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008.001.001

ἐπεὶ δ' ἐπιόντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων τῆς Εὐρώπης μερῶν, ὅσα τῇ θαλάττῃ περιέχεται τῇ ἐντὸς καὶ τῇ ἐκτός, τά τε βάρβαρα ἔθνη περιωδεύσαμεν πάντα ἐν αὐτῇ μέχρι τοῦ Τανάιδος καὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οὐ πολὺ μέρος, ἀποδώσομεν νυνὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῆς Ἑλλαδικῆς γεωγραφίας, ἅπερ Ὅμηρος μὲν πρῶτος, ἔπειτα καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ἐπραγματεύσαντο, οἱ μὲν ἰδίᾳ λιμένας ἢ περίπλους ἢ περιόδους γῆς ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἄλλο ἐπιγράψαντες, ἐν οἷς καὶ τὰ Ἑλλαδικὰ περιέχεται, οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ κοινῇ τῆς ἱστορίας γραφῇ χωρὶς ἀποδείξαντες τὴν τῶν ἠπείρων τοπογραφίαν, καθάπερ Ἔφορός τε ἐποίησε καὶ Πολύβιος· ἄλλοι δ' εἰς τὸν φυσικὸν τόπον καὶ τὸν μαθηματικὸν προσέλαβόν τινα καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, καθάπερ Ποσειδώνιός τε καὶ Ἵππαρχος. τὰ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἄλλων εὐδιαίτητά ἐστι, τὰ δ' Ὁμήρου σκέψεως δεῖται κριτικῆς, ποιητικῶς τε λέγοντος καὶ οὐ τὰ νῦν ἀλλὰ τὰ ἀρχαῖα, ὧν ὁ χρόνος ἠμαύρωκε τὰ πολλά. ὡς δ' οὖν δυνατὸν ἐγχειρητέον ἀρξαμένοις ἀφ' ὧνπερ ἀπελίπομεν· ἐτελεύτα δ' ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἑσπέρας καὶ τῶν ἄρκτων εἰς τὰ Ἠπειρωτικὰ ἔθνη καὶ τὰ τῶν Ἰλλυριῶν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἕω εἰς τὰ τῶν Μακεδόνων μέχρι Βυζαντίου. μετὰ μὲν οὖν τοὺς Ἠπειρώτας καὶ τοὺς Ἰλλυριοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων Ἀκαρνᾶνές εἰσι καὶ Αἰτωλοὶ καὶ Λοκροὶ οἱ Ὀζόλαι· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Φωκεῖς τε καὶ Βοιωτοί· τούτοις δ' ἀντίπορθμός ἐστιν ἡ Πελοπόννησος, ἀπολαμβάνουσα μεταξὺ τὸν Κορινθιακὸν κόλπον καὶ σχηματίζουσά τε τοῦτον καὶ σχηματιζομένη ὑπ' αὐτοῦ· μετὰ δὲ Μακεδονίαν Θετταλοὶ μέχρι Μαλιέων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἐντός.

I began my description by going over all the western parts of Europe comprised between the inner and the outer sea; {1} and now that I have encompassed in my survey all the barbarian tribes in Europe as far as the Tanaïs and also a small part of Greece, Macedonia, {2} I now shall give an account of the remainder of the geography of Greece. This subject was first treated by Homer; and then, after him, by several others, some of whom have written special treatises entitled Harbours, or Coasting Voyages, or General Descriptions of the Earth, or the like; and in these is comprised also the description of Greece. Others have set forth the topography of the continents in separate parts of their general histories, for instance, Ephorus and Polybius. Still others have inserted certain things on this subject in their treatises on physics and mathematics, for instance, Poseidonius and Hipparchus. Now although the statements of the others are easy to pass judgment upon, yet those of Homer require critical inquiry, since he speaks poetically, and not of things as they now are, but of things as they were in antiquity, which for the most part have been obscured by time. Be this as it may, as far as I can I must undertake the inquiry; and I shall begin where I left off. My account ended, on the west and the north, with the tribes of the Epeirotes and of the Illyrians, and, on the east, with those of the Macedonians as far as Byzantium. After the Epeirotes and the Illyrians, then, come the following peoples of the Greeks: the Acarnanians, the Aetolians, and the Ozolian Locrians; and, next, the Phocians and Boeotians; and opposite these, across the arm of the sea, is the Peloponnesus, which with these encloses the Corinthian Gulf, and not only shapes the gulf but also is shaped by it; and after Macedonia, the Thessalians (extending as far as the Malians) and the countries of the rest of the peoples outside the Isthmus,  {3} as also of those inside.

1. The Mediterranean and Atlantic.

2. See Book 7, Fr. 9, in Vol. III.

3. i.e., north of the Isthmus.

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 Ἑλλάδος μὲν οὖν πολλὰ ἔθνη γεγένηται, τὰ δ' ἀνωτάτω τοσαῦτα ὅσας καὶ διαλέκτους παρειλήφαμεν τὰς Ἑλληνίδας· τούτων δ' αὐτῶν τεττάρων οὐσῶν τὴν μὲν Ἰάδα τῇ παλαιᾷ Ἀτθίδι τὴν αὐτὴν φαμέν καὶ γὰρ Ἴωνες ἐκαλοῦντο οἱ τότε Ἀττικοί, καὶ ἐκεῖθέν εἰσιν οἱ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐποικήσαντες Ἴωνες καὶ χρησάμενοι τῇ νῦν λεγομένῃ γλώττῃ Ἰάδι , τὴν δὲ Δωρίδα τῇ Αἰολίδι· πάντες γὰρ οἱ ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ πλὴν Ἀθηναίων καὶ Μεγαρέων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὸν Παρνασσὸν Δωριέων καὶ νῦν ἔτι Αἰολεῖς καλοῦνται· καὶ τοὺς Δωριέας δὲ ὀλίγους ὄντας καὶ τραχυτάτην οἰκοῦντας χώραν εἰκός ἐστι τῷ ἀνεπιμίκτῳ παρατρέψαι τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἔθη πρὸς τὸ μὴ ὁμογενές, ὁμογενεῖς πρότερον ὄντας. τοῦτο δ' αὐτὸ καὶ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις συνέβη, λεπτόγεών τε καὶ τραχεῖαν οἰκοῦντας χώραν ἀπορθήτους μεῖναι διὰ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτόχθονας νομισθῆναι φησὶν ὁ Θουκυδίδης, κατέχοντας τὴν αὐτὴν ἀεί, μηδενὸς ἐξελαύνοντος αὐτοὺς μηδ' ἐπιθυμοῦντος ἔχειν τὴν ἐκείνων· τοῦτο τοίνυν αὐτὸ καὶ τοῦ ἑτερογλώττου καὶ τοῦ ἑτεροεθοῦς αἴτιον, ὡς εἰκός, ὑπῆρξε καίπερ ὀλίγοις οὖσιν. οὕτω δὲ τοῦ Αἰολικοῦ πλήθους ἐπικρατοῦντος ἐν τοῖς ἐκτὸς Ἰσθμοῦ, καὶ οἱ ἐντὸς Αἰολεῖς πρότερον ἦσαν, εἶτ' ἐμίχθησαν, Ἰώνων μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς τὸν Αἰγιαλὸν κατασχόντων, τῶν δ' Ἡρακλειδῶν τοὺς Δωριέας καταγαγόντων, ὑφ' ὧν τά τε Μέγαρα ᾠκίσθη καὶ πολλαὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ πόλεων. οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἴωνες ἐξέπεσον πάλιν ταχέως ὑπὸ Ἀχαιῶν, Αἰολικοῦ ἔθνους· ἐλείφθη δ' ἐν τῇ Πελοποννήσῳ τὰ δύο ἔθνη, τό τε Αἰολικὸν καὶ τὸ Δωρικόν. ὅσοι μὲν οὖν ἧττον τοῖς Δωριεῦσιν ἐπεπλέκοντο καθάπερ συνέβη τοῖς τε Ἀρκάσι καὶ τοῖς Ἠλείοις, τοῖς μὲν ὀρεινοῖς τελέως οὖσι καὶ οὐκ ἐμπεπτωκόσιν εἰς τὸν κλῆρον, τοῖς δ' ἱεροῖς νομισθεῖσι τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου Διὸς καὶ καθ' αὑτοὺς εἰρήνην ἄγουσι πολὺν χρόνον, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ Αἰολικοῦ γένους οὖσι καὶ δεδεγμένοις τὴν Ὀξύλῳ συγκατελθοῦσαν στρατιὰν περὶ τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν κάθοδον , οὗτοι αἰολιστὶ διελέχθησαν, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι μικτῇ τινι ἐχρήσαντο ἐξ ἀμφοῖν, οἱ μὲν μᾶλλον οἱ δ' ἧττον αἰολίζοντες· σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ νῦν κατὰ πόλεις ἄλλοι ἄλλως διαλέγονται, δοκοῦσι δὲ δωρίζειν ἅπαντες διὰ τὴν συμβᾶσαν ἐπικράτειαν. τοσαῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔθνη καὶ οὕτως, ὡς τύπῳ εἰπεῖν, ἀφωρισμένα. λέγωμεν δὴ διαλαβόντες ὃν χρὴ τρόπον τῇ τάξει περὶ αὐτῶν.

There have been many tribes in Greece, but those which go back to the earliest times are only as many in number as the Greek dialects which we have learned to distinguish. But though the dialects themselves are four in number, {4} we may say that the Ionic is the same as the ancient Attic, for the Attic people of ancient times were called Ionians, and from that stock sprang those Ionians who colonized Asia and used what is now called the Ionic speech; and we may say that the Doric dialect is the same as the Aeolic, for all the Greeks outside the Isthmus, except the Athenians and the Megarians and the Dorians who live about Parnassus, are to this day still called Aeolians. And it is reasonable to suppose that the Dorians too, since they were few in number and lived in a most rugged country, have, because of their lack of intercourse with others, changed their speech and their other customs to the extent that they are no longer a part of the same tribe as before. And this was precisely the case with the Athenians; that is, they lived in a country that was both thin-soiled and rugged, and for this reason, according to Thucydides,  {5} their country remained free from devastation, and they were regarded as an indigenous people, who always occupied the same country, since no one drove them out of their country or even desired to possess it. This, therefore, as one may suppose, was precisely the cause of their becoming different both in speech and in customs, albeit they were few in number. And just as the Aeolic element predominated in the parts outside the Isthmus, so too the people inside the Isthmus were in earlier times Aeolians; and then they became mixed with other peoples, since, in the first place, Ionians from Attica seized the Aegialus, {6} and, secondly, the Heracleidae brought back the Dorians, who founded both Megara and many of the cities of the Peloponnesus. The Ionians, however, were soon driven out again by the Achaeans, an Aeolic tribe; and so there were left in the Peloponnesus only the two tribes, the Aeolian and the Dorian. Now all the peoples who had less intercourse with the Dorians--as was the case with the Arcadians and with the Eleians, since the former were wholly mountaineers and had no share in the allotments {7} of territory, while the latter were regarded as sacred to the Olympian Zeus and hence have long lived to themselves in peace, especially because they belonged to the Aeolic stock and had admitted the army which came back with Oxylus  {8} about the time of the return of the Heracleidae--these peoples, I say, spoke the Aeolic dialect, whereas the rest used a sort of mixture of the two, some leaning more to the Aeolic and some less. And, I might almost say, even now the people of each city speaks a different dialect, although, because of the predominance which has been gained by the Dorians, one and all are reputed to speak the Doric. Such, then, are the tribes of the Greeks, and such in general terms is their ethnographical division. Let me now take them separately, following the appropriate order, and tell about them.

4. See 14. 5. 26.

5. 1. 2 and 2. 36.

6. The Peloponnesus Achaea.

7. Cp. 8. 5. 6.

8. Cp. 8. 3. 33.

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 Ἔφορος μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴν εἶναι τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὴν Ἀκαρνανίαν φησὶν ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων μερῶν· ταύτην γὰρ συνάπτειν πρώτην τοῖς Ἠπειρωτικοῖς ἔθνεσιν. ἀλλ' ὥσπερ οὗτος τῇ παραλίᾳ μέτρῳ χρώμενος ἐντεῦθεν ποιεῖται τὴν ἀρχήν, ἡγεμονικόν τι τὴν θάλατταν κρίνων πρὸς τὰς τοπογραφίας, ἐπεὶ ἄλλως γ' ἐνεχώρει κατὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων καὶ Θετταλῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀποφαίνεσθαι τῆς Ἑλλάδος· οὕτω καὶ ἡμῖν προσήκει ἀκολουθοῦσι τῇ φύσει τῶν τόπων σύμβουλον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν θάλατταν. αὕτη δ' ἐκ τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πελάγους προσπεσοῦσα τῇ μὲν ἀναχεῖται πρὸς τὸν Κορινθιακὸν κόλπον, τῇ δ' ἀποτελεῖ χερρόνησον μεγάλην τὴν Πελοπόννησον, ἰσθμῷ στενῷ κλειομένην. ἔστι δὲ τὰ δύο μέγιστα συστήματα τῆς Ἑλλάδος τό τε ἐντὸς Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ τὸ ἐκτὸς μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Πηνειοῦ· ἔστι δὲ καὶ μεῖζον καὶ ἐπιφανέστερον τὸ ἐντὸς Ἰσθμοῦ· σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ ἀκρόπολίς ἐστιν ἡ Πελοπόννησος τῆς συμπάσης Ἑλλάδος . . . χωρὶς γὰρ τῆς λαμπρότητος καὶ δυνάμεως τῶν ἐνοικησάντων ἐθνῶν αὐτὴ ἡ τῶν τόπων θέσις ὑπογράφει τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ταύτην, κόλποις τε καὶ ἄκραις πολλαῖς καὶ τοῖς σημειωδεστάτοις, χερρονήσοις μεγάλαις, διαπεποικιλμένη, ὧν ἐκ διαδοχῆς ἑτέρα τὴν ἑτέραν ἔχει. ἔστι δὲ πρώτη μὲν τῶν χερρονήσων ἡ Πελοπόννησος, ἰσθμῷ κλειομένη τετταράκοντα σταδίων. δευτέρα δὲ ἡ καὶ ταύτην περιέχουσα, ἧς ἰσθμός ἐστιν ὁ ἐκ Παγῶν τῶν Μεγαρικῶν εἰς Νίσαιαν, τὸ Μεγαρέων ἐπίνειον, ὑπερβολῇ σταδίων ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπὶ θάλατταν. τρίτη δ' ἡ καὶ ταύτην περιέχουσα, ἧς ἰσθμὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου μέχρι Θερμοπυλῶν· ἡ δ' ἐπινοουμένη εὐθεῖα γραμμὴ ὅσον πεντακοσίων ὀκτὼ σταδίων τὴν μὲν Βοιωτίαν ἅπασαν ἐντὸς ἀπολαμβάνουσα, τὴν δὲ Φωκίδα τέμνουσα λοξὴν καὶ τοὺς Ἐπικνημιδίους. τετάρτη δὲ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀμβρακικοῦ κόλπου διὰ τῆς Οἴτης καὶ τῆς Τραχινίας εἰς τὸν Μαλιακὸν κόλπον καθήκοντα ἔχουσα τὸν ἰσθμὸν καὶ τὰς Θερμοπύλας, ὅσον ὀκτακοσίων ὄντα σταδίων· πλειόνων δ' ἢ χιλίων ἄλλος ἐστὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κόλπου τοῦ Ἀμβρακικοῦ διὰ Θετταλῶν καὶ Μακεδόνων εἰς τὸν Θερμαῖον διήκων μυχόν. ὑπαγορεύει δή τινα τάξιν οὐ φαύλην ἡ τῶν χερρονήσων διαδοχή· δεῖ δ' ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλαχίστης ἄρξασθαι, ἐπιφανεστάτης δέ.

