Ταναγρικὴ δέ ἐστιν αὕτη· καὶ μᾶλλον ἐλέγχοι ἀτόπως ἂν λεγόμενον τό “φεῦγον ἔπειτ' “ἀπάνευθε δι' Ἑλλάδος, Φθίην δ' ἐξικόμην.” ἡ δ' Ὑπέρεια κρήνη ἐν μέσῃ ἐστὶ τῇ Φεραίων πόλει Εὐμήλου οὔσῃ· ἄτοπον τοίνυν δοῦναι Εὐρυπὖλῳ. Τίτανος δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ὠνομάσθη· λευκόγεων γάρ ἐστι τὸ χωρίον Ἄρνης πλησίον καὶ τῶν Ἀφἐτῶν· καὶ τὸ Ἀστέριον δ' οὐκ ἄπωθεν τούτων ἐστί.

Next he speaks of the country subject to Eurypylus: "and those who held the fountain Hypereia, and those who held Asterium and the white summits of Titanus." {305} Now at the present time Ormenium is called Orminium; it is a village situated at the foot of Pelion near the Pagasitic Gulf, one of the cities included in the settlement of Demetrias, as I have said. {306} And Lake Boebeïs, also, must be near, since Boebe, as well as Ormenium itself, was one of the dependencies of Demetrias. Now Ormenium is distant by land twenty-seven stadia from Demetrias, whereas the site of Iolcus, which is situated on the road, is distant seven stadia from Demetrias and the remaining twenty stadia from Ormenium. The Scepsian {307} says that Phoenix was from Ormenium, and that he fled thence from his father Amyntor the son of Ormenus into Phthia to Peleus the king; for this place, he adds, was founded by Ormenus the son of Cercaphus the son of Aeolus; and he says that both Amyntor and Euaemon were sons of Ormenus, and that Phoenix was son of the former and Eurypylus of the latter, but that the succession to the throne, to which both had equal right, was kept for Eurypylus, inasmuch as Phoenix had gone away from his homeland. Furthermore, the Scepsian writes thus, "as when first I left Ormenium rich in flocks," {308} instead of "I left Hellas, land of fair women." {309} But Crates makes Phoenix a Phocian, judging this from the helmet of Meges, which Odysseus used at the time of his night spying, concerning which the poet says, "Autolycus filched it from Eleon, from Amyntor the son of Ormenus, having broken into his close-built home." {310} For Eleon, he says, is a town of Parnassus; and Amyntor, son of Ormenus, means no other than the father of Phoenix; and Autolycus, who lived on Parnassus, must have broken into the house of a neighbor (as is the way of any housebreaker), and not into that of people far away. But the Scepsian says that there is no place called Eleon to be seen on Parnassus, though there is a place called Neon, founded in fact after the Trojan War, and also that housebreakings are not confined to neighbors only. And there are other arguments which one might give, but I hesitate to spend further time on this subject. Others write "from Heleon," {311} but Heleon is a place in Tanagria, and this reading would increase the absurdity of the statement, "Then I fled afar off through Hellas and came to Phthia." {312} The fountain Hypereia is in the middle of the city of the Pheraeans, which belonged to Eumelus. It is absurd, therefore, to assign the fountain to Eurypylus. Titanus {313} was named from the fact in the case there; for the region near Arne and Aphetae has white soil. Asterium, also, is not far from these.

305. Hom. Il. 2.734

306. 9. 5. 15.

307. Demetrius of Scepsis.

308. Demetrius of Scepsis Fr.

309. Hom. Il. 9.447

310. Hom. Il. 10.266

311. Instead of "from Eleon."

312. Hom. Il. 9.478

313. "White earth."

009.005.019

 συνεχεῖς δὲ τῇ μερίδι ταύτῃ λέγονται οἱ ὑπὸ τῷ Πολυποίτῃ “οἳ δ' Ἄργισσαν ἔχον καὶ Γυρτώνην ἐνέμοντο, Ὄρθην Ἠλώνην τε πόλιν τ' Ὀλοοσσόνα λευκήν.” ταύτην τὴν χώραν πρότερον μὲν ᾤκουν Περραιβοί, τὸ πρὸς θαλάττῃ μέρος νεμόμενοι καὶ τῷ Πηνειῷ μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ Γυρτῶνος πόλεως Περραιβίδος. εἶτα ταπεινώσαντες ἐκείνους Λαπίθαι κατέσχον αὐτοὶ τὰ χωρία, Ἰξίων καὶ ὁ υἱὸς Πειρίθους, ὃς καὶ τὸ Πήλιον κατεκτήσατο βιασάμενος τοὺς κατασχόντας Κενταύρους, ἄγριόν τι φῦλον. τούτους μὲν οὖν “ἐκ Πηλίου ὦσε καὶ Αἰθίκεσσι πέλασσε,” τοῖς δὲ Λαπίθαις τὰ πεδία παρέδωκε· τινὰ δ' αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ Περραιβοὶ κατεῖχον, τὰ πρὸς τῷ Ὀλύμπῳ· ἔστι δ' ὅπου καὶ ὅλοι ἀναμὶξ τοῖς Λαπίθαις ᾤκουν. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἄργισσα, ἡ νῦν Ἄργουρα, ἐπὶ τῷ Πηνειῷ κεῖται· ὑπέρκειται δ' αὐτῆς Ἄτραξ ἐν τετταράκοντα σταδίοις, τῷ ποταμῷ πλησιάζουσα καὶ αὕτη· τὴν δ' ἀνὰ μέσον ποταμίαν εἶχον Περραιβοί. Ὄρθην δὲ τινὲς τὴν ἀκρόπολιν τῶν Φαλανναίων εἰρήκασιν· ἡ δὲ Φάλαννα Περραιβικὴ πόλις πρὸς τῷ Πηνειῷ πλησίον τῶν Τεμπῶν. οἱ μὲν οὖν Περραιβοὶ καταδυναστευθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Λαπιθῶν εἰς τὴν ὀρεινὴν ἀπανέστησαν οἱ πλείους τὴν περὶ Πίνδον καὶ Ἀθαμᾶνας καὶ Δόλοπας, τὴν δὲ χώραν καὶ τοὺς ὑπολειφθέντας τῶν Περραιβῶν κατέσχον Λαρισαῖοι, πλησίον μὲν οἰκοῦντες τοῦ Πηνειοῦ, γειτνιῶντες δ' ἐκείνοις, νεμόμενοι δὲ τὰ εὐδαιμονέστατα μέρη τῶν πεδίων, πλὴν εἴ τι σφόδρα κοῖλον πρὸς τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ Νεσσωνίδι, εἰς ἣν ὑπερκλύζων ὁ ποταμὸς ἀφῃρεῖτό τι τῆς ἀροσίμου τοὺς Λαρισαίους· ἀλλ' ὕστερον παραχώμασιν ἐπηνώρθωσαν Λαρισαῖοι. οὗτοι δ' οὖν κατεῖχον τέως τὴν Περραιβίαν καὶ φόρους ἐπράττοντο, ἕως Φίλιππος κατέστη κύριος τῶν τόπων. Λάρισα δ' ἐστὶ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ὄσσῃ χωρίον· καὶ ἡ Κρεμαστή, ὑπό τινων δὲ Πελασγία λεγομένη· καὶ ἐν τῇ Κρήτῃ πόλις ἡ νῦν εἰς Ἱεράπυτναν συνοικισθεῖσα, ἀφ' ἧς καὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον πεδίον νῦν Λαρίσιον καλεῖται· καὶ ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ ἥ τε τῶν Ἀργείων ἄκρα καὶ ὁ τὴν Ἠλείαν ἀπὸ Δύμης διορίζων Λάρισος ποταμός. Θεόπομπος δὲ καὶ πόλιν λέγει ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ μεθορίᾳ κειμένην Λάρισαν· καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ ἥ τε Φρικωνὶς ἡ περὶ τὴν Κύμην καὶ ἡ κατὰ Ἁμαξιτὸν τῆς Τρῳάδος· καὶ ἡ Ἐφεσία Λάρισά ἐστι καὶ ἐν Συρίᾳ· τῆς δὲ Μιτυλήνης ἀπὸ πεντήκοντα σταδίων εἰσὶ Λαρισαῖαι πέτραι κατὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Μηθύμνης ὁδόν· καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ δ' ἐστὶ Λάρισα· καὶ τῶν Τράλλεων διέχουσα κώμη τριάκοντα σταδίους ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ Καΰστρου πεδίον διὰ τῆς Μεσωγίδος ἰόντων κατὰ τὸ τῆς Ἰσοδρόμης Μητρὸς ἱερόν, ὁμοίαν τὴν θέσιν καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχουσα τῇ Κρεμαστῇ Λαρίσῃ· καὶ γὰρ εὔυδρος καὶ ἀμπελόφυτος· ἴσως δὲ καὶ ὁ Λαρίσιος Ζεὺς ἐκεῖθεν ἐπωνόμασται· καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀριστεροῖς δὲ τοῦ Πόντου κώμη τις καλεῖται Λάρισα μεταξὺ Ναυλὁχου καὶ Ὀδησσοὖ πλησίον τῶν ἄκρων τοῦ Αἵμου. Καὶ Ὀλοσσὼν δὲ λευκὴ προσαγορευθεῖσα ἀπὸ τοῦ λευκάργιλος εἶναι, καὶ Ἠλώνη Περραιβικαὶ πόλεις, καὶ Γόννος. ἡ δ' Ἠλώνη μετέβαλε τοὔνομα Λειμώνη μετονομασθεῖσα· κατέσκαπται δὲ νῦν· ἄμφω δ' ὑπὸ τῷ Ὀλύμπῳ κεῖνται οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τοῦ Εὐρώπου ποταμοῦ, ὃν ὁ ποιητὴς Τιταρήσιον καλεῖ.

