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014.001.000 |
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λοιπὸν δ' ἐστὶν εἰπεῖν περὶ Ἰώνων καὶ Καρῶν καὶ τῆς ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου παραλίας, ἣν ἔχουσι Λύκιοί τε καὶ Πάμφυλοι καὶ Κίλικες· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἔχοι τέλος ἡ πᾶσα τῆς χερρονήσου περιήγησις, ἧς ἰσθμὸν ἔφαμεν τὴν ὑπέρβασιν τὴν ἐκ τῆς Ποντικῆς θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰσσικήν. |
It remains for me to speak of the Ionians and the Carians and the seaboard outside the Taurus, which last is occupied by Lycians, Pamphylians, and Cilicians; for in this way I can finish my entire description of the peninsula, the isthmus of which, as I was saying, {1} is the road which leads over from the Pontic Sea to the Issic Sea. {2}
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1. 12.1.3. 2. For map of Asia Minor, see Loeb Vol. 5 (at end).
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ἔστι δὲ τῆς Ἰωνίας ὁ μὲν περίπλους ὁ παρὰ γῆν σταδίων που τρισχιλίων τετρακοσίων τριάκοντα διὰ τοὺς κόλπους καὶ διὰ τὸ χερρονησίζειν ἐπὶ πλεῖον τὴν χώραν, τὸ δ' ἐπ' εὐθείας μῆκος οὐ πολύ. αὐτὸ οὖν τὸ ἐξ Ἐφέσου μέχρι Σμύρνης ὁδὸς μέν ἐστιν ἐπ' εὐθείας τριακόσιοι εἴκοσι στάδιοι· εἰς γὰρ Μητρόπολιν ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι στάδιοι, οἱ λοιποὶ δὲ εἰς Σμύρναν· περίπλους δὲ μικρὸν ἀπολείπων τῶν δισχιλίων καὶ διακοσίων. ἔστι δ' οὖν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδίου τοῦ Μιλησίων καὶ τῶν Καρικῶν ὅρων μέχρι Φωκαίας καὶ τοῦ Ἕρμου τὸ πέρας τῆς Ἰωνικῆς παραλίας. |
The coasting voyage round Ionia is about three thousand four hundred and thirty stadia, this distance being so great because of the gulfs and the fact that the country forms a peninsula of unusual extent; but the distance in a straight line across the isthmus is not great. For instance, merely the distance from Ephesus to Smyrna is a journey, in a straight line, of three hundred and twenty stadia, for the distance to Metropolis is one hundred and twenty stadia and the remainder to Smyrna, whereas the coasting voyage is but slightly short of two thousand two hundred. Be that as it may, the bounds of the Ionian coast extend from the Poseidium of the Milesians, and from the Carian frontiers, as far as Phocaea and the Hermus River, which latter is the limit of the Ionian seaboard.
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ταύτης δέ φησι Φερεκύδης Μίλητον μὲν καὶ Μυοῦντα καὶ τὰ περὶ Μυκάλην καὶ Ἔφεσον Κᾶρας ἔχειν πρότερον, τὴν δ' ἑξῆς παραλίαν μέχρι Φωκαίας καὶ Χίον καὶ Σάμον, ἧς Ἀγκαῖος ἦρχε, Λέλεγας· ἐκβληθῆναι δ' ἀμφοτέρους ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰώνων καὶ εἰς τὰ λοιπὰ μέρη τῆς Καρίας ἐκπεσεῖν. ἄρξαι δέ φησιν Ἄνδροκλον τῆς τῶν Ἰώνων ἀποικίας, ὕστερον τῆς Αἰολικῆς, υἱὸν γνήσιον Κόδρου τοῦ Ἀθηνῶν βασιλέως, γενέσθαι δὲ τοῦτον Ἐφέσου κτίστην. διόπερ τὸ βασίλειον τῶν Ἰώνων ἐκεῖ συστῆναί φασι, καὶ ἔτι νῦν οἱ ἐκ τοῦ γένους ὀνομάζονται βασιλεῖς ἔχοντές τινας τιμάς, προεδρίαν τε ἐν ἀγῶσι καὶ πορφύραν ἐπίσημον τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους, σκίπωνα ἀντὶ σκήπτρου, καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τῆς Ἐλευσινίας Δήμητρος. καὶ Μίλητον δ' ἔκτισεν Νηλεὺς ἐκ Πύλου τὸ γένος ὤν· οἵ τε Μεσσήνιοι καὶ οἱ Πύλιοι συγγένειάν τινα προσποιοῦνται, καθ' ἣν καὶ Μεσσήνιον τὸν Νέστορα οἱ νεώτεροί φασι ποιηταί, καὶ τοῖς περὶ Μέλανθον τὸν Κόδρου πατέρα πολλοὺς καὶ τῶν Πυλίων συνεξᾶραί φασιν εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας· τοῦτον δὴ πάντα τὸν λαὸν μετὰ τῶν Ἰώνων κοινῇ στεῖλαι τὴν ἀποικίαν· τοῦ δὲ Νηλέως ἐπὶ τῷ Ποσειδίῳ βωμὸς ἵδρυμα δείκνυται. Κυδρῆλος δὲ νόθος υἱὸς Κόδρου Μυοῦντα κτίζει· Ἀνδρόπομπος δὲ Λέβεδον καταλαβόμενος τόπον τινὰ Ἄρτιν· Κολοφῶνα δ' Ἀνδραίμων Πύλιος, ὥς φησι καὶ Μίμνερμος ἐν Ναννοῖ· Πριήνην δ' Αἴπυτος ὁ Νηλέως, εἶθ' ὕστερον Φιλωτᾶς ἐκ Θηβῶν λαὸν ἀγαγών· Τέω δὲ Ἀθάμας μὲν πρότερον, διόπερ Ἀθαμαντίδα καλεῖ αὐτὴν Ἀνακρέων, κατὰ δὲ τὴν Ἰωνικὴν ἀποικίαν Ναῦκλος υἱὸς Κόδρου νόθος, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Ἄποικος καὶ Δάμασος Ἀθηναῖοι καὶ Γέρης ἐκ Βοιωτῶν· Ἐρυθρὰς δὲ Κνῶπος, καὶ οὗτος υἱὸς Κόδρου νόθος· Φώκαιαν δ' οἱ μετὰ Φιλογένους Ἀθηναῖοι· Κλαζομενὰς δὲ Πάραλος· Χίον δὲ Ἐγέρτιος, σύμμικτον ἐπαγαγόμενος πλῆθος· Σάμον δὲ Τεμβρίων, εἶθ' ὕστερον Προκλῆς. |
Pherecydes says concerning this seaboard that Miletus and Myus and the parts round Mycale and Ephesus were in earlier times occupied by Carians, and that the coast next thereafter, as far as Phocaea and Chios and Samos, which were ruled by Ancaeus, was occupied by Leleges, but that both were driven out by the Ionians and took refuge in the remaining parts of Caria. He says that Androclus, legitimate son of Codrus the king of Athens, was the leader of the Ionian colonization, which was later than the Aeolian, and that he became the founder of Ephesus; and for this reason, it is said, the royal seat of the Ionians was established there. And still now the descendants of his family are called kings; and they have certain honors, I mean the privilege of front seats at the games and of wearing purple robes as insignia of royal descent, and staff instead of sceptre, and of the superintendence of the sacrifices in honor of the Eleusinian Demeter. Miletus was founded by Neleus, a Pylian by birth. The Messenians and the Pylians pretend a kind of kinship with one another, according to which the more recent poets call Nestor a Messenian; and they say that many of the Pylians accompanied Melanthus, father of Codrus, and his followers to Athens, and that, accordingly, all this people sent forth the colonizing expedition in common with the Ionians. There is an altar, erected by Neleus, to be seen on the Poseidium. Myus was founded by Cydrelus, bastard son of Codrus; Lebedus by Andropompus, who seized a place called Artis; Colophon by Andraemon a Pylian, according to Mimnermus in his Nanno; {3} Priene by Aepytus the son of Neleus, and then later by Philotas, who brought a colony from Thebes; Teos, at first by Athamas, for which reason it is by Anacreon called Athamantis, and at the time of the Ionian colonization by Nauclus, bastard son of Codrus, and after him by Apoecus and Damasus, who were Athenians, and Geres, a Boeotian; Erythrae by Cnopus, he too a bastard son of Codrus; Phocaea by the Athenians under Philogenes; Clazomenae by Paralus; Chios by Egertius, who brought with him a mixed crowd; Samos by Tembrion, and then later by Procles.
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3. A fragment (Mimnermus Fr. 10 (Bergk)) otherwise unknown.
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αὗται μὲν δώδεκα Ἰωνικαὶ πόλεις, προσελήφθη δὲ χρόνοις ὕστερον καὶ Σμύρνα εἰς τὸ Ἰωνικὸν ἐναγαγόντων Ἐφεσίων· ἦσαν γὰρ αὐτοῖς σύνοικοι τὸ παλαιόν, ἡνίκα καὶ Σμύρνα ἐκαλεῖτο ἡ Ἔφεσος· καὶ Καλλῖνός που οὕτως ὠνόμακεν αὐτήν, Σμυρναίους τοὺς Ἐφεσίους καλῶν ἐν τῷ πρὸς τὸν Δία λόγῳ Σμυρναίους δ' ἐλέησον καὶ πάλιν μνῆσαι δ' εἴκοτέ τοι μηρία καλὰ βοῶν Σμυρναῖοι κατέκηαν. Σμύρνα δ' ἦν Ἀμαζὼν ἡ κατασχοῦσα τὴν Ἔφεσον, ἀφ' ἧς τοὔνομα καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ τῇ πόλει, ὡς καὶ ἀπὸ Σισύρβης Σισυρβῖται τινὲς τῶν Ἐφεσίων ἐλέγοντο· καὶ τόπος δέ τις τῆς Ἐφέσου Σμύρνα ἐκαλεῖτο, ὡς δηλοῖ Ἱππῶναξ ᾤκει δ' ὄπισθε τῆς πόλιος ἐνὶ Σμύρνῃ μεταξὺ Τρηχείης τε καὶ Λεπρῆς ἀκτῆς. ἐκαλεῖτο γὰρ Λεπρὴ μὲν ἀκτὴ ὁ πρηὼν ὁ ὑπερκείμενος τῆς νῦν πόλεως, ἔχων μέρος τοῦ τείχους αὐτῆς· τὰ γοῦν ὄπισθεν τοῦ πρηῶνος κτήματα ἔτι νυνὶ λέγεται ἐν τῇ Ὀπισθολεπρίᾳ· Τραχεῖα δ' ἐκαλεῖτο