Ephorus says that, if one begins with the western parts, Acarnania is the beginning of Greece; for, he adds, Acarnania is the first to border on the tribes of the Epeirotes. But just as Ephorus, using the seacoast as his measuring-line, begins with Acarnania (for he decides in favor of the sea as a kind of guide in his description of places, because otherwise he might have represented parts that border on the land of the Macedonians and the Thessalians as the beginning), so it is proper that I too, following the natural character of the regions, should make the sea my counsellor. Now this sea, issuing forth out of the Sicilian Sea, on one side stretches to the Corinthian Gulf, and on the other forms a large peninsula, the Peloponnesus, which is closed by a narrow isthmus. Thus Greece consists of two very large bodies of land, the part inside the Isthmus, and the part outside, which extends through Pylae {9} as far as the outlet of the Peneius (this latter is the Thessalian part of Greece); {10} but the part inside the Isthmus is both larger and more famous. I might almost say that the Peloponnesus is the acropolis of Greece as a whole; {11} for, apart from the splendor and power of the tribes that have lived in it, the very topography of Greece, diversified as it is by gulfs, many capes, and, what are the most significant, large peninsulas that follow one another in succession, suggests such hegemony for it. The first of the peninsulas is the Peloponnesus which is closed by an isthmus forty stadia in width. The second includes the first; and its isthmus extends in width from Pagae in Megaris to Nisaea, the naval station of the Megarians, the distance across being one hundred and twenty stadia from sea to sea. The third likewise includes the second; and its isthmus extends in width from the recess of the Crisaean Gulf as far as Thermopylae--the imaginary straight line, about five hundred and eight stadia in length, enclosing within the peninsula the whole of Boeotia and cutting obliquely Phocis and the country of the Epicnemidians. {12} The fourth is the peninsula whose isthmus extends from the Ambracian Gulf through Oeta {13} and Trachinia to the Maliac Gulf and Thermopylae--the isthmus being about eight hundred stadia in width. But there is another isthmus, more than one thousand stadia in width, extending from the same Ambracian Gulf through the countries of the Thessalians and the Macedonians to the recess of the Thermaean Gulf. So then, the succession of the peninsulas suggests a kind of order, and not a bad one, for me to follow in my description; and I should begin with the smallest, but most famous, of them.

9. Thermopylae.

10. That is, from Pylae to the outlet of the Peneius.

11. Groskurd, Kramer and Curtius think that something like the following has fallen out of the MSS.: "and that Greece is the acropolis of the whole world."

12. The Epicnemidian Locrians.

13. Now the Katavothra Mountain. It forms a boundary between the valleys of the Spercheius and Cephissus Rivers.

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 ἔστι τοίνυν ἡ Πελοπόννησος ἐοικυῖα φύλλῳ πλατάνου τὸ σχῆμα, ἴση σχεδόν τι κατὰ μῆκος καὶ κατὰ πλάτος ὅσον χιλίων καὶ τετρακοσίων σταδίων, τὸ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω, τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χελωνάτα δι' Ὀλυμπίας καὶ τῆς Μεγαλοπολίτιδος ἐπὶ Ἰσθμόν· τὸ δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ νότου πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον, ὅ ἐστι τὸ ἀπὸ Μαλεῶν δι' Ἀρκαδίας εἰς Αἴγιον· ἡ δὲ περίμετρος μὴ κατακολπίζοντι τετρακισχιλίων σταδίων, ὡς Πολύβιος· Ἀρτεμίδωρος δὲ καὶ τετρακοσίους προστίθησι· κατακολπίζοντι δὲ πλείους τῶν ἑξακοσίων ἐπὶ τοῖς πεντακισχιλίοις. ὁ δ' Ἰσθμὸς κατὰ τὸν δίολκον, δι' οὗ τὰ πορθμεῖα ὑπερνεωλκοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἑτέρας εἰς τὴν ἑτέραν θάλατταν, εἴρηται ὅτι τετταράκοντα σταδίων ἐστίν.

Now the Peloponnesus is like a leaf of a plane tree in shape, {14} its length and breadth being almost equal, that is, about fourteen hundred stadia. Its length is reckoned from the west to the east, that is, from Chelonatas {15} through Olympia and Megalopolis to the Isthmus; and its width, from the south towards the north, that is, from Maleae {16} through Arcadia to Aegium. {17} The perimeter, not following the sinuosities of the gulfs, is four thousand stadia, according to Polybius, although Artemidorus adds four hundred more; {18} but following the sinuosities of the gulfs, it is more than five thousand six hundred. The width of the Isthmus at the "Diolcus," {19} where the ships are hauled overland from one sea to the other, is forty stadia, as I have already said.

14. Cp. 2. 1. 30.

15. Cape Chelonatas, opposite the island Zacynthos; now Cape Tornese.

16. Cape Maleae.

17. The Aegion, or Aegium, of today, though until recent times more generally known by its later name Vostitza.

18. Polybius counted 8 1/3 stadia to the mile (7. Fr. 56).

19. Literally, "Haul-across"; the name of "the narrowest part of the Isthmus" (8. 6. 4.), and probably applied to the road itself.

008.002.002

 ἔχουσι δὲ τῆς χερρονήσου ταύτης τὸ μὲν ἑσπέριον μέρος Ἠλεῖοι καὶ Μεσσήνιοι, κλυζόμενοι τῷ Σικελικῷ πελάγει· προσλαμβάνουσι δὲ καὶ τῆς ἑκατέρωθεν παραλίας, ἡ μὲν Ἠλεία πρὸς ἄρκτον ἐπιστρέφουσα καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κορινθιακοῦ κόλπου μέχρι ἄκρας Ἀράξου, καθ' ἣν ἀντίπορθμός ἐστιν ἥ τε Ἀκαρνανία καὶ αἱ προκείμεναι νῆσοι, Ζάκυνθος καὶ Κεφαλληνία καὶ Ἰθάκη καὶ ἇἶ Ἐχινάδες, ὧν ἐστι καὶ τὸ Δουλίχιον· τῆς δὲ Μεσσηνίας τὸ πλέον ἀνεῳγμένον πρὸς νότον καὶ τὸ Λιβυκὸν πέλαγος μέχρι τῶν καλουμένων Θυρίδων πλησίον Ταινάρου. ἑξῆς δὲ μετὰ μὲν τὴν Ἠλείαν ἐστὶ τὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἔθνος πρὸς ἄρκτους βλέπον καὶ τῷ Κορινθιακῷ κόλπῳ παρατεῖνον, τελευτᾷ δ' εἰς τὴν Σικυωνίαν· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ Σικυὼν καὶ Κόρινθος ἐκδέχεται μέχρι τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ· μετὰ δὲ τὴν Μεσσηνίαν ἡ Λακωνικὴ καὶ ἡ Ἀργεία, μέχρι τοῦ Ἰσθμοῦ καὶ αὕτη. κόλποι δ' εἰσὶν ἐνταῦθα ὅ τε Μεσσηνιακὸς καὶ ὁ Λακωνικὸς καὶ τρίτος ὁ Ἀργολικός, τέταρτος δ' ὁ Ἑρμιονικὸς καὶ Σαρωνικός οἱ δὲ Σαλαμινιακὸν καλοῦσιν , ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἡ Λιβυκὴ τοὺς δ' ἡ Κρητικὴ θάλαττα πληροῖ καὶ τὸ Μυρτῷον πέλαγος· τινὲς δὲ καὶ τὸν Σαρωνικὸν πόρον ἦ πέλαγος ὀνομάζουσι. μέση δ' ἐστὶν ἡ Ἀρκαδία πᾶσιν ἐπικειμένη καὶ γειτνιῶσα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔθνεσιν.

The western part of this peninsula is occupied by the Eleians and the Messenians, whose countries are washed by the Sicilian Sea. In addition, they also hold a part of the seacoast in both directions, for the Eleian country curves towards the north and the beginning of the Corinthian Gulf as far as Cape Araxus (opposite which, across the straits, lie Acarnania and the islands off its coast--Zacynthos, Cephallenia, Ithaca, and also the Echinades, among which is Dulichium), whereas the greater part of the Messenian country opens up towards the south and the Libyan Sea as far as what is called Thyrides, {20} near Taenarum. Next after the Eleian country comes the tribe of the Achaeans, {21} whose country faces towards the north and stretches along the Corinthian Gulf, ending at Sicyonia. Then come in succession Sicyon and Corinth, the territory of the latter extending as far as the Isthmus. After the Messenian country come the Laconian and the Argive, the latter also extending as far as the Isthmus. The gulfs on this coast are: first, the Messenian; second, the Laconian; third, the Argolic; fourth, the Hermionic; and fifth, the Saronic, by some called the Salaminiac. Of these gulfs the first two are filled by the Libyan Sea, and the others by the Cretan and Myrtoan Seas. Some, however, call the Saronic Gulf "Strait" or "Sea." In the interior of the peninsula is Arcadia, which touches as next door neighbor the countries of all those other tribes.

20. See 8. 5. 1, and footnote.

21. See 8. 7. 4, and footnote.

008.002.003

 ὁ δὲ Κορινθιακὸς κόλπος ἄρχεται μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Εὐήνου τινὲς δέ φασιν τοῦ Ἀχελώου τοῦ ὁρίζοντος Ἀκαρνᾶνας καὶ τοὺς Αἰτωλοὺς καὶ τοῦ Ἀράξου. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ πρῶτον ἀξιόλογον συναγωγὴν λαμβάνουσι πρὸς ἀλλήλας αἱ ἑκατέρωθεν ἀκταί· προϊοῦσαι δὲ πλέον τελέως συμπίπτουσι κατὰ τὸ Ῥίον καὶ τὸ Ἀντίρριον, ὅσον δὴ πέντε σταδίων ἀπολείπουσαι πορθμόν. ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν Ῥίον τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἁλιτενὴς ἄκρα, δρεπανοειδῆ τινα ἐπιστροφὴν εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς ἔχουσα· καὶ δὴ καὶ καλεῖται Δρέπανον· κεῖται δὲ μεταξὺ Πατρῶν καὶ Αἰγίου Ποσειδῶνος ἱερὸν ἔχουσα· τὸ δ' Ἀντίρριον ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς Αἰτωλίας καὶ τῆς Λοκρίδος ἵδρυται, καλοῦσι δὲ καἶ Μολύκριον Ῥίον. εἶτ' ἐντεῦθεν διίσταται πάλιν ἡ παραλία μετρίως ἑκατέρωθεν, προελθοῦσα δ' εἰς τὸν Κρισαῖον κόλπον ἐνταῦθα τελευτᾷ, κλειομένη τοῖς προσεσπερίοις τῆς Βοιωτίας καὶ τῆς Μεγαρικῆς τέρμοσιν. ἔχει δὲ τὴν περίμετρον ὁ Κορινθιακὸς κόλπος ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ Εὐήνου μέχρι Ἀράξου σταδίων δισχιλίων διακοσίων τριάκοντα· εἰ δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀχελώου, πλεονάζοι ἂν ἑκατόν που σταδίοις. ἀπὸ μέντοι Ἀχελώου ἐπὶ τὸν Εὔηνον Ἀκαρνᾶνές εἰσιν, εἶθ' ἑξῆς ἐπὶ τὸ Ἀντίρριον Αἰτωλοί, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν μέχρι Ἰσθμοῦ Φωκέων ἐστὶ καὶ Βοιωτῶν καὶ τῆς Μεγαρίδος, στάδιοι χίλιοι ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι δυεῖν δέοντες· ἡ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀντιρρίου μέχρι Ἰσθμοῦ θάλαττα . . . Ἀλκυονὶς καλεῖται, μέρος οὖσα τοῦ Κρισαίου κόλπου· ἇπὸ δὲ τοὖ Ἰσθμοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄραξον τριάκοντα ἐπὶ τοῖς χιλίοις. ὡς μὲν δὴ τύπῳ εἰπεῖν τοιαύτη τις καὶ τοσαύτη ἡ τῆς Πελοποννήσου θέσις καὶ τῆς ἀντιπόρθμου γῆς μέχρι τοῦ μυχοῦ, τοιοῦτος δὲ καὶ ὁ μεταξὺ ἀμφοῖν κόλπος. εἶτα καθ' ἕκαστα ἐροῦμεν, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἠλείας ποιησάμενοι.