Continuous with this portion of Thessaly is the country of those who are called the subjects of Polypoetes: "And those who held Argissa and dwelt in Gyrtone, Orthe, and Elone and the white city Oloosson." {314} In earlier times the Perrhaebians inhabited this country, dwelling in the part near the sea and near the Peneius, extending as far as its outlet and Gyrton, a Perrhaebian city. Then the Lapiths humbled the Perrhaebians and thrust them back into the river country in the interior, and seized their country--I mean the Lapiths Ixion and his son Peirithoüs, the latter of whom also took possession of Pelion, forcing out the Centaurs, a wild folk, who had seized it. Now these "he thrust from Pelion and made them draw near to the Aethices," {315} and he gave over the plains to the Lapiths, though the Perrhaebians kept possession of some of them, those near Olympus, and also in some places lived completely intermingled with the Lapiths. Now Argissa, the present Argura, is situated on the Peneius; and forty stadia above it lies Atrax, which also is close to the river; and the Perrhaebians held the river country between the two places. Some have called Orthe the acropolis of the Phalannaeans; and Phalanna is a Perrhaebian city close to the Peneius near Tempe. Now the Perrhaebians, being overpowered by the Lapiths, for the most part emigrated to the mountainous country about Pindus and to the countries of the Athamaniam and Dolopians, but their country and all Perrhaebians who were left behind there were seized by the Larisaeans, who lived near the Peneius and were their neighbors and dwelt in the most fertile parts of the plains, though not in the very low region near the lake called Nessonis, into which the river, when it overflowed, would carry away a portion of the arable soil belonging to the Larisaeans. Later, however, they corrected this by means of embankments. The Larisaeans, then, kept possession of Perrhaebia and exacted tribute until Philip established himself as lord over the region. Larisa is also the name of a place on Ossa; another is Larisa Cremaste, by some called Pelasgia; {316} and in Crete is a city Larisa, now joined to Hierapytna, whence the plain that lies below is now called Larisian Plain; and, in the Peloponnesus both Larisa, the citadel of the Argives, and the Larisus River, which is the boundary between the Eleian country and Dyme. Theopompus speaks of another city Larisa situated on the same common boundary; and in Asia is a Larisa Phryconis near Cyme; and also the Larisa near Hamaxitis in the Troad; and there is the Ephesian Larisa, and the Larisa in Syria; and there are Larisaean Rocks fifty stadia from Mitylene on the road to Methymne; and there is a Larisa in Attica; and a village Larisa thirty stadia distant from Tralleis, above the city, on the road which runs through Mesogis towards the Caÿster Plain near the temple of the Isodromian Mother, {317} which in its topographical position and its goodly attributes is like Larisa Cremaste, for it has an abundance of water and of vineyards; and perhaps the Larisaean Zeus received his epithet from this place; and also on the left of the Pontus is a village called Larisa, between Naulochus and. . ., {318} near the end of Mount Haemus. And Oloosson, called "white" from the fact that its soil is a white clay, and Elone, and Gonnus are Perrhaebian cities. But Elone changed its name to Leimone, and is now in ruins. Both are situated below Olympus, not very far from the Europus River, which the poet calls the Titaresius. {319}

314. Hom. Il. 2.738

315. Hom. Il. 2.744

316. See 9. 5. 13.

317. i.e., Cybele

318. "Odessa" seems to be the lost word.