The Corinthian Gulf begins, on the one side, at the outlets of the Evenus (though some say at the outlets of the Acheloüs, the river that separates the Acarnanians and the Aetolians), and, on the other, at Araxus; {22} for here the shores on either side first draw notably nearer to one another; then in their advance they all but  {23} meet at Rhium and Antirrhium, where they leave between them a strait only about five stadia in width. Rhium, belonging to the Achaeans, is a low-lying cape; it bends inwards (and it is in fact called "Sickle "). {24} It lies between Patrae and Aegium, and possesses a temple of Poseidon. Antirrhium is situated on the common boundary of Aetolia and Locris; and people call it Molycrian Rhium. {25} Then, from here, the shoreline on either side again draws moderately apart, and then, advancing into the Crisaean Gulf, it comes to an end there, being shut in by the westerly limits of Boeotia and Megaris. {26} The perimeter of the Corinthian Gulf if one measures from the Evenus to Araxus, is two thousand two hundred and thirty stadia; but if one measures from the Acheloüs, it is about a hundred stadia more. Now from the Acheloüs to the Evenus the coast is occupied by Acarnanians; {27} and thence to Antirrhium, by Aetolians; but the remaining coast, as far as the Isthmus, belongs to {28} the Phocians, the Boeotians and Megaris--a distance of one thousand one hundred and eighteen stadia. The sea from Antirrhium as far as the Isthmus {29} is called Alcyonian, it being a part of the Crisaean Gulf. Again, from the Isthmus to Araxus the distance is one thousand and thirty stadia. Such, then, in general terms, is the position and extent of the Peloponnesus, and of the land that lies opposite to it across the arm of the sea as far as the recess; and such, too, is the character of the gulf that lies between the two bodies of land. Now I shall describe each part in detail, beginning with the Eleian country.

22. Cape Araxus; now Kalogria.

23. Lit. "more completely" (see critical note).

24. Cape "Drepanum." Strabo confuses Cape Rhium with Cape Drepanum, since the two were separated by the Bay of Panormus (see Frazer's Paus. 7.22.10, 7.23.4, notes, and Curtius' Peloponnesos, I. p. 447).

25. After Molycreia, a small Aetolian town near by.

26. "Crisaean Gulf" (the Gulf of Salona of today) was often used in this broader sense. Cp. 8. 6. 21.

27. Strabo thus commits himself against the assertion of others (see at the beginning of the paragraph) that the Acheloüs separates the Acarnanians and the Aetolians.

28. The Greek for "the Locrians and" seems to have fallen out of the MSS. at this point; for Strabo has just said that "Antirrhium is on the common boundary of Aetolia and Locris" (see 9. 3. 1).

29. Some of the editors believe that words to the following effect have fallen out at this point: "is the Crisaean Gulf; but the sea from the city Creusa."

008.003.001

 νῦν μὲν δὴ πᾶσαν Ἠλείαν ὀνομάζουσι τὴν μεταξὺ Ἀχαιῶν τε καὶ Μεσσηνίων παραλίαν, ἀνέχουσαν εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν τὴν πρὸς Ἀρκαδίᾳ τῇ κατὰ Φολόην καὶ Ἀζᾶνας καὶ Παρρασίους. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ παλαιὸν εἰς πλείους δυναστείας διῄρητο, εἶτ' εἰς δύο, τήν τε τῶν Ἐπειῶν καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ Νέστορι τῷ Νηλέως· καθάπερ καὶ Ὅμηρος εἴρηκε, τὴν μὲν τῶν Ἐπειῶν ὀνομάζων Ἠλιν

ἠδὲ παρ' Ἤλιδα δῖαν, ὅθι κρατέουσιν Ἐπειοί, 

τὴν δ' ὑπὸ τῷ Νέστορι Πύλον, δι' ἧς τὸν Ἀλφειὸν ῥεῖν φησιν,

Ἀλφειοῦ, ὅς τ' εὐρὺ ῥέει Πυλίων διὰ γαίης. 

Πύλον μὲν οὖν καὶ πόλιν οἶδεν ὁ ποιητής

οἱ δὲ Πύλον, Νηλῆος ἐυκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, ἷξον. 

οὐ διὰ τῆς πόλεως δὲ οὐδὲ παρ' αὐτὴν ῥεῖ ὁ Ἀλφειός, ἀλλὰ παρ' αὐτὴν μὲν ἕτερος, ὃν οἱ μὲν Παμισὸν οἱ δὲ Ἄμαθον καλοῦσιν, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ ὁ Πύλος Ἠμαθόεις εἰρῆσθαι οὗτος δοκεῖ, διὰ δὲ τῆς χώρας τῆς Πυλίας ὁ Ἀλφειός.

At the present time the whole of the seaboard that lies between the countries of the Achaeans and the Messenians, and extends inland to the Arcadian districts of Pholoë, of the Azanes, and of the Parrhasians, is called the Eleian country. But in early times this country was divided into several domains; and afterwards into two--that of the Epeians and that under the rule of Nestor the son of Neleus; just as Homer, too, states, when he calls the land of the Epeians by the name of "Elis" ("and {30} passed goodly Elis, where the Epeians hold sway" {31} ), and the land under the rule of Nestor, "Pylus," through which, he says, the Alpheius flows ("of the Alpheius, that floweth in wide stream through the land of the Pylians" {32} ). Of course Homer also knew of Pylus as a city ("and they reached Pylus, the well-built city of Nestor" {33} ), but the Alpheius does not flow through the city, nor past it either; in fact, another river flows past it, a river which some call "Pamisus" and others "Amathus" (whence, apparently, the epithet "Emathoëis" which has been applied to this Pylus), but the Alpheius flows through the Pylian country.

30. sc. "the ship."

31. Hom. Od. 15.298

32. Hom. Il. 5.545

33. Hom. Od. 3.4

008.003.002

 Ἠλις δὲ ἡ νῦν πόλις οὔπω ἔκτιστο καθ' Ὅμηρον, ἀλλ' ἡ χώρα κωμηδὸν ᾠκεῖτο· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ κοίλη Ἠλις ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος· τοιαύτη γὰρ ἦν ἡ πλείστη καὶ ἀρίστη· ὀψὲ δέ ποτε συνῆλθον εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν Ἠλιν, μετὰ τὰ Περσικά, ἐκ πολλῶν δήμων. σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τόπους τοὺς κατὰ Πελοπόννησον πλὴν ὀλίγων, οὓς κατέλεξεν ὁ ποιητής, οὐ πόλεις ἀλλὰ χώρας νομίζειν δεἶ, συστήματα δήμων ἔχουσαν ἑκάστην πλείω, ἐξ ὧν ὕστερον αἱ γνωριζόμεναι πόλεις συνῳκίσθησαν, οἷον τῆς Ἀρκαδίας Μαντίνεια μὲν ἐκ πέντε δήμων ὑπ' Ἀργείων συνῳκίσθη, Τεγέα δ' ἐξ ἐννέα, ἐκ τοσούτων δὲ καὶ Ἡραία ὑπὸ Κλεομβρότου ἢ ὑπὸ Κλεωνύμου· ὡς δ' αὕτως Αἴγιον ἐξ ἑπτὰ ἢ ὀκτὼ δήμων συνεπολίσθη, Πάτραι δὲ ἐξ ἑπτά, Δύμη δὲ ἐξ ὀκτώ· οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἡ Ἠλις ἐκ τῶν περιοικίδων συνεπολίσθη· μία τούτων προσκτις . . . Ἀγριάδες. ῥεῖ δὲ διὰ τῆς πόλεως ὁ Πηνειὸς ποταμὸς παρὰ τὸ γυμνάσιον αὐτῆς· ἔπραξάν τε τοῦτο Ἠλεῖοι χρόνοις ὕστερον πολλοῖς τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς μεταστάσεως τῶν χωρίων τῶν ὑπὸ τῷ Νέστορι.

What is now the city of Elis had not yet been founded in Homer's time; in fact, the people of the country lived only in villages. And the country was called Coele {34} Elis from the fact in the case, for the most and best of it was "Coele." It was only relatively late, after the Persian wars, that people came together from many communities into what is now the city of Elis. And I might almost say that, with only a few exceptions, the other Peloponnesian places named by the poet were also named by him, not as cities, but as countries, each country being composed of several communities, from which in later times the well-known cities were settled. For instance, in Arcadia, Mantineia was settled by Argive colonists from five communities; and Tegea from nine; and also Heraea from nine, either by Cleombrotus or by Cleonymus. And in the same way the city Aegium was made up of seven or eight communities; the city Patrae of seven; and the city Dyme of eight. And in this way the city Elis was also made up of the communities of the surrounding country (one of these . . . the Agriades). {35} The Peneius River flows through the city past the gymnasium. And the Eleians did not make this gymnasium until a long time after the districts that were under Nestor had passed into their possession.

34. Literally, "Hollow"; that is, consisting of hollows. So "Coele Syria" (16. 2. 2), a district of Syria.

35. It seems impossible to restore what Strabo wrote here. He appears to have said either (1) that Elis was the name of one of the original communities and that the community of the Agriades was later added, or simply (2) that one of the communities, that of the Agriades, was later added. But the "Agriades" are otherwise unknown, and possibly, as C. Müller (Ind. Var. Lect., p. 989) suggests, Strabo wrote "Anigriades"--if indeed there was such a people (see 8. 3. 19). See critical note on opposite page.

008.003.003

 ἦν δὲ ταῦτα ἥ τε Πισᾶτις, ἧς ἡ Ὀλυμπία μέρος, καὶ ἡ Τριφυλία καὶ ἡ τῶν Καυκώνων. Τριφύλιοι δ' ἐκλήθησαν ἀπὸ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος, ἀπὸ τοῦ τρία φῦλα συνεληλυθέναι, τό τε τῶν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς Ἐπειῶν καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐποικησάντων ὕστερον Μινυῶν καὶ τὸ τῶν ὕστατα ἐπικρατησάντων Ἠλείων· οἱ δ' ἀντὶ τῶν Μινυῶν Ἀρκάδας φασίν, ἀμφισβητήσαντας τῆς χώρας πολλάκις, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Ἀρκαδικὸς Πύλος ἐκλήθη ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ Τριφυλιακός. Ὅμηρος δὲ ταύτην ἅπασαν τὴν χώραν μέχρι Μεσσήνης καλεῖ Πύλον ὁμωνύμως τῇ πόλει. ὅτι δὲ διώριστο ἡ κοίλη Ἠλις ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπὸ τῷ Νέστορι τόπων, ὁ τῶν νεῶν κατάλογος δηλοῖ τοῖς τῶν ἡγεμόνων καὶ τῶν κατοικιῶν ὀνόμασι. λέγω δὲ ταῦτα συμβάλλων τά τε νῦν καὶ τὰ ὑφ' Ὁμήρου λεγόμενα· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἀντεξετάζεσθαι ταῦτα ἐκείνοις διὰ τὴν τοῦ ποιητοῦ δόξαν καὶ συντροφίαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς, τότε νομίζοντος ἑκάστου κατορθοῦσθαι τὴν παροῦσαν πρόθεσιν, ὅταν ᾗ μηδὲν ἀντιπῖπτον τοῖς οὕτω σφόδρα πιστευθεῖσι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν λόγοις· δεῖ δὴ τά τε ὄντα λέγειν καὶ τὰ τοῦ ποιητοῦ παρατιθέντας ἐφ' ὅσον προσήκει προσσκοπεῖν.

These districts were Pisatis (of which Olympia was a part), Triphylia, and the country of the Cauconians. The Triphylians {36} were so called from the fact that three tribes of people had come together in that country--that of the Epeians, who were there at the outset, and that of the Minyans, who later settled there, and that of the Eleians, who last dominated the country. But some name the Arcadians in the place of the Minyans, since the Arcadians had often disputed the possession of the country; and hence the same Pylus was called both Arcadian Pylus and Triphylian Pylus. {37} Homer calls this whole country as far as Messene "Pylus," giving it the same name as the city. But Coele Elis was distinct from the places subject to Nestor, as is shown in the Catalogue of Ships by the names of the chieftains and of their abodes. I say this because I am comparing present conditions with those described by Homer; for we must needs institute this comparison because of the fame of the poet and because of our familiarity with him from our childhood, since all of us believe that we have not successfully treated any subject which we may have in hand until there remains in our treatment nothing that conflicts with what the poet says on the same subject, such confidence do we have in his words. Accordingly, I must give conditions as they now are, and then, citing the words of the poet, in so far as they bear on the matter, take them also into consideration.

36. "Tri," three, and "phyla," tribes.

37. Now Kakovatos (Dr. Blegen, Korakou, p. 119, American School of Classical Studies, 1921).

008.003.004

 ἔστι δέ τις ἄκρα τῆς Ἠλείας πρόσβορρος ἀπὸ ἑξήκοντα Δύμης Ἀχαϊκῆς πόλεως Ἄραξος. ταύτην μὲν οὖν ἀρχὴν τίθεμεν τῆς τῶν Ἠλείων παραλίας· μετὰ δὲ ταύτην ἐστὶν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑσπέραν προϊοῦσι τὸ τῶν Ἠλείων ἐπίνειον ἡ Κυλλήνη, ἀνάβασιν ἔχουσα ἐπὶ τὴν νῦν πόλιν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίων. μέμνηται δὲ τῆς Κυλλήνης ταύτης καὶ Ὅμηρος λέγων Ὠτον Κυλλήνιον ἀρχὸν Ἐπειῶν. οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀρκαδικοῦ ὄρους ὄντα ἔμελλεν ἡγεμόνα τῶν Ἐπειῶν ἀποφῆναι· ἔστι δὲ κώμη μετρία, τὸν Ἀσκληπιὸν ἔχουσα τὸν Κολώτου, θαυμαστὸν ἰδεῖν ξόανον ἐλεφάντινον. μετὰ δὲ Κυλλήνην ἀκρωτήριόν ἐστιν ὁ Χελωνάτας, δυσμικώτατον τῆς Πελοποννήσου σημεῖον. πρόκειται δ' αὐτοῦ νησίον καὶ βραχέα ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς τε κοίλης Ἤλιδος καὶ τῆς Πισατῶν, ὅθεν εἰς Κεφαλληνίαν πλέοντι ἑἰσὶν οὐ πλεἶους στάδιοι ὀγδοήκοντα. αὐτοῦ δέ που καὶ ὁ Ἐλίσων ἢ Ἔλισα ῥεῖ ποταμὸς ἐν τῇ λεχθείσῃ μεθορίᾳ.

In the Eleian country, on the north, is a cape, Araxus, sixty stadia distant from Dyme, an Achaean city. This cape, then, I put down as the beginning of the seaboard of the Eleians. After this cape, as one proceeds towards the west, one comes to the naval station of the Eleians, Cyllene, from which there is a road leading inland to the present city Elis, a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. Homer, too, mentions this Cyllene when he says, "Otus, a Cyllenian, a chief of the Epeians," {38} for he would not have represented a chieftain of the Epeians as being from the Arcadian mountain. {39} Cyllene is a village of moderate size; and it has the Asclepius made by Colotes--an ivory image that is wonderful to behold. After Cyllene one comes to the promontory Chelonatas, the most westerly point of the Peloponnesus. Off Chelonatas lies an isle, and also some shallows that are on the common boundary between Coele Elis and the country of the Pisatae; and from here the voyage to Cephallenia is not more than eighty stadia. Somewhere in this neighborhood, on the aforesaid boundary line, there also flows the River Elison or Elisa.

38. Hom. Il. 15.518.

39. Mt. Cyllene, now Mt. Zyria.

008.003.005

 μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Χελωνάτα καὶ τῆς Κυλλήνης ὅ τε Πηνειὸς ἐκδίδωσι ποταμὸς καὶ ὁ Σελλήεις ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγόμενος, ῥέων ἐκ Φολόης· ἐφ' ᾧ Ἐφύρα πόλις, ἑτέρα τῆς Θεσπρωτικῆς καὶ Θετταλικῆς καὶ τῆς Κορίνθου, τετάρτη τις ἐπὶ τῇ ὁδῷ κειμένη τῇ ἐπὶ Λασίωνα, ἤτοι ἡ αὐτὴ οὖσα τῇ Βοινώᾳ τὴν γὰρ Οἰνόην οὕτω καλεῖν εἰώθασιν ἢ πλησίον ἐκείνης, διέχουσα τῆς Ἠλείων πόλεως σταδίους ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν· ἐξ ἧς ἥ τε Τληπολέμου τοῦ Ἡρακλέους δοκεῖ λέγεσθαι μήτηρ

τὴν ἄγετ' ἐξ Ἐφύρης ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος 

ἐκεῖ γὰρ μᾶλλον αἱ τοῦ Ἡρακλέους στρατεῖαι, πρὸς ἐκείναις τε οὐδεὶς ποταμὸς Σελλήεις , καὶ ὁ τοῦ Μέγητος θώραξ

τόν ποτε Φυλεὺς ἤγαγεν ἐξ Ἐφύρης ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος 

ἐξ ἧς καὶ τὰ φάρμακα τὰ ἀνδροφόνα. εἰς Ἐφύραν γὰρ ἀφῖχθαι ἧ Ἀθηνἆ φησὶ τὸν Ὀδυσσέα

φάρμακον ἀνδροφόνον διζήμενον, ὄφρα οἱ εἴη ἰοὺς χρίεσθα 

καὶ τὸν Τηλέμαχον οἱ μνηστῆρες

ἠὲ καὶ εἰς Ἐφύρην ἐθέλει πίειραν ἄρουραν ἐλθεῖν, ὄφρ' ἔνθεν θυμοφθόρα φάρμακ' ἐνείκῃ. 

καὶ γὰρ τὴν Αὐγέου θυγατέρα τοῦ τῶν Ἐπειῶν βασιλέως ὁ Νέστωρ ἐν τῇ διηγήσει τοῦ πρὸς αὐτοὺς πολέμου φαρμακίδα εἰσάγει

πρῶτος ἐγὼν ἕλον ἄνδρα φήσας Μούλιον αἰχμητήν, γαμβρὸς δ' ἦν Αὐγείαο, πρεσβυτάτην δὲθύγατρ' εἶχεν, ἣ τόσα φάρμακα ᾔδη, ὅσα τρέφει εὐρεῖα χθών. 

ἔστι δὲ καὶ περὶ Σικυῶνα Σελλήεις ποταμὸς καὶ Ἐφύρα πλησίον κώμη, καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀγραίᾳ τῆς Αἰτωλίας Ἐφύρα κώμη, οἱ δ' ἀπ' αὐτῆς Ἔφυροι· καὶ ἄλλοι οἱ Περραιβῶν πρὸς Μακεδονία, οἱ Κραννώνιοι, καὶ οἱ Θεσπρωτικοὶ οἱ ἐκ Κιχύρου τῆς πρότερον Ἐφύρας.

It is between Chelonatas and Cyllene that the River Peneius empties; as also the River Sellëeis, which is mentioned by the poet and flows out of Pholoe. On the Sellëeis is situated a city Ephyra, which is to be distinguished from the Thesprotian, Thessalian, and Corinthian Ephyras; {40} it is a fourth Ephyra, and is situated on the road that leads to Lasion, being either the same city as Boenoa (for thus Oenoe is usually called), or else near that city, at a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia from the city of the Eleians. This, apparently, is the Ephyra which Homer calls the home of the mother of Tlepolemus the son of Heracles (for the expeditions of Heracles were in this region rather than in any of the other three) when he says, "whom he had brought out of Ephyra, from the River Sellëeis" {41} . {42} and there is no River Sellëeis near the other Ephyras. Again, he says of the corselet of Meges: "this corselet Phyleus once brought out of Ephyra, from the River Sellëeis." {43} And thirdly, the man-slaying drugs: for Homer says that Odysseus came to Ephyra "in search of a man-slaying drug, that he might have wherewithal to smear his arrows" {44} ; and in speaking of Telemachus the wooers say: "or else he means to go to the fertile soil of Ephyra, that from there he may bring deadly drugs" {45} ; for Nestor, in his narrative of his war against the Epeians, introduces the daughter of Augeas, the king of the Epeians, as a mixer of drugs: "I was the first that slew a man, even the spearman Mulius; he was a son-in-law of Augeias, having married his eldest daughter, and she knew all drugs that are nourished by the wide earth." {46} But there is another River Sellëeis near Sicyon, and near the river a village Ephyra. And in the Agraean district of Aetolia there is a village Ephyra; its inhabitants are called Ephyri. And there are still other Ephyri, I mean the branch of the Perrhaebians who live near Macedonia (the Crannonians), {47} as also those Thesprotian Ephyri of Cichyrus, {48} which in earlier times was called Ephyra.

40. The site of the Corinthian Ephyra is probably to be identified with that of the prehistoric Korakou (Dr. Blegen, op. cit., p. 54).

41. Hom. Il. 2.659

42. The mother of Tlepolemus was Astyocheia.

43. Hom. Il. 15.530

44. Hom. Od. 1.261

45. Hom. Od. 2.328

46. Hom. Il. 11.738

47. See 7. Fr. 16.

48. See 7. 7. 5.

008.003.006

 Ἀπολλόδωρος δὲ διδάσκων ὃν τρόπον ὁ ποιητὴς εἴωθε διαστέλλεσθαι τὰς ὁμωνυμίας, οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὀρχομενοῦ τὸν μὲν Ἀρκαδικὸν πολύμηλον καλῶν τὸν δὲ Βοιωτιακὸν Μινύειον, καὶ Σάμον Θρηικίην συντιθείς

μεσσηγύς τε Σάμοιο καὶ Ἴμβρου, 

ἵνα χωρίσῃ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰωνικῆς, οὕτω φησὶ καὶ τὴν Θεσπρωτικὴν Ἐφύραν διαστέλλεσθαι τῷ τε τηλόθεν καὶ τῷ

ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. 

ταῦτα δ' οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Σκηψίου Δημητρίου λεγομένοις, παρ' οὗ μεταφέρει τὰ πλεῖστα. ἐκεῖνος γὰρ οὔ φησιν εἶναι Σελλήεντα ἐν Θεσπρωτοῖς ποταμόν, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ Ἠλείᾳ παρὰ τὴν ἐκεῖ Ἐφύραν, ὡς προείπομεν. τοῦτό τε οὖν εἴρηκε σκέψεως δεόμενον καὶ περὶ τῆς Οἰχαλίας ὅτι φησὶν οὐ μιᾶς οὔσης, μίαν εἶναι πόλιν Εὐρύτου Οἰχαλιῆος· δῆλον οὖν ὅτι τὴν Θετταλικήν, ἐφ' ἧς φησιν

οἵ τ' ἔχον Οἰχαλίην, πόλιν Εὐρύτου Οἰχαλιῆος 

τίς οὖν ἔστιν ἐξ ἧς ὁρμηθέντα αἱ Μοῦσαι κατὰ Δώριον

ἀντόμεναι Θάμυριν τὸν Θρήικα παῦσαν ἀοιδῆς; 

φησὶ γάρ

Οἰχαλίηθεν ἰόντα παρ' Εὐρύτου Οἰχαλιῆος. 

εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἡ Θετταλική, οὐκ εὖ πάλιν ὁ Σκήψιος Ἀρκαδικήν τινα λέγων, ἣν νῦν Ἀνδανίαν καλοῦσιν· εἰ δ' οὗτος εὖ, καὶ ἡ Ἀρκαδικὴ πόλις Εὐρύτου εἴρηται, ὥστ' οὐ μία μόνον· ἐκεῖνος δὲ μίαν φησί.

Apollodorus, in teaching us how the poet is wont to distinguish between places of the same name, says that as the poet, in the case of Orchomenus, for instance, refers to the Arcadian Orchomenus as "abounding in flocks" {49} and to the Boeotian Orchomenus as "Minyeian," {50} and refers to Samos as the Thracian Samos {51} by connecting it with a neighboring island, {52} "betwixt Samos and Imbros," {53} in order to distinguish it from Ionian Samos--so too, Apollodorus says, the poet distinguishes the Thesprotian Ephyra both by the word "distant" and by the phrase "from the River Sellëeis." {54}  {55} In this, however, Apollodorus is not in agreement with what Demetrius of Scepsis says, from whom he borrows most of his material; for Demetrius says that there is no River Sellëeis among the Thesprotians, but says that it is in the Eleian country and flows past the Ephyra there, as I have said before. In this statement, therefore, Apollodorus was in want of perception; {56} as also in his statement concerning Oechalia, because, although Oechalia is the name of not merely one city, he says that there is only one city of Eurytus the Oechalian, namely, the Thessalian Oechalia, in reference to which Homer says: "Those that held Oechalia, city of Eurytus the Oechalian." {57} What Oechalia, pray, was it from which Thamyris had set out when, near Dorium, the Muses "met Thamyris the Thracian and put a stop to his singing"? {58} For Homer adds: "as he was on his way from Oechalia, from Eurytus the Oechalian." {59} For if it was the Thessalian Oechalia, Demetrius of Scepsis is wrong again when he says that it was a certain Arcadian Oechalia, which is now called Andania; but if Demetrius is right, Arcadian Oechalia was also called "city of Eurytus," and therefore there was not merely one Oechalia; but Apollodorus says that there was one only.

49. Hom. Il. 2.605.

50. Hom. Il. 2.511.

51. Samothrace.

52. See 10. 2. 17.

53. Hom. Il. 24.78

54. Hom. Il. 2.659

55. Cp. 7. 7. 10.

56. "Scepsis," the Greek word here translated "perception," seems to be a pun on (Demetrius of) "Scepsis."

57. Hom. Il. 2.730

58. Hom. Il. 2.595>

59. Hom. Il. 2.596

008.003.007

 μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Πηνειοῦ καὶ τῆς Σελλήεντος ἐμβολῆς Πύλος ᾠκεῖτο κατὰ τὸ Σκόλλιον, οὐχ ἡ τοῦ Νέστορος πόλις, ἀλλ' ἑτέρα τις, ᾖ πρὸς τὸν Ἀλφειὸν οὐδέν ἐστι κοινώνημα, οὐδὲ πρὸς τὸν Παμισόν, εἴτε Ἄμαθον χρὴ καλεῖν. βιάζονται δ' ἔνιοι μνηστευόμενοι τὴν Νέστορος δόξαν καὶ τὴν εὐγένειαν· τριῶν γὰρ Πύλων ἱστορουμένων ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ καθότι καὶ τὸ ἔπος εἴρηται τουτί

ἔστι Πύλος πρὸ Πύλοιο· Πύλος γε μέν ἐστι καὶ ἄλλος 

τούτου τε καὶ τοῦ Λεπρεατικοῦ τοῦ ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ καὶ τῇ Πισάτιδι, τρίτου δὲ τοῦ Μεσσηνιακοῦ τοῦ κατὰ Κορυφάσιον, ἕκαστοι τὸν παρά σφισιν ἠμαθόεντα πειρῶνται δεικνύναι, καὶ τὴν τοῦ Νέστορος πατρίδα τοῦτον ἀποφαίνουσιν. οἱ μὲν οὖν πολλοὶ τῶν νεωτέρων καὶ συγγραφέων καὶ ποιητῶν Μεσσήνιόν φασι τὸν Νέστορα, τῷ σωζομένῳ μέχρι εἰς αὐτοὺς προστιθέμενοι· οἱ δ' Ὁμηρικώτεροι τοῖς ἔπεσιν ἀκολουθοῦντες τοῦτον εἶναί φασι τὸν τοῦ Νέστορος Πύλον, οὗ τὴν χώραν διέξεισιν ὁ Ἀλφειός· διέξεισι δὲ τὴν Πισᾶτιν καὶ τὴν Τριφυλίαν. οἱ δ' οὖν ἐκ τῆς κοίλης Ἤλιδος καὶ τοιαύτην φιλοτιμίαν προσετίθεσαν τῷ παρ' αὐτοῖς Πύλῳ, καὶ γνωρίσματα δεικνύντες Γέρηνον τόπον καὶ Γέροντα ποταμὸν καὶ ἄλλον Γεράνιον, εἶτ' ἀπὸ τούτων ἐπιθέτως Γερήνιον εἰρῆσθαι πιστούμενοι τὸν Νέστορα. τοῦτο δὲ ταὐτὸ καὶ οἱ Μεσσήνιοι πεποιήκασι, καὶ πιθανώτεροί γε φαίνονται· μᾶλλον γὰρ γνώριμά φασιν εἶναι τὰ παρ' ἐκείνοις Γέρηνα, συνοικουμένην ποτὲ εὖ. τοιαῦτα μὲν τὰ περὶ τὴν κοίλην Ἠλιν ὑπάρχοντα νυνί.