319. Hom. Il. 2.751.

009.005.020

 λέγει δὲ καὶ περὶ τούτου καὶ περὶ τῶν Περραιβῶν ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς ὁ ποιητὴς ὅταν φῇ “Γουνεὺς δ' ἐκ Κύφου “ἦγε δύω καὶ εἴκοσι νῆας. τῷ δ' Ἐνιῆνες ἕποντο μενεπτόλεμοί τε Περαιβοί, οἳ περὶ Δωδώνην δυσχείμερον οἰκί' ἔθεντο, ὁἵ τ' ἀμφ' ἱμερτὸν Τιταρήσιον “ἔργ' ἐνέμοντο.” λέγει μὲν οὖν τούτους τοὺς τόπους τῶν Περραιβῶν, ἀπὸ μέρους τῆς Ἑστιαιώτιδος ἐπειληφότας· ἦσαν δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τῷ Πολυποίτῃ ἐκ μέρους Περραιβικαί, τοῖς μέντοι Λαπίθαις προσένειμε διὰ τὸ ἀναμὶξ οἰκεῖν καὶ τὰ μὲν πεδία κατέχειν τοὺς Λαπίθας καὶ τὸ ἐνταῦθα Περραιβικὸν ὑπὸ τούτοις τετάχθαι ὡς ἐπὶ πλέον, τὰ δ' ὀρεινότερα χωρία πρὸς τῷ Ὀλύμπῳ καὶ τοῖς Τέμπεσι τοὺς Περραιβούς, καθάπερ τὸν Κύφον καὶ τὴν Δωδώνην καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τιταρήσιον, ὃς ἐξ ὄρους Τιταρίου συμφυοῦς τῷ Ὀλύμπῳ ῥέων εἰς τὰ πλησίον τῶν Τεμπῶν χωρία τῆς Περραιβίας αὐτοῦ που τὰς συμβολὰς ποιεῖται πρὸς τὸν Πηνειόν. τὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦ Πηνειοῦ καθαρόν ἐστιν ὕδωρ, τὸ δὲ τοῦ Τιταρησίου λιπαρὸν ἔκ τινος ὕλης ὥστ' οὐ συμμίσγεται “ἀλλά “τέ μιν καθύπερθεν ἐπιτρέχει ἠύτ' ἔλαιον.” διὰ δὲ τὸ ἀναμὶξ οἰκεῖν Σιμωνίδης Περραιβοὺς καὶ Λαπίθας καλεῖ τοὺς Πελασγιώτας ἅπαντας, τοὺς τὰ ἑῷα κατέχοντας τὰ περὶ Γυρτῶνα καὶ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Πηνειοῦ καὶ Ὄσσαν καὶ Πήλιον καὶ τὰ περὶ Δημητριάδα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, Λάρισαν Κραννῶνα Σκοτοῦσσαν Μόψιον Ἄτρακα, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Νεσσωνίδα λίμνην καὶ τὴν Βοιβηίδα· ὧν ὁ ποιητὴς ὀλίγων μέμνηται διὰ τὸ μὴ οἰκισθῆναί πω τἆλλα ἢ φαύλως οἰκισθῆναι διὰ τοὺς κατακλυσμοὺς ἄλλοτ' ἄλλους γινομένους· ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τῆς Νεσσωνίδος μέμνηται λίμνης, ἀλλὰ τῆς Βοιβηίδος μόνον πολὺ ἐλάττονος οὔσης, ταύτης δὲ μόνης μενούσης, ἐκείνης δὲ ὡς εἰκὸς τοτὲ μὲν πληρουμένης ἀτάκτως, τοτὲ δ' ἐκλειπομένης. τῆς δὲ Σκοτούσσης ἐμνήσθημεν καὶ ἐν τοῖς περὶ Δωδώνης λόγοις καὶ τοῦ μαντείου τοῦ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ, διότι περὶ τοῦτον ὑπῆρξε τὸν τόπον. ἔστι δ' ἐν τῇ Σκοτούσσῃ χωρίον τι Κυνὸς κεφαλαὶ καλούμενον, περὶ ὃ Ῥωμαῖοι μετ' Αἰτωλῶν καὶ Τίτος Κοΐντιος ἐνίκων μάχῃ μεγάλῃ Φίλιππον τὸν Δημητρίου, Μακεδόνων βασιλέα.

The poet next mentions both Titaresius and the Perrhaebians, when he says, "And Guneus led from Cyphus twenty-two ships. And there followed him the Enienians, {320} and the Perrhaebians steadfast in war, who had established their homes round wintry Dodona, {321} and dwelt in the fields about lovely Titaresius." {322} Now he speaks of these places as belonging to the Perrhaebians, places which fell into their possession as a part of Hestiaeotis. {323} And also the cities subject to Polypoetes were in part Perrhaebian. However, he assigned them to the Lapiths because the two peoples lived intermingled with one another, {324} and also because, although the Lapiths held possession of the plains and the Perrhaebian element there were for the most part subject to the Lapiths, the Perrhaebians held possession of the more mountainous parts near Olympus and Tempe, as, for example, Cyphus, and Dodona, and the region about the Titaresius; this river rises in the Titarius Mountain, which connects with Olympus, and flows into the territory of Perrhaebia which is near Tempe, and somewhere in that neighborhood unites with the Peneius. Now the water of the Peneius is pure, but that of the Titaresius is oily, because of some substance or other, so that it does not mingle with that of the Peneius, "but runs over it on the top like oil." {325} Because of the fact that the two peoples lived intermingled, Simonides uses the terms Perrhaebians and Lapiths of all the Pelasgiotes who occupy the region about Gyrton and the outlets of the Peneius and Mount Ossa and Mount Pelion, and the region about Demetrias, and the region in the plain, I mean Larisa, Crannon, Scotussa, Mopsium, Atrax, and the region about Lake Nessonis and Lake Boebeïs. Of these places the poet mentions only a few, because the rest of them had not yet been settled, or else were only wretched settlements, on account of the inundations which took place at various times. Indeed, he does not mention Lake Nessonis either, but Lake Boebeïs only (though it is much smaller), because the latter alone persisted, whereas the former, in all probability, was at times filled at irregular intervals and at times gave out altogether. Scotussa I have already mentioned in my account of Dodona and of the oracle in Thessaly, saying that originally it was near this place. {326} In the territory of Scotussa there is a place called Cynoscephalae, {327} near which Titus Quintius {328} and the Romans, along with the Aetolians, in a great battle {329} conquered Philip the son of Demetrius, king of the Macedonians.

320. The Homeric spelling of "Aenianians" (9. 4. 11).

321. The Thessalian Dodona mentioned in Fr. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c.

322. Hom. Il. 2.748

323. The Perrhaebians had seized Hestiaeotis (9. 5. 17).

324. See 9. 5. 19.

325. Hom. Il. 2.754

326. 7. 7. 12.

327. "Dogs' Heads," a low range of hills.

328. Titus Quintius Flamininus.

329. 197 B.C.

009.005.021

 πέπονθε δέ τι τοιοῦτο καὶ ἡ Μαγνῆτις· κατηριθμημένων γὰρ ἤδη πολλῶν αὐτῆς τόπων οὐδένας τούτων ὠνόμακε Μάγνητας Ὅμηρος, ἀλλ' ἐκείνους μόνους οὓς τυφλῶς καὶ οὐ γνωρίμως διασαφεῖ “οἳ περὶ “Πηνειὸν καὶ Πήλιον εἰνοσίφυλλον ναίεσκον.” ἀλλὰ μὴν περὶ τὸν Πηνειὸν καὶ τὸ Πήλιον οἰκοῦσι καὶ οἱ τὴν Γυρτῶνα ἔχοντες, οὓς ἤδη κατέλεξε, καὶ τὸ Ὀρμένιον καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους, καὶ ἔτι ἀπωτέρω τοῦ Πηλίου ὅμως Μάγνητες ἦσαν ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπ' Εὐμήλῳ, κατά γε τοὺς ὕστερον ἀνθρώπους. ἐοίκασιν οὖν διὰ τὰς συνεχεῖς μεταστάσεις καὶ ἐξαλλάξεις τῶν πολιτειῶν καὶ ἐπιμίξεις συγχεῖν καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα καὶ τὰ ἔθνη, ὥστε τοῖς νῦν ἔσθ' ὅτε ἀπορίαν παρέχειν, καθάπερ τοῦτο τὸ πρῶτον μὲν ἐπὶ Κραννῶνος καὶ τῆς Γυρτῶνος γεγένηται. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ Γυρτωνίους Φλεγύας πρότερον ἐκάλουν ἀπὸ Φλεγύου τοῦ Ἰξίονος ἀδελφοῦ, τοὺς δὲ Κραννωνίους Ἐφύρους, ὥστε διαπορεῖν, ὅταν φῇ ὁ ποιητής “τὼ μὲν ἄρ' ἐκ Θρῄκης Ἐφύρους μέτα θωρήσσοντο ἠὲ μετὰ Φλεγύας μεγαλήτορας,” τίνας ποτὲ βούλεται λέγειν·

Magnetis, also, has been treated by Homer in about the same way. For although he has already enumerated many of the places in Magnetis, none of these are called Magnetan by him except those two places, and even these are designated by him in a dim and indistinct way: {330} "who dwelt about Peneius and Pelion with its shaking foliage." {331} Assuredly, however, about the Peneius and Pelion lived those who held Gyrton, whom he had already named,  {332} as also those who held Ormenium, {333} and several other Perrhaebian peoples; and yet farther away from Pelion there were still Magnetans, beginning with those subject to Eumelus, at least according to the writers of later times. These writers, however, on account of the continual migrations, changes of political administrations, and intermixture of tribes, seem to have confused both the names and the tribes, so that they sometimes present difficult questions for the writers of today. For example, this has proved true, in the first place, in the case of Crannon and Gyrton; for in earlier times the Gyrtonians were called "Phlegyae," from Phlegyas, the brother of Ixion, and the Crannonians "Ephyri," so that it is a difficult question who can be meant by the poet when he says, "Verily these twain, going forth from Thrace, arm themselves to pursue the Ephyri, or to pursue the great-hearted Phlegyae." {334}  {335}

330. Homer nowhere specifically names either the Magnetans or their country except in Hom. Il. 2.756,, where he says, "Prothoüs, son of Tenthredon, was the leader of the Magnetans."