It was between the outlets of the Peneius and the Sellëeis, near the Scollium, {60} that Pylus was situated; not the city of Nestor, but another Pylus which has nothing in common with the Alpheius, nor with the Pamisus (or Amathus, if we should call it that). Yet there are some who do violence to Homer's words, seeking to win for themselves the fame and noble lineage of Nestor; for, since history mentions three Pyluses in the Peloponnesus (as is stated in this verse: "There is a Pylus in front of Pylus; yea, and there is still another Pylus," {61} ) {62} the Pylus in question, the Lepreatic Pylus in Triphylia and Pisatis, and a third, the Messenian Pylus near Coryphasium, {63} the inhabitants of each try to show that the Pylus in their own country is "emathoëis" {64} and declare that it is the native place of Nestor. However, most of the more recent writers, both historians and poets, say that Nestor was a Messenian, thus adding their support to the Pylus which has been preserved down to their own times. But the writers who follow the words of Homer more closely say that the Pylus of Nestor is the Pylus through whose territory the Alpheius flows. And the Alpheius flows through Pisatis and Triphylia. However, the writers from Coele Elis have not only supported their own Pylus with a similar zeal, but have also attached to it tokens of recognition, {65} pointing out a place called Gerenus, a river called Geron, and another river called Geranius, and then confidently asserting that Homer's epithet for Nestor, "Gerenian," was derived from these. But the Messenians have done the selfsame thing, and their argument appears at least more plausible; for they say that their own Gerena is better known, and that it was once a populous place. Such, then, is the present state of affairs as regards Coele Elis.

60. Scollis Mountain (see 8. 3. 10); now Santameriotiko.

61. Anon.

62. A proverb. See Stephanus Byz. s.v. Κορυφάσιον, and Eustathius ad Od. 1.93.

63. Gosselin identifies Coryphasium with the Navarino of today. So Frazer, note on Paus. 4.36.1.

64. The Homeric epithet of Pylus, translated "sandy"; but see 8. 3. 14.

65. As mothers who exposed their infants hung tokens about their necks, hoping that thus their parentage would be discovered.

008.003.008

 ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διελὼν τήνδε τὴν χώραν, τέτταρας δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας εἰπών, οὐ σαφῶς εἴρηκεν

οἳ δ' ἄρα Βουπράσιόν τε καὶ Ἤλιδα δῖαν ἔναιον, ὅσσον ἐφ' Ὑρμίνη καὶ Μύρσινος ἐσχατόωσα πέτρη τ' Ὠλενίη καὶ Ἀλείσιον ἐντὸς ἐέργει, τῶν αὖ τέσσαρες ἀρχοὶ ἔσαν, δέκα δ' ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ νῆες ἕποντο θοαί· πολέες δ' ἔμβαινον Ἐπειοί. 

τῷ μὲν γὰρ Ἐπειοὺς ἀμφοτέρους προσαγορεύειν τούς τε Βουπρασιεῖς καὶ τοὺς Ἠλείους, Ἠλείους δὲ μηκέτι καλεῖν τοὺς Βουπρασιεῖς, οὐ τὴν Ἠλείαν δόξειεν ἂν εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διαιρεῖν, ἀλλὰ τὴν τῶν Ἐπειῶν, ἣν εἰς δύο μέρη διεῖλε πρότερον· οὐδ' ἂν μέρος εἴη τῆς Ἤλιδος τὸ Βουπράσιον, ἀλλὰ τῶν Ἐπειῶν μᾶλλον. ὅτι γὰρ Ἐπειοὺς καλεῖ τοὺς Βουπρασίους, δῆλον

ὡς ὁπότε κρείοντ' Ἀμαρυγκέα θάπτον Ἐπειοὶ Βουπρασίῳ. 

πάλιν δὲ τῷ συγκαταριθμεῖσθαι Βουπράσιόν τε καὶ Ἤλιδα δῖαν λέγοντα, εἶτ' εἰς τέτταρας διαιρεῖν μερίδας, ὡς ἂν κοινῷ δοκεῖ τῷ τε Βουπρασίῳ καὶ τῇ Ἤλιδι αὐτὰς ὑποτάττειν. ἦν δ', ὡς ἔοικε, κατοικία τῆς Ἠλείας τὸ Βουπράσιον ἀξιόλογος, ἣ νῦν οὐκέτ' ἐστίν· ἡ δὲ χώρα καλεῖται μόνον οὕτως ἡ ἐπὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς ἐπὶ Δύμην ἐξ Ἤλιδος τῆς νῦν πόλεως. ὑπολάβοι δ' ἄν τις καὶ ὑπεροχήν τινα ἔχειν τότε τὸ Βουπράσιον παρὰ τὴν Ἠλιν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ Ἐπειοὶ παρὰ τούτους· ὕστερον δ' ἀντ' Ἐπειῶν Ἠλεῖοι ἐκλήθησαν. καὶ τὸ Βουπράσιον μὲν δὴ μέρος ἦν τῆς Ἤλιδος. ποιητικῷ δέ τινι σχήματι συγκαταλέγειν τὸ μέρος τῷ ὅλῳ φασὶ τὸν Ὅμηρον, ὡς τό

ἀν' Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος 

καί

ἀν' Ἑλλάδα τε Φθίην τ 

; καὶ

Κουρῆτές τ' ἐμάχοντο καὶ Αἰτωλοί, 

καὶ

οἱ δ' ἐκ Δουλιχίοιο Ἐχινάων θ' ἱεράων. 

καὶ γὰρ τὸ Δουλίχιον τῶν Ἐχινάδων. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ οἱ νεώτεροι· Ἱππῶναξ μέν

Κυπρίων βέκος φαγοῦσι καὶ Ἀμαθουσίων πυρόν· 

Κύπριοι γὰρ καὶ οἱ Ἀμαθούσιοι· καὶ Ἀλκμὰν δέ

Κύπρον ἱμερτὰν λιποῖσα καὶ Πάφον περιρρύταν 

καὶ Αἰσχύλος

Κύπρου Πάφου τ' ἔχουσα πάντα κλῆρον. 

εἰ δ' οὐκ εἴρηκεν Ἠλείους τοὺς Βουπρασίους, οὐδ' ἄλλα πολλὰ τῶν ὄντων, φήσομεν· ἀλλὰ τοῦτ' οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπόδειξις τοῦ μὴ εἶναι, ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὴ εἰπεῖν μόνον.

But when the poet divides this country into four parts and also speaks of the leaders as four in number, his statement is not clear: "And they too that inhabited both Buprasium and goodly Elis, so much thereof as is enclosed by Hyrmine and Myrsinus on the borders, and by the Olenian Rock and Aleisium,--of these men, I say, there were four leaders, and ten swift ships followed each leader, and many Epeians embarked thereon." {66}  {67} For when he speaks of both the Buprasians and the Eleians as Epeians but without going on and calling the Buprasians Eleians, it would seem that he is not dividing the Eleian country into four parts, but rather the country of the Epeians, which he had already divided into only two parts; and thus Buprasium would not be a part of Elis but rather of the country of the Epeians. For it is clear that he calls the Buprasians Epeians; "as when the Epeians were burying lord Amarynces at Buprasium." {68} But Buprasium now appears to have been a territory of the Eleian country, having in it a settlement of the same name, which was also a part of Elis. {69} And again, when he names the two together, saying "both Buprasium and goodly Elis," and then divides the country into four parts, it seems as though he is classifying the four parts under the general designation "both Buprasium and goodly Elis." It seems likely that at one time there was a considerable settlement by the name of Buprasium in the Eleian country which is no longer in existence (indeed, only that territory which is on the road that leads to Dyme from the present city of Elis is now so called); and one might suppose that at that time Buprasium had a certain preeminence as compared with Elis, just as the Epeians had in comparison with the Eleians; but later on the people were called Eleians instead of Epeians. And though Buprasium was a part of Elis, they say that Homer, by a sort of poetic figure, names the part with the whole, as for instance when he says: "throughout Hellas and mid-Argos," {70} and "throughout Hellas and Phthia," {71} and "the Curetes fought and the Aetolians," {72} and "the men of Dulichium and the holy Echinades," {73} for Dulichium is one of the Echinades. And more recent poets also use this figure; for instance, Hipponax, when he says: "to those who have eaten the bread of the Cyprians and the wheaten bread of the Amathusians," {74} for the Amathusians are also Cyprians; and Alcman, when he says: "when she had left lovely Cypros and seagirt Paphos" {75} and Aeschylus, {76} when he says: "since thou dost possess the whole of Cypros and Paphos as thine allotment." {77} But if Homer nowhere calls the Buprasians Eleians, I will say that there are many other facts also that he does not mention; yet this is no proof that they are not facts, but merely that he has not mentioned them.

66. Hom. Il. 2.615

67. Homer seems to speak of the four last-named places as the four corners of Coele Elis (Leaf, The Iliad, vol. i, p. 72). Elsewhere (11. 756) he refers to "Buprasium, rich in wheat," "the Olenian Rock" and "the hill called the hill of Aleisium" as landmarks of the country.

68. Hom. Il. 23.630.

69. Most of the editors regard this sentence as a gloss. Moreover, serious discrepancies in the readings of the MSS. render the meaning doubtful (see critical note on opposite page). For instance, all but three MSS. read "no settlement of the same name." But see Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. II, p. 36; also Etym. Mag. and Hesych. sv. Βουπράσιον.

70. Hom. Od. 1.344

71. Hom. Od. 11.496

72. Hom. Il. 9.529

73. Hom. Il. 2.625

74. Hipponax Fr. 82 (Bergk)

75. Alcman Fr. 21 (Bergk)

76. Meineke (Vind. Strab. p. 103) thinks Strabo wrote "Archilochus," not "Aeschylus."

77. Aesch. Fr. 463 (Nauck)

008.003.009

 Ἑκαταῖος δ' ὁ Μιλήσιος ἑτέρους λέγει τῶν Ἠλείων τοὺς Ἐπειούς· τῷ γοῦν Ἡρακλεῖ συστρατεῦσαι τοὺς Ἐπειοὺς ἐπὶ Αὐγέαν καὶ συνανελεῖν αὐτῷ τόν τε Αὐγέαν καὶ τὴν Ἠλιν· φησὶ δὲ καὶ τὴν Δύμην Ἐπειίδα καὶ Ἀχαιίδα. πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ μὴ ὄντα λέγουσιν οἱ ἀρχαῖοι συγγραφεῖς, συντεθραμμένοι τῷ ψεύδει διὰ τὰς μυθογραφίας· διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι πρὸς ἀλλήλους περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν. οὐ μέντοι ἄπιστον οὐδ' εἴ ποτε διάφοροι τοῖς Ἠλείοις ὄντες οἱ Ἐπειοὶ καὶ ἑτεροεθνεῖς εἰς ταὐτὸ συνήρχοντο κατ' ἐπικράτειαν, καὶ κοινὴν ἔνεμον τὴν πολιτείαν· ἐπεκράτουν δὲ καὶ μέχρι Δύμης. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ποιητὴς οὐκ ὠνόμακε τὴν Δύμην, οὐκ ἀπεικὸς δ' ἐστὶ τότε μὲν αὐτὴν ὑπὸ τοῖς Ἐπειοῖς ὑπάρξαι, ὕστερον δὲ τοῖς Ἴωσιν, ἢ μηδ' ἐκείνοις ἀλλὰ τοῖς τὴν ἐκείνων χώραν κατασχοῦσιν Ἀχαιοῖς· τῶν δὲ τεττάρων μερίδων, ὧν ἐντός ἐστι καὶ τὸ Βουπράσιον, ἡ μὲν Ὑρμίνη καὶ ἡ Μύρσινος τῆς Ἠλείας ἐστίν, αἱ λοιπαὶ δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων ἤδη τῆς Πισάτιδος, ὡς οἴονταί τινες.

But Hecataeus of Miletus says that the Epeians are a different people from the Eleians; that, at any rate, the Epeians joined Heracles in his expedition against Augeas and helped him to destroy both Augeas and Elis. And he says, further, that Dyme is an Epeian and an Achaean city. However, the early historians say many things that are not true, because they were accustomed to falsehoods on account of the use of myths in their writings; and on this account, too, they do not agree with one another concerning the same things. Yet it is not incredible that the Epeians, even if they were once at variance with the Eleians and belonged to a different race, later became united with the Eleians as the result of prevailing over them, and with them formed one common state; and that they prevailed even as far as Dyme. For although the poet has not named Dyme, it is not unreasonable to suppose that in his time Dyme belonged to the Epeians, and later to the Ionians, or, if not to them, at all events to the Achaeans who took possession of their country. Of the four parts, inside which Buprasium is situated, only Hyrmine and Myrsinus belong to the Eleian country, whereas the remaining two are already on the frontiers of Pisatis, as some writers think.

008.003.010

 Ὑρμίνη μὲν οὖν πολίχνιον ἦν, νῦν δ' οὐκ ἔστιν· ἀλλ' ἀκρωτήριον πλησίον Κυλλήνης ὀρεινόν ἐστι, καλούμενον Ὅρμινα ἢ Ὕρμινα· Μύρσινος δὲ τὸ νῦν Μυρτούντιον, ἐπὶ θάλατταν καθήκουσα κατὰ τὴν ἐκ Δύμης εἰς Ἠλιν ὁδὸν κατοικία, στάδια τῆς Ἠλείων πόλεως διέχουσα ἑβδομήκοντα. πέτρην δ' Ὠλενίην εἰκάζουσι τὴν νῦν Σκόλλιν· ἀνάγκη γὰρ εἰκότα λέγειν, καὶ τῶν τόπων καὶ τῶν ὀνομάτων μεταβεβλημένων, ἐκείνου τε μὴ σφόδρα ἐπὶ πολλῶν σαφηνίζοντος· ἔστι δ' ὄρος πετρῶδες κοινὸν Δυμαίων τε καὶ Τριταιέων καὶ Ἠλείων, ἐχόμενον ἑτέρου τινὸς Ἀρκαδικοῦ ὄρους Λαμπείας, ὃ τῆς Ἤλιδος μὲν διέστηκεν ἑκἇτὸν καἶ τριάκοντα σταδίους, Τριταίας δὲ ἑκατόν, καὶ Δύμης τοὺς ἴσους, Ἀχαϊκῶν πόλεων. τὸ δ' Ἀλείσιον ἔστι τὸ νῦν Ἀλεσιαῖον, χώρα περὶ τὴν Ἀμφιδολίδα, ἐν ᾖ καὶ κατὰ μῆνα ἀγορὰν συνάγουσιν οἱ περίοικοι· κεῖται δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ὀρεινῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς ἐξ Ἤλιδος εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν· πρότερον δ' ἦν πόλις τῆς Πισάτιδος, ἄλλοτ' ἄλλως τῶν ὅρων ἐπαλλαττόντων διὰ τὰς τῶν ἡγεμόνων μεταβολάς· τὸ δ' Ἀλείσιον καὶ Ἀλεισίου κολώνην ὁ ποιητὴς καλεῖ ὅταν φῇ

μέσφ' ἐπὶ Βουπρασίου πολυπύρου βήσαμεν ἵππους πέτρης τ' Ὠλενίης καὶ Ἀλεισίου ἔνθα κολώνη κέκληται. 