331. Hom. Il. 2.757

332. Hom. Il. 2.738.

333. Hom. Il. 2.734.

334. Hom. Il. 2.301

335. Some modern scholars question the authenticity of this passage. See Leaf's note ad loc.

009.005.022

 ἔπειτα τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Περραιβῶν καὶ τῶν Αἰνιάνων συνέβη· Ὅμηρος μὲν γὰρ συνέζευξεν αὐτοὺς ὡς πλησίον ἀλλήλων οἰκοῦντας· καὶ δὴ καὶ λέγεται ὑπὸ τῶν ὕστερον ἐπὶ χρόνον συχνὸν ἡ οἴκησις τῶν Αἰνιάνων ἐν τῷ Δωτίῳ γενέσθαι πεδίῳ, τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ πλησίον τῆς ἄρτι λεχθείσης Περραιβίας καὶ τῆς Ὄσσης καὶ ἔτι τῆς Βοιβηίδος λίμνης, ἐν μέσῃ μέν πως τῇ Θετταλίᾳ λόφοις δὲ ἰδίοις περικλειόμενον, περὶ οὗ Ἡσίοδος οὕτως εἴρηκεν “ἢ οἵη Διδύμους ἱεροὺς ναίουσα κολωνοὺς Δωτίῳ ἐν πεδίῳ, πολυβότρυος ἄντ' Ἀμύροιο, νίψατο Βοιβιάδος λίμνης πόδα “παρθένος ἀδμής.” οἱ μὲν οὖν Αἰνιᾶνες οἱ πλείους εἰς τὴν Οἴτην ἐξηλάθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν Λαπιθῶν, κἀνταῦθα δὲ ἐδυνάστευσαν ἀφελόμενοι τῶν τε Δωριέων τινὰ μέρη καὶ τῶν Μαλιέων μέχρι Ἡρακλείας καὶ Ἐχίνου, τινὲς δ' αὐτῶν ἔμειναν περὶ Κύφον, Περραιβικὸν ὄρος ὁμώνυμον κατοικίαν ἔχον. οἱ δὲ Περραιβοὶ τινὲς μὲν συσταλέντες περὶ τὰ ἑσπέρια τοῦ Ὀλύμπου μέρη κατέμενον αὐτόθι πρόσχωροι ὄντες Μακεδόσι, τὸ δὲ πολὺ μέρος εἰς τὰ περὶ τὴν Ἀθαμανίαν ὄρη καὶ τὴν Πίνδον ἐξέπεσε· νυνὶ δὲ μικρὸν ἢ οὐδὲν αὐτῶν ἴχνος σώζεται. τοὺς δ' οὖν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεχθέντας Μάγνητας ὑστάτους ἐν τῷ Θετταλικῷ καταλόγῳ νομιστέον τοὺς ἐντὸς τῶν Τεμπῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Πηνειοῦ καὶ τῆς Ὄσσης ἕως Πηλίου, Μακεδόνων τοῖς Πιεριώταις ὁμόρους τοῖς ἔχουσι τὴν τοῦ Πηνειοῦ περαίαν μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης. τὸ μὲν οὖν Ὁμόλιον ἢ τὴν Ὁμόλην λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφοτέρως ἀποδοτέον αὐτοῖς· εἴρηται δ' ἐν τοῖς Μακεδονικοῖς ὅτι ἐστὶ πρὸς τῇ Ὄσσῃ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς τοῦ Πηνειοῦ διὰ τῶν Τεμπῶν διεκβολῆς. εἰ δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῆς παραλίας προϊτέον τῆς ἐγγυτάτω τοῦ Ὁμολίου, λόγον ἔχει ὥστε καἶ τὸν Ῥιζοῦντα προσνέμειν καὶ Ἐρυμνὰς ἐν τῇ ὑπὸ Φιλοκτήτῃ παραλίᾳ κειμένας καὶ τῇ ὑπὸ Εὐμήλῳ. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν ἐν ἀσαφεῖ κείσθω. καὶ ἡ τάξις δὲ τῶν ἐφεξῆς τόπων μέχρι Πηνειοῦ οὐ διαφανῶς λέγεται, ἀδόξων δ' ὄντων τῶν τόπων οὐδ' ἡμῖν περὶ πολλοῦ θετέον. ἡ μέντοι Σηπιὰς ἀκτὴ καὶ τετραγῴδηται μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐξύμνηται διὰ τὸν ἐνταῦθα ἀφανισμὸν τοῦ Περσικοῦ στόλου· ἔστι δ' αὕτη μὲν ἀκτὴ πετρώδης, μεταξὺ δ' αὐτῆς καὶ Κασθαναίας κώμης ὑπὸ τῷ Πηλίῳ κειμένης αἰγιαλός ἐστιν, ἐν ᾧ ὁ Ξέρξου στόλος ναυλοχῶν ἀπηλιώτου πολλοῦ πνεύσαντος ὁ μὲν εὐθὺς αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸ ξηρὸν ἐξώκειλε καὶ διελύθη παραχρῆμα, ὁ δ' εἰς Ἰπνοὺς τόπον τραχὺν τῶν περὶ τὸ Πήλιον παρενεχθεὶς ὁ δ' εἰς Μελίβοιαν ὁ δ' εἰς τὴν Κασθαναίαν διεφθάρη. τραχὺς δ' ἐστὶν ὁ παράπλους πᾶς ὁ τοῦ Πηλίου ὅσον σταδίων ὀγδοήκοντα· τοσοῦτος δ' ἐστὶ καὶ τοιοῦτος καὶ ὁ τῆς Ὄσσης. μεταξὺ δὲ κόλπος σταδίων πλειόνων ἢ διακοσίων, ἐν ᾧ ἡ Μελίβοια. ὁ δὲ πᾶς ἀπὸ Δημητριάδος ἐγκολπίζοντι ἐπὶ τὸν Πηνειὸν μείζων τῶν χιλίων, ἆπὸ δὲ Σπἐρχειοῦ καὶ ἄλλων ὀκτακοσίων, ἀπὸ δὲ Εὐρίπου δισχιλίων τριακοσίων πεντήκοντα. Ἱερώνυμος δὲ τῆς πεδιάδος Θετταλίας καὶ Μαγνήτιδος τὸν κύκλον τρισχιλίων ἀποφαίνεται σταδίων, ᾠκῆσθαι δ' ὑπὸ Πελασγῶν, ἐξελαθῆναι δὲ τούτους εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ὑπὸ Λαπιθῶν· εἶναι δὲ τὸ νῦν καλούμενον Πελασγικὸν πεδίον, ἐν ᾦ Λάρισα καὶ Γυρτώνη καὶ Φεραὶ καὶ Μόψιον καὶ Βοιβηὶς καὶ Ὄσσα καὶ Ὁμόλη καὶ Πήλιον καὶ Μαγνῆτις· Μόψιον δ' ὠνόμασται οὐκ ἀπὸ Μόψου τοῦ Μαντοῦς τῆς Τειρεσίου, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ Λαπίθου τοῦ συμπλεύσαντος τοῖς Ἀργοναύταις· ἄλλος δ' ἐστὶ Μόψοπος, ἀφ' οὗ ἡ Ἀττικὴ Μοψοπία.