ὑπερβατῶς γὰρ δεῖ δέξασθαι ἴσον τῷ “καὶ ἔνθ' Ἀλεισίου κολώνη κέκληται.” ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ ποταμὸν δεικνύουσιν Ἀλείσιον.

Now Hyrmine was a small town. It is no longer in existence, but near Cyllene there is a mountain promontory called Hormina or Hyrmina. Myrsinus is the present Myrtuntium, a settlement that extends down to the sea, and is situated on the road which runs from Dyme into Elis, and is seventy stadia distant from the city of the Eleians. The Olenian Rock is surmised to be what is now called Scollis; {78} for we are obliged to state what is merely probable, because both the places and the names have undergone changes, and because in many cases the poet does not make himself very clear. Scollis is a rocky mountain common to the territories of the Dymaeans, the Tritaeans, and the Eleians, and borders on another Arcadian mountain called Lampeia, {79} which is one hundred and thirty stadia distant from Elis, one hundred from Tritaea, and the same from Dyme; the last two are Achaean cities. Aleisium is the present Alesiaeum, a territory in the neighborhood of Amphidolis, {80} in which the people of the surrounding country hold a monthly market. It is situated on the mountain road that runs from Elis to Olympia. In earlier times it was a city of Pisatis, for the boundaries have varied at different times on account of the change of rulers. The poet also calls Aleisium "Hill of Aleisium," when he says: "until we caused our horses to set foot on Buprasium, rich in wheat, and on the Olenian Rock, and of Aleisium where is the place called Hill" {81} (we must interpret the words as a case of hyperbaton, that is, as equivalent to "and where is the place called Hill of Aleisium"). Some writers point also to a river Aleisius.

78. Santameriotiko Mountain.

79. Now Astras, apparently. See C. Müller, Ind. Var. Lect., p. 990.

80. Amphidolis, or Amphidolia, was an Eleian territory north of Olympia.

81. Hom. Il. 11.756

008.003.011

 λεγομένων δέ τινων ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ Καυκώνων πρὸς τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ, λεγομένης δὲ καὶ τῆς Δύμης Καυκωνίδος ὑπό τινων, ὄντος δὲ καὶ ποταμοῦ ἐν τῇ Δυμαίᾳ μεταξὺ Δύμης καὶ Τριταίας ὃς καλεῖται Καύκων, ζητοῦσι περὶ τῶν Καυκώνων μὴ διττοὶ λέγονται, οἱ μὲν περὶ τὴν Τριφυλίαν οἱ δὲ περὶ Δύμην καὶ Ἠλιν καὶ τὸν Καύκωνα· ἐμβάλλει δ' οὗτος εἰς ἕτερον, ὃς Τευθέας ἀρσενικῶς καλεῖται, ὁμώνυμος πολίχνῃ τινὶ τῶν εἰς τὴν Δύμην συνῳκισμένων, πλὴν ὅτι χωρὶς τοῦ σίγμα Τευθέα λέγεται θηλυκῶς αὕτη, ἐκτεινόντων τὴν ἐσχάτην συλλαβήν, ὅπου τὸ τῆς Νεμυδίας Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερόν. ὁ δὲ Τευθέας εἰς τὸν Ἀχελῶον ἐμβάλλει τὸν κατὰ Λύμην ῥέοντα, ὁμώνυμον τῷ κατὰ Ἀκαρνανίαν, καλούμενον καὶ Πεῖρον. τοῦ δ' Ἡσιόδου εἰπόντος

ᾤκεε δ' Ὠλενίην πέτρην ποταμοῖο παρ' ὄχθας εὐρεῖος Πείροιο, 

μεταγράφουσί τινες Πιέροιο οὐκ εὖ. περὶ δὲ τῶν Καυκώνων ζητοῦσι, φασίν, ὅτι τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τῆς τῷ Μέντορι ὡμοιωμένης ἐν τῇ Ὀδυσσείᾳ εἰπούσης πρὸς τὸν Νέστορα,

ἀτὰρ ἠῶθεν μετὰ Καύκωνας μεγαθύμους εἶμ' ἔθα χρεῖός μοι ὀφέλλεται, οὔ τι νέον γε οὐδ' ὀλίγον. σὺ δὲ τοῦτον, ἐπεὶ τεὸν ἵκετο δῶμα, πέμψον σὺν δίφρῳ τε καὶ υἱέι· δὸς δέ οἱ ἵππους, 

δοκεῖ σημαίνεσθαι χώρα τις ἐν τῇ τῶν Ἐπειῶν, ἣν οἱ Καύκωνες εἶχον, ἕτεροι ὄντες τῶν ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ, ἐπεκτείνοντες καὶ μέχρι τῆς Δυμαίας τυχόν. οὔτε γὰρ τὴν Δύμην ὁπόθεν Καυκωνίδα εἰρῆσθαι συμβέβηκε παραλιπεῖν ἄξιον, οὔτε τὸν ποταμὸν ὁπόθεν Καύκων εἴρηται, διὰ τὸ τοὺς Καύκωνας παρέχειν ζήτησιν, οἵ τινές ποτέ εἰσιν, ὅπου φησὶν ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ βαδίζειν κατὰ τὴν τοῦ χρέους κομιδήν. εἰ γὰρ δὴ δεχοίμεθα τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ λέγεσθαι τοὺς περὶ Λέπρειον, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως πιθανὸς ἔσται ὁ λόγος· διὸ καὶ γράφουσί τινες

ἔνθα χρεῖός μοι ὀφείλεται Ἤλιδι δίῃ, οὐκ ὀλίγον. 

σαφεστέραν δ' ἕξει τὴν ἐπίσκεψιν τοῦτο, ἐπειδὰν τὴν ἑξῆς χώραν περιοδεύσωμεν τήν τε Πισᾶτιν καὶ τὴν Τριφυλίαν μέχρι τῆς τῶν Μεσσηνίων μεθορίας.

Since certain people in Triphylia near Messenia are called Cauconians, and since Dyme also is called Cauconian by some writers, and since in the Dymaean territory between Dyme and Tritaea there is also a river which is called Caucon, in the feminine gender, writers raise the question whether there are not two different sets of Cauconians, one in the region of Triphylia, and the other in the region of Dyme, Elis, and the River Caucon. This river empties into another river which is called Teutheas, in the masculine gender; Teutheas has the same name as one of the little towns which were incorporated into Dyme, except that the name of this town, "Teuthea," is in the feminine gender, and is spelled without the s and with the last syllable long. In this town is the temple of the Nemydian  {82} Artemis. The Teutheas empties into the Acheloüs which flows by Dyme {83} and has the same name as the Acarnanian river. It is also called the "Peirus"; by Hesiod, for instance, when he says: "he dwelt on the Olenian Rock along the banks of a river, wide Peirus." {84} Some change the reading to "Pierus," wrongly. They raise that question about the Cauconians, they say, because, when Athene in the guise of Mentor, in the Odyssey says to Nestor, "but in the morning I will go to the great-hearted Cauconians, where a debt is due me, in no way new or small. But do thou send this man on his way with a chariot and with thy son, since he has come to thy house, and give him horses," {85} the poet seems to designate a certain territory in the country of the Epeians which was held by the Cauconians, these Cauconians being a different set from those in Triphylia and perhaps extending as far as the territory of Dyme. Indeed, one should not fail to inquire both into the origin of the epithet of Dyme, "Cauconian," and into the origin of the name of the river "Caucon," because the question who those Cauconians were to whom Athene says she is going in order to recover the debt offers a problem; for if we should interpret the poet as meaning the Cauconians in Triphylia near Lepreum, I do not see how his account can be plausible. Hence some read: "where a debt is due me in goodly Elis, no small one." {86} But this question will be investigated with clearer results when I describe the country that comes next after this, I mean Pisatis and Triphylia as far as the borders of the country of the Messenians. {87}

82. "Nemydian" is otherwise unknown; perhaps "Nemidian" or "Nemeaean."

83. Cp. 10. 2. 1.

84. Hes. Fr. 74

85. Hom. Od. 3.366

86. Hom. Il. 11.698

87. 8. 3. 17.

008.003.012

 μετὰ δὲ τὸν Χελωνάταν ὁ τῶν Πισατῶν ἐστιν αἰγιαλὸς πολύς, εἶτ' ἄκρα Φειά· ἦν δὲ καὶ πολίχνη

Φειᾶς πὰρ τείχεσσιν, Ἰαρδάνου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα· 

ἔστι γὰρ καὶ ποτάμιον πλησίον. ἔνιοι δ' ἀρχὴν τῆς Πισάτιδος τὴν Φειάν φασι· πρόκειται δὲ καὶ ταύτης νησίον καὶ λιμήν, ἔνθεν εἰς Ὀλυμπίαν τὸ ἐγγυτάτω ἐκ θαλάττης εἰσὶ στάδιοι ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν. εἶτ' ἄλλη ἄκρα εὐθὺς ἐπὶ πολὺ προὔχουσα ἐπὶ τὴν δύσιν, καθάπερ ὁ Χελωνάτας, ἀφ' ἧς πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Κεφαλληνίαν στάδιοι ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν. εἶθ' ὁ Ἀλφειὸς ἐκδίδωσι, διέχων τοῦ Χελωνάτα σταδίους διακοσίους ὀγδοήκοντα, Ἀράξου δὲ πεντακοσίους τετταράκοντα πέντε. ῥεῖ δ' ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τόπων ἐξ ὧν καὶ ὁ Εὐρώτας· καλεῖται δὲ Ἀσέα, κώμη τῆς Μεγαλοπολίτιδος, πλησίον ἀλλήλων ἔχουσα δύο πηγάς, ἐξ ὧν ῥέουσιν οἱ λεχθέντες ποταμοί· δύντες δ' ὑπὸ γῆς ἐπὶ συχνοὺς σταδίους ἀνατέλλουσι πάλιν, εἶθ' ὁ μὲν εἰς τὴν Λακωνικὴν ὁ δ' εἰς τὴν Πισᾶτιν κατάγεται. ὁ μὲν οὖν Εὐρώτας κατὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς Βλεμινάτιδος ἀναδείξας τὸ ῥεῖθρον, παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν Σπάρτην ῥυεὶς καὶ διεξιὼν αὐλῶνά τινα μακρὸν κατὰ τὸ Ἕλος, οὗ μέμνηται καὶ ὁ ποιητής, ἐκδίδωσι μεταξὺ Γυθείου τοῦ τῆς Σπάρτης ἐπινείου καὶ Ἀκραίων. ὁ δ' Ἀλφειὸς παραλαβὼν τόν τε Λάδωνα καὶ τὸν Ἐρύμανθον καὶ ἄλλους ἀσημοτέρους διὰ τῆς Φρίξης καὶ τῆς Πισάτιδος καὶ Τριφυλίας ἐνεχθεὶς παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν Ὀλυμπίαν ἐπὶ θάλατταν τὴν Σικελικὴν ἐκπίπτει μεταξὺ Φειᾶς τε καὶ Ἐπιταλίου. πρὸς δὲ τῇ ἐκβολῇ τὸ τῆς Ἀλφειωνίας Ἀρτέμιδος ἢ Ἀλφειούσης ἄλσος ἐστὶ λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφοτέρως , ἀπέχον τῆς Ὀλυμπίας εἰς ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους. ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ θεῷ καὶ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ κατ' ἔτος συντελεῖται πανήγυρις, καθάπερ καὶ τῇ Ἐλαφίᾳ καὶ τῇ Δαφνίᾳ. μεστὴ δ' ἐστὶν ἡ γῆ πᾶσα ἀρτεμισίων τε καὶ ἀφροδισίων καὶ νυμφαίων ἐν ἄλσεσιν ἀνθέων πλἐῳς τὸ πολὺ διὰ τὴν εὐυδρίαν, συχνὰ δὲ καὶ ἑρμεῖα ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς, ποσείδια δ' ἐπὶ ταῖς ἀκταῖς. ἐν δὲ τῷ τῆς Ἀλφειωνίας ἱερῷ γραφαὶ Κλεάνθους τε καὶ Ἀρήγοντος, ἀνδρῶν Κορινθίων, τοῦ μὲν Τροίας ἅλωσις καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς γοναί, τοῦ δ' Ἄρτεμις ἀναφερομένη ἐπὶ γρυπός, σφόδρα εὐδόκιμοι.