Again, the same thing is true in the case of the Perrhaebians and Aenianians. For Homer {336} connected the two, as living near one another; and in fact we are told by the writers of later times that for a long time the habitation of the Aenianians was in the Dotian Plain. This plain is near the Perrhaebia just mentioned above, and Ossa and Lake Boebeïs; and while it is situated in the middle of Thessaly, yet it is enclosed all round by hills of its own. Concerning this plain Hesiod has spoken thus: "Or as the unwedded virgin {337} who, dwelling on the holy Didyman Hills, in the Dotian Plain, in front of Amyrus, bathed her foot in Lake Boebeïs." {338}  {339} Now as for the Aenianians, most of them were driven into Oeta by the Lapiths; and there too they became predominant, having taken away certain parts of the country from the Dorians and the Malians as far as Heracleia and Echinus, although some remained in the neighborhood of Cyphus, a Perrhaebian mountain which had a settlement of the same name. As for the Perrhaebians, some of them drew together round the western parts of Olympus and stayed there, being neighbors to the Macedonians, but the greater part of them were driven out of their country into the mountains round Athamania and Pindus. But today little or no trace of them is preserved. At any rate, the Magnetans mentioned last by the poet in the Thessalian Catalogue should be regarded as those inside Tempe, extending from the Peneius and Ossa as far as Pelion, and bordering on the Pieriotae in Macedonia, who held the country on the far side of the Peneius as far as the sea. Now Homolium, or Homole (for it is spelled both ways), should be assigned to the Magnetans; as I have said in my description of Macedonia, {340} it is close to Ossa, situated where the Peneius begins to discharge its waters through Tempe. And if one were to proceed as far as the seacoast nearest to Homolium, there is reason for assigning to them Rhizus and Erymnae, which were situated on that part of the seacoast which was subject to Philoctetes and on that which was subject to Eumelus. However, let this question remain undecided. And also the order of the places next thereafter as far as the Peneius is not plainly told by the poet; but since these places are without repute, neither should I myself regard the matter as of great importance. Cape Sepias, however, was afterwards celebrated both in tragedies and in hymns on account of the total destruction there of the Persian fleet. Sepias itself is a rocky cape, but between it and Casthanaea, a village situated at the foot of Pelion, is a beach where the fleet of Xerxes was lying in wait when, a violent east wind bursting forth, some of the ships were immediately driven high and dry on the beach and broken to pieces on the spot, and the others were carried along the coast to Ipni, one of the rugged places in the region of Pelion, or to Meliboea, or to Casthanaea, and destroyed. The whole voyage along the coast of Pelion is rough, a distance of about eighty stadia; and that along the coast of Ossa is equally long and rough. Between the two mountains is a gulf more than two hundred stadia in circuit, on which is Meliboea. The whole voyage along the coast from Demetrias to the Peneius, following the sinuosities of the gulfs, is more than one thousand stadia in length, and from the Sperchius eight hundred more, and from the Euripus two thousand three hundred and fifty. Hieronymus {341} declares that the plain country of Thessaly and Magnetis is three thousand stadia in circuit, and that it was inhabited by Pelasgians, and that these were driven out of their country by the Lapiths, and that the present Pelasgian Plain, as it is called, is that in which are situated Larisa, Gyrtone, Pherae, Mopsium, Boebeïs, Ossa, Homole, Pelion, and Magnetis. Mopsium is named, not after Mopsus, the son of Manto the daughter of Teiresias, but after Mopsus the Lapith who sailed with the Argonauts. But Mopsopus, after whom the Attic Mopsopia is named, is a different person. {342}

336. Hom. Il. 2.749.

337. Coronis, mother of Asclepius.

338. Hes. Fr. 122 (Rzach)

339. Again quoted in 14. 1. 40.

340. Fr. 16b (see also 16c).

341. Apparently Hieronymus of Rhodes (see note on 8. 6. 21).

342. See 9. 1. 18.

009.005.023

 τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα μὲν ταῦτα περὶ Θετταλίας, καθ' ὅλου δ' ὅτι Πυρραία πρότερον ἐκαλεῖτο ἀπὸ Πύρρας τῆς Δευκαλίωνος γυναικός, Αἱμονία δὲ ἀπὸ Αἵμονος, Θετταλία δὲ ἀπὸ Θετταλοῦ τοῦ Αἵμονος. ἔνιοι δὲ διελόντες δίχα τὴν μὲν πρὸς νότον λαχεῖν φασι Δευκαλίωνι καὶ καλέσαι Πανδώραν ἀπὸ τῆς μητρός, τὴν δ' ἑτέραν Αἵμονι, ἀφ' οὗ Αἱμονίαν λεχθῆναι· μετωνομάσθαι δὲ τὴν μὲν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ Ἕλληνος τοῦ Δευκαλίωνος, τὴν δὲ Θετταλίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ υἱοῦ Αἵμονος· τινὲς δὲ ἀπὸ Ἐφύρας τῆς Θεσπρωτίδος ἀπογόνους Ἀντίφου καὶ Φειδίππου, τῶν Θετταλοῦ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους, ἐπελθόντας ἀπὸ Θετταλοῦ τοῦ ἑαυτῶν προγόνου τὴν χώραν ὀνομάσαι. εἴῥηταἶ δὲ καὶ Νεσσωνὶς ὀνομασθῆναί ποτε ἀπὸ Νέσσωνος τοῦ Θετταλοῦ, καθάπερ καὶ ἡ λίμνη.

So much, then, for the several parts of Thessaly. But speaking of it as a whole, I may say that in earlier times it was called Pyrrhaea, after Pyrrha the wife of Deucalion, and Haemonia after Haemon, and Thessaly after Thessalus the son of Haemon. But some writers, dividing it into two parts, say that Deucalion obtained the portion towards the south and called it Pandora after his mother, and that the other part fell to Haemon, after whom it was called Haemonia, but that the former name was changed to Hellas, after Hellen the son of Deucalion, and the latter to Thessaly, after the son of Haemon. Some, however, say that descendants of Antiphus and Pheidippus, the sons of Thessalus the son of Heracles, invaded the country from Thesprotian Ephyra and named it after Thessalus, their own ancestor. And it has been said that the country too was once named Nessonis, like the lake, after Nesson the son of Thessalus.