After Chelonatas comes the long seashore of the Pisatans; and then Cape Pheia. And there was also a small town called Pheia: "beside the walls of Pheia, about the streams of Iardanus," {88} for there is also a small river nearby. According to some, Pheia is the beginning of Pisatis. Off Pheia lie a little island and a harbor, from which the nearest distance from the sea to Olympia is one hundred and twenty stadia. Then comes another cape, Ichthys, which, like Chelonatas, projects for a considerable distance towards the west; and from it the distance to Cephallenia is again one hundred and twenty stadia. Then comes the mouth of the Alpheius, which is distant two hundred and eighty stadia from Chelonatas, and five hundred and forty five from Araxus. It flows from the same regions as the Eurotas, that is, from a place called Asea, a village in the territory of Megalopolis, where there are two springs near one another from which the rivers in question flow. They sink and flow beneath the earth for many stadia {89} and then rise again; and then they flow down, one into Laconia and the other into Pisatis. The stream of the Eurotas reappears where the district called Bleminatis begins, and then flows past Sparta itself, traverses a long glen near Helus (a place mentioned by the poet),  {90} and empties between Gythium, the naval station of Sparta, and Acraea. But the Alpheius, after receiving the waters of the Ladon, the Erymanthus, and other rivers of less significance, flows through Phrixa, Pisatis, and Triphylia past Olympia itself to the Sicilian Sea, into which it empties between Pheia and Epitalium. Near the outlet of the river is the sacred precinct of Artemis Alpheionia or Alpheiusa (for the epithet is spelled both ways), which is about eighty stadia distant from Olympia. An annual festival is also celebrated at Olympia in honor of this goddess as well as in honor of Artemis Elaphia and Artemis Daphnia. The whole country is full of temples of Artemis, Aphrodite, and the Nymphs, being situated in sacred precincts that are generally full of flowers because of the abundance of water. And there are also numerous shrines of Hermes on the roadsides, and temples of Poseidon on the capes. In the temple of Artemis Alpheionia are very famous paintings by two Corinthians, Cleanthes and Aregon: by Cleanthes the "Capture of Troy" and the "Birth of Athene," and by Aregon the "Artemis Borne Aloft on a Griffin."

88. Hom. Il. 7.135

89. According to Polybius 16.17, ten stadia.

90. Hom. Il. 2.584.

008.003.013

 εἶτα τὸ διεῖργον ὄρος τῆς Τριφυλίας τὴν Μακιστίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Πισάτιδος· εἶτ' ἄλλος ποταμὸς Χαλκὶς καὶ κρήνη Κρουνοὶ καὶ κατοικία Χαλκίς, καὶ τὸ Σαμικὸν μετὰ ταῦτα, ὅπου τὸ μάλιστα τιμώμενον τοῦ Σαμίου Ποσειδῶνος ἱερόν· ἔστι δ' ἄλσος ἀγριελαιῶν πλέων· ἐπεμελοῦντο δ' αὐτοῦ Μακίστιοι· οὗτοι δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν ἐπήγγελλον, ἣν καλοῦσι Σάμιον· συντελοῦσι δ' εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν πάντες Τριφύλιοι.

Then comes the mountain of Triphylia that separates Macistia from Pisatis; then another river called Chalcis, and a spring called Cruni, and a settlement called Chalcis, and, after these, Samicum, where is the most highly revered temple of the Samian Poseidon. About the temple is a sacred precinct full of wild olive trees. The people of Macistum used to have charge over it; and it was they, too, who used to proclaim the armistice day called "Samian." But all the Triphylians contribute to the maintenance of the temple.

008.003.014

 κατὰ ταῦτα δέ πως τὰ ἱερὰ ὑπέρκειται τῆς θαλάττης ἐν τριάκοντα ἢ μικρῷ πλείοσι σταδίοις ὁ Τριφυλιακὸς Πύλος ὀ καὶ Λεπρεατικός, ὃν καλεῖ ὁ ποιητὴς ἠμαθόεντα καὶ παραδίδωσι τοῦ Νέστορος πατρίδα, ὡς ἄν τις ἐκ τῶν ἐπῶν τεκμαίροιτο· εἴτε τοῦ παραρρέοντος ποταμοῦ πρὸς ἄρκτον Ἀμάθου καλουμένου πρότερον, ὃς νῦν Μάμαος καὶ Ἀρκαδικὸς καλεῖται, ὥστ' ἐντεῦθεν ἠμαθόεντα κεκλῆσθαι· εἴτε τούτου μὲν Παμισοῦ καλουμένου ὁμωνύμως τοῖς ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ δυσί, τῆς δὲ πόλεως ἄδηλον ἐχούσης τὴν ἐτυμολογίαν τοῦ ἐπιθέτου· καὶ γὰρ τὸ ἀμαθώδη τὸν ποταμὸν ἢ τὴν χώραν εἶναι ψεῦδός φασι. πρὸς ἕω δ' ἐστὶν ὄρος τοῦ Πύλου πλησίον ἐπώνυμον Μίνθης, ἣν μυθεύουσι παλλακὴν τοῦ Ἅιδου γενομένην πατηθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τῆς κόρης εἰς τὴν κηπαίαν μίνθην μεταβαλεῖν, ἥν τινες ἡδύοσμον καλοῦσι. καὶ δὴ καὶ τέμενός ἐστιν Ἅιδου πρὸς τῷ ὄρει τιμώμενον καὶ ὑπὸ Μακιστίων, καὶ Δήμητρος ἄλσος ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ Πυλιακοῦ πεδίου. τὸ δὲ πεδίον εὔγεών ἐστι τοῦτο, τῇ θαλάττῃ δὲ συνάψαν παρατείνει παρ' ἅπαν τὸ μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Σαμικοῦ καὶ ποταμοῦ Νέδας διάστημα. θινώδης δὲ καὶ στενός ἐστιν ὁ τῆς θαλάττης αἰγιαλός, ὥστ' οὐκ ἂν ἀπογνοίη τις ἐντεῦθεν ἠμαθόεντα ὠνομάσθαι τὸν Πύλον.

In the general neighborhood of these temples, above the sea, at a distance of thirty stadia or slightly more, is situated the Triphylian Pylus, also called the Lepreatic Pylus, which Homer calls "emathöeis" {91} and transmits to posterity as the fatherland of Nestor, as one might infer from his words, whether it be that the river that flows past Pylus towards the north (now called Mamaüs, or Arcadicus) was called Amathus in earlier times, so that Pylus got its epithet "emathöeis" from "Amathus," or that this river was called Pamisus, the same as two rivers in Messenia, and that the derivation of the epithet of the city is uncertain; for it is false, they say, that either the river or the country about it is "amathodes." {92} And also the temple of Athene Scilluntia at Scillus, in the neighborhood of Olympia near Phellon, {93} is one of the famous temples. Near Pylus, towards the east, is a mountain named after Minthe, who, according to myth, became the concubine of Hades, was trampled under foot by Core, and was transformed into garden-mint, the plant which some call Hedyosmos. {94} Furthermore, near the mountain is a precinct sacred to Hades, which is revered by the Macistians too, {95} and also a grove sacred to Demeter, which is situated above the Pylian plain. This plain is fertile; it borders on the sea and stretches along the whole distance between Samicum and the River Neda. But the shore of the sea is narrow and sandy, so that one could not refuse to believe that Pylus got its epithet "emathöeis" therefrom.

91. Now interpreted as meaning "sandy."

92. "Sandy."

93. Phellon, whether town, river, or mountain, is otherwise unknown.

94. "Sweet-smelling" (mint).

95. As well as by the Pylians.

008.003.015

 πρὸς ἄρκτον δ' ὅμορα ἦν τῷ Πύλῳ δύο πολείδια Τριφυλιακὰ Ὕπανα καὶ Τυμπανέαι, ὧν τὸ μὲν εἰς Ἠλιν συνῳκίσθη τὸ δ' ἔμεινε. καὶ ποταμοὶ δὲ δύο ἐγγὺς ῥέουσιν ὅ τε Δαλίων καὶ ὁ Ἀχέρων, ἐμβάλλοντες εἰς τὸν Ἀλφειόν. ὁ δὲ Ἀχέρων κατὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Ἅιδην οἰκειότητα ὠνόμασται· ἐκτετίμηται γὰρ δὴ σφόδρα τά τε τῆς Δήμητρος καὶ τῆς κόρης ἱερὰ ἐνταῦθα καὶ τὰ τοῦ Ἅιδου, τάχα διὰ τὰς ὑπεναντιότητας, ὥς φησιν ὁ Σκήψιος Δημήτριος. καὶ γὰρ εὔκαρπός ἐστι καὶ ἐρυσίβην γεννᾷ καὶ θρύον ἡ Τριφυλία· διόπερ ἀντὶ μεγάλης φορᾶς πυκνὰς ἀφορίας γίνεσθαι συμβαίνει κατὰ τοὺς τόπους.

Towards the north, on the borders of Pylus, were two little Triphylian cities, Hypana and Tympaneae; the former of these was incorporated into Elis, whereas the latter remained as it was. And further, two rivers flow near these places, the Dalion and the Acheron, both of them emptying into the Alpheius. The Acheron has been so named by virtue of its close relation to Hades; for, as we know, not only the temples of Demeter and Core have been held in very high honor there, but also those of Hades, perhaps because of "the contrariness of the soil," to use the phrase of Demetrius of Scepsis. For while Triphylia brings forth good fruit, it breeds red-rust and produces rush; and therefore in this region it is often the case that instead of a large crop there is no crop at all.

008.003.016

 τοῦ δὲ Πύλου πρὸς νότον ἐστὶ τὸ Λέπρειον. ἦν δὲ καὶ αὕτη ἡ πόλις ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἐν τετταράκοντα σταδίοις· μεταξὺ δὲ τοῦ Λεπρείου καὶ τοῦ Ἀννίου τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σαμίου Ποσειδῶνος ἔστιν, ἑκατὸν σταδίους ἑκατέρου διέχον. τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ τὸ ἱερὸν ἐν ᾧ καταληφθῆναί φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπὸ Τηλεμάχου τὴν θυσίαν συντελοῦντας τοὺς Πυλίους

οἱ δὲ Πύλον, Νηλῆος ἐυκτίμενον πτολίεθρον, ἷξον· τοὶ δ' ἐπὶ θινὶ θαλάσσης ἱερὰ ῥέζον, ταύρους παμμέλανας, Ἐνοσίχθονι κυανοχαίτῃ. 

πάρεστι μὲν γὰρ τῷ ποιητῇ καὶ πλάττειν τὰ μὴ ὄντα, ὅταν δ' ᾗ δυνατόν, ἐφαρμόττειν τοῖς οὖσι τὰ ἔπη καὶ σώζειν τὴν διήγησιν. τὸ δ' ἀπέχεσθαι προσῆκε μᾶλλον. χώραν δ' εἶχον εὐδαίμονα οἱ Λεπρεᾶται· τούτοις δ' ὅμοροι Κυπαρισσιεῖς. ἄμφω δὲ τὰ χωρία ταῦτα Καύκωνες κατεῖχον, καὶ τὸν Μάκιστον δέ, ὅν τινες Πλατανιστοῦντα καλοῦσιν. ὁμώνυμον τῇ χώρᾳ δ' ἐστὶ τὸ πόλισμα. φασὶ δ' ἐν τῇ Λεπρεάτιδι καὶ Καύκωνος εἶναι μνῆμα, εἴτ' ἀρχηγέτου τινὸς εἴτ' ἄλλως ὁμωνύμου τῷ ἔθνει.

To the south of Pylus is Lepreum. This city, too, was situated above the sea, at a distance of forty stadia; and between Lepreum and the Annius {96} is the temple of the Samian Poseidon, at a distance of one hundred stadia from each. This is the temple at which the poet says Telemachus found the Pylians performing the sacrifice: "And they came to Pylus, the well-built city of Neleus; and the people were doing sacrifice on the seashore, slaying bulls that were black all over, to the dark-haired Earth-shaker." {97} Now it is indeed allowable for the poet even to fabricate what is not true, but when practicable he should adapt his words to what is true and preserve his narrative; but the more appropriate thing was to abstain from what was not true. The Lepreatans held a fertile territory; and that of the Cyparissians bordered on it. Both these districts were taken and held by the Cauconians; and so was the Macistus (by some called Platanistus). The name of the town is the same as that of the territory. It is said that there is a tomb of Caucon in the territory of Lepreum--whether Caucon was a progenitor of the tribe or one who for some other reason had the same name as the tribe.

96. "Annius" (otherwise unknown) seems to be a corruption of "Anigrus" (cp. 8. 3. 19 and Paus. 5.5.5); but according to Kramer, "Alpheius."

97. Hom. Od. 3.4

008.003.017

 πλείους δ' εἰσὶ λόγοι περὶ τῶν Καυκώνων· καὶ γὰρ Ἀρκαδικὸν ἔθνος φασί, καθάπερ τὸ Πελασγικόν, καὶ πλανητικὸν ἄλλως, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνο. ἱστορεῖ γοῦν ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ τοῖς Τρωσὶν ἀφιγμένους συμμάχους, πόθεν δ' οὐ λέγει· δοκοῦσι δ' ἐκ Παφλαγονίας· ἐκεῖ γὰρ ὀνομάζουσι Καυκωνιάτας τινὰς Μαριανδυνοῖς ὁμόρους, οἳ καὶ αὐτοὶ Παφλαγόνες εἰσί. μνησθησόμεθα δ' αὐτῶν ἐπὶ πλέον, ὅταν εἰς ἐκεῖνον περιστῇ τὸν τόπον ἡ γραφή. νυνὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ Καυκώνων ἔτι καὶ ταῦτα προσιστορητέον. οἱ μὲν γὰρ καὶ ὅλην τὴν νῦν Ἠλείαν ἀπὸ τῆς Μεσσηνίας μέχρι Δύμης Καυκωνίαν λεχθῆναί φασιν· Ἀντίμαχος γοῦν καὶ Ἐπειοὺς καὶ Καύκωνας ἅπαντας προσαγορεύει. τινὲς δὲ ὅλην μὲν μὴ κατασχεῖν αὐτούς, δίχα δὲ μεμερισμένους οἰκεῖν, τοὺς μὲν πρὸς τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ κατὰ τὴν Τριφυλίαν τοὺς δὲ πρὸς τῇ Δύμῃ κατὰ τὴν Βουπρασίδα καὶ τὴν κοίλην Ἠλιν· Ἀριστοτέλης δ' ἐνταῦθα μάλιστα οἶδεν ἱδρυμένους αὐτούς. καὶ δὴ τοῖς ὑφ' Ὁμήρου λεγομένοις ὁμολογεῖ μᾶλλον ἡ ὑστάτη ἀπόφασις, τό τε ζητούμενον πρότερον λαμβάνει λύσιν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Νέστωρ ὑπόκειται τὸν Τριφυλιακὸν οἰκῶν Πύλον, τά τε πρὸς νότον καὶ τὰ ἑωθινά ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τὰ συγκυροῦντα πρὸς τὴν Μεσσηνίαν καὶ τὴν Λακωνικήν ὑπ' ἐκείνῳ ἐστίν, ἔχουσι δ' οἱ Καύκωνες, ὥστε τοῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ Πύλου βαδίζουσιν εἰς Λακεδαίμονα ἀνάγκη διὰ Καυκώνων εἶναι τὴν ὁδόν. τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σαμίου Ποσειδῶνος καὶ ὁ κατ' αὐτὸ ὅρμος, εἰς ὃν κατήχθη Τηλέμαχος, πρὸς δύσιν καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον ἀπονεύει. εἰ μὲν τοίνυν οἱ Καύκωνες ἐνταῦθα μόνον οἰκοῦσιν, οὐ σώζεται τῷ ποιητῇ ὁ λόγος. κελεύει γὰρ ἡ μὲν Ἀθηνᾶ κατὰ τὸν Σωτάδην τῷ Νέστορι, τὸν μὲν Τηλέμαχον εἰς τὴν Λακεδαίμονα πέμψαι σὺν δίφρῳ τε καὶ υἱέι εἰς τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη· αὐτὴ δ' ἐπὶ ναῦν βαδιεῖσθαι νυκτερεύσουσα φησιν ἐπὶ τὴν δύσιν καὶ εἰς τοὐπίσω,

ἀτὰρ ἠῶθεν μετὰ Καύκωνας μεγαθύμους 

πορεύσεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ χρέος πάλιν εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν. τίς οὖν ὁ τρόπος; παρῆν γὰρ τῷ Νέστορι λέγειν 3ἀλλ' οἵ γε Καύκωνες ὑπ' ἐμοί εἰσι καὶ πρὸ ὁδοῦ τοῖς εἰς Λακεδαίμονα βαδίζουσιν· ὥστε τί οὐ συνοδεύεις τοῖς περὶ Τηλέμαχον, ἀλλ' ἀναχωρεῖς εἰς τοὐπίσω;3 ἅμα δ' οἰκεῖον ἦν τῷ βαδίζοντι ἐπὶ χρέους κομιδὴν οὐκ ὀλίγου, ὥς φησι, πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὑπὸ τῷ Νέστορι ὄντας, αἰτήσασθαί τινα παρ' αὐτοῦ βοήθειαν, εἴ τι ἀγνωμονοῖτο ὥσπερ εἴωθε περὶ τὸ συμβόλαιον· οὐ γέγονε δὲ τοῦτο. εἰ μὲν τοίνυν ἐνταῦθα μόνον οἰκοῖεν οἱ Καύκωνες, ταῦτ' ἂν συμβαίνοι τὰ ἄτοπα· μεμερισμένων δὲ τινῶν καὶ εἰς τοὺς πρὸς Δύμῃ τόπους τῆς Ἠλείας, ἐκεῖσε ἂν εἴη λέγουσα τὴν ἔφοδον ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ, καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἔτι οὔθ' ἡ εἰς τὴν ναῦν κατάβασις ἔχοι τι ἀπεμφαῖνον οὔθ' ὁ τῆς συνοδίας ἀποσπασμός, εἰς τἀναντία τῆς ὁδοῦ οὔσης. παραπλησίως δ' ἂν καὶ τὰ περὶ τοῦ Πύλου διαπορούμενα τύχοι τῆς προσηκούσης διαίτης ἐπελθοῦσι μικρὸν ἔτι τῆς χωρογραφίας μέχρι τοῦ Πύλου τοῦ Μεσσηνιακοῦ.

There are several accounts of the Cauconians; for it is said that, like the Pelasgians, they were an Arcadian tribe, and, again like the Pelasgians, that they were a wandering tribe. At any rate, the poet {98} tells us that they came to Troy as allies of the Trojans. But he does not say whence they come, though they seem to have come from Paphlagonia; for in Paphlagonia there is a people called Cauconiatae whose territory borders on that of the Mariandyni, who are themselves Paphlagonians. But I shall speak of them at greater length when I come to my description of that region. {99} At present I must add the following to my account of the Cauconians in Triphylia. Some say that the whole of what is. now called Eleia, from Messenia as far as Dyme, was called Cauconia. Antimachus, at any rate, calls all the inhabitants both Epeians and Cauconians. Others, however, say that the Cauconians did not occupy the whole of Eleia, but lived there in two separate divisions, one division in Triphylia near Messenia, and the other in Buprasis and Coele Elis near Dyme. And Aristotle has knowledge of their having been established at this latter place especially. {100} And in fact the last view agrees better with what Homer says, and furnishes a solution of the question asked above, {101} for in this view it is assumed that Nestor lived in the Triphylian Pylus, and that the parts towards the south and east (that is, the parts that are contiguous to Messenia and the Laconian country) were subject to him; and these parts were held by the Cauconians, so that if one went by land from Pylus to Lacedaemon his journey necessarily must have been made through the territory of the Cauconians; and yet the temple of the Samian Poseidon and the mooring-place near it, where Telemachus landed, lie off towards the northwest. So then, if the Cauconians live only here, the account of the poet is not conserved; for instance, Athene, according to Sotades, bids Nestor to send Telemachus to Lacedaemon "with chariot and son" to the parts that lie towards the east, and yet she says that she herself will go to the ship to spend the night, towards the west, and back the same way she came, and she goes on to say that "in the morning" she will go "amongst the great-hearted Cauconians" {102} to collect a debt, that is, she will go forward again. How, pray? For Nestor might have said: "But the Cauconians are my subjects and live near the road that people travel to Lacedaemon. Why, therefore, do you not travel with Telemachus and his companions instead of going back the same way you came?" And at the same time it would have been proper for one who was going to people subject to Nestor to collect a debt--"no small debt," as she says--to request aid from Nestor, if there should be any unfairness (as is usually the case) in connection with the contract; but this she did not do. If, then, the Cauconians lived only there, the result would be absurd; but if some of the Cauconians had been separated from the rest and had gone to the regions near Dyme in Eleia, then Athene would be speaking of her journey thither, and there would no longer be anything incongruous either in her going down to the ship or in her withdrawing from the company of travellers, because their roads lay in opposite directions. And similarly, too, the puzzling questions raised in regard to Pylus may find an appropriate solution when, a little further on in my chorography, I reach the Messenian Pylus.

98. Hom. Il. 20.329.

99. 12. 3. 5.

100. The extant works of Aristotle contain no reference to the Cauconians.

101. 8. 3. 11.

102. Hom. Od. 3.366

008.003.018

 ἐλέγοντο δὲ Παρωρεᾶται τινὲς τῶν ἐν τῇ Τριφυλίᾳ κατέχοντες ὄρη περὶ τὸ Λέπρειον καὶ τὸ Μάκιστον καθήκοντα ἐπὶ θάλατταν πλησίον τοῦ Σαμιακοῦ ποσειδίου.

A part of the inhabitants of Triphylia were called Paroreatae; they occupied mountains, in the neighborhood of Lepreum and Macistum, that reach down to the sea near the Samian Poseidium. {103}

103. See 8. 3. 20.

008.003.019

 ὑπὸ τούτοις ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ δύο ἄντρα, τὸ μὲν νυμφῶν Ἀνιγριάδων τὸ δὲ ἐν ᾧ τὰ περὶ τὰς Ἀτλαντίδας καὶ τὴν Δαρδάνου γένεσιν. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλση τό τε Ἰωναῖον καὶ τὸ Εὐρυκύδειον. τὸ μὲν οὖν Σαμικὸν ἔστιν ἔρυμα, πρότερον δὲ καὶ πόλις Σάμος προσαγορευομένη διὰ τὸ ὕψος ἴσως, ἐπειδὴ Σάμους ἐκάλουν τὰ ὕψη· τάχα δὲ τῆς Ἀρήνης ἀκρόπολις ἦν τοῦτο, ἧς ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ μέμνηται ὁ ποιητής

οἳ δὲ Πύλον τ' ἐνέμοντο καὶ Ἀρήνην ἐρατεινήν. 

οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ σαφῶς εὑρίσκοντες ἐνταῦθα μάλιστα εἰκάζουσι τὴν Ἀρήνην, ὅπου καὶ ὁ παρακείμενος Ἄνιγρος ποταμός, καλούμενος πρότερον Μινύειος, δίδωσιν οὐ μικρὸν σημεῖον· λέγει γὰρ ὁ ποιητής

ἔστι δέ τις ποταμὸς Μινυήιος εἰς ἅλα βάλλων ἐγγύθεν Ἀρήνης. 

πρὸς γὰρ δὴ τῷ ἄντρῳ τῶν Ἀνιγριάδων νυμφῶν ἐστι πηγή, ὑφ' ἧς ἕλειον καὶ τιφῶδες τὸ ὑποπῖπτον γίνεται χωρίον· ὑποδέχεται δὲ τὸ πλεῖστον τοῦ ὕδατος ὁ Ἄνιγρος βαθὺς καὶ ὕπτιος ὢν ὥστε λιμνάζειν· θινώδης δ' ὢν ὁ τόπος ἐξ εἴκοσι σταδίων βαρεῖαν ὀσμὴν παρέχει καὶ τοὺς ἰχθῦς ἀβρώτους ποιεῖ. μυθεύουσι δ' οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ τῶν τετρωμένων Κενταύρων τινὰς ἐνταῦθ' ἀπονίψασθαι τὸν ἐκ τῆς Ὕδρας ἰόν, οἱ δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ Μελάμποδα τοῖς ὕδασι τούτοις καθαρσίοις χρήσασθαι πρὸς τὸν τῶν Προιτίδων καθαρμόν· ἀλφοὺς δὲ καὶ λεύκας καὶ λειχῆνας ἰᾶται τὸ ἐντεῦθεν λουτρόν. φασὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν Ἀλφειὸν ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀλφῶν θεραπείας οὕτως ὠνομάσθαι. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἥ τε ὑπτιότης τοῦ Ἀνίγρου καὶ αἱ ἀνακοπαὶ τῆς θαλάττης μονὴν μᾶλλον ἢ ῥύσιν παρέχουσι τοῖς ὕδασι, Μινυήιόν φασιν εἰρῆσθαι πρότερον, παρατρέψαι δέ τινας τοὔνομα καὶ ἀντ' αὐτοῦ ποιῆσαι Μινυήιον. ἔχει δ' ἡ ἐτυμότης καὶ ἄλλας ἀφορμάς, εἴτ' ἀπὸ τῶν μετὰ Χλωρίδος τῆς Νέστορος μητρὸς ἐλθόντων ἐξ Ὀρχομενοῦ τοῦ Μινυείου, ἑἴτἐ Μινυῶν, οἳ τῶν Ἀργοναυτῶν ἀπόγονοι ὄντες ἐκ Λήμνου μὲν εἰς Λακεδαίμονα ἐξέπεσον ἐντεῦθεν δ' εἰς τὴν Τριφυλίαν, καὶ ᾤκησαν περὶ τὴν Ἀρήνην ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ νῦν Αἰπασίᾳ καλουμένῃ, οὐκ ἐχούσῃ οὐκέτι τὰ τῶν Μινυῶν κτίσματα· ὧν τινὲς μετὰ Θήρα τοῦ Αὐτεσίωνος ἦν δ' οὗτος Πολυνείκους ἀπόγονος πλεύσαντες εἰς τὴν μεταξὺ Κυρηναίας καὶ τῆς Κρήτης νῆσον

Καλλίστην τὸ πάροιθε, τὸ δ' ὕστερον οὔνομα Θήρην, 

ὥς φησι Καλλίμαχος, ἔκτισαν τὴν μητρόπολιν τῆς Κυρήνης Θήραν, ὁμώνυμον δ' ἀπέδειξαν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὴν νῆσον.

At the base of these mountains, on the seaboard, are two caves. One is the cave of the nymphs called Anigriades; the other is the scene of the stories of the daughters of Atlas {104} and of the birth of Dardanus. And here, too, are the sacred precincts called the Ionaeum and the Eurycydeium. Samicum  {105} is now only a fortress, though formerly there was also a city which was called Samus, perhaps because of its lofty situation; for they used to call lofty places "Samoi." And perhaps Samicum was the acropolis of Arene, which the poet mentions in the Catalogue: "And those who dwelt in Pylus and lovely Arene." {106} For while they cannot with certainty discover Arene anywhere, they prefer to conjecture that this is its site; and the neighboring River Anigrus, formerly called Minyeius, gives no slight indication of the truth of the conjecture, for the poet says: "And there is a River Minyeius which falls into the sea near Arene."Hom. Il. 11.722For near the cave of the nymphs called Anigriades is a spring which makes the region that lies below it swampy and marshy. The greater part of the water is received by the Anigrus, a river so deep and so sluggish that it forms a marsh; and since the region is muddy, it emits an offensive odor for a distance of twenty stadia, and makes the fish unfit to eat. {107} In the mythical accounts, however, this is attributed by some writers to the fact that certain of the Centaurs here washed off the poison they got from the Hydra, and by others to the fact that Melampus used these cleansing waters for the purification of the Proetides. {108} The bathing-water from here cures leprosy, elephantiasis, and scabies. It is said, also, that the Alpheius was so named from its being a cure for leprosy. At any rate, since both the sluggishness of the Anigrus and the backwash from the sea give fixity rather than current to its waters, it was called the "Minyeius" in earlier times, so it is said, though some have perverted the name and made it "Minteius" {109} instead. But the word has other sources of derivation, either from the people who went forth with Chloris, the mother of Nestor, from the Minyeian Orchomenus, or from the Minyans, who, being descendants of the Argonauts, were first driven out of Lemnos into Lacedaemon, and thence into Triphylia, and took up their abode about Arene in the country which is now called Hypaesia, though it no longer has the settlements of the Minyans. Some of these Minyans sailed with Theras, the son of Autesion, who was a descendant of Polyneices, to the island {110} which is situated between Cyrenaea and Crete ("Calliste its earlier name, but Thera its later," {111} as Callimachus says), and founded Thera, the mother-city of Cyrene, and designated the island by the same name as the city.

104. The seven Pleiades.

105. Cp. Pausanius' account of Samicum, Arene, and the Anigrus (Paus. 5.5.6, 5.6.1-2).

106. Hom. Il. 2.591

107. For a fuller account see Paus. 5.5.5 with Frazer's note.

108. According to Paus. 5.5.5, "some attribute the peculiarity of the river to the fact that the cp.objects used in the purification of the Proetides were flung into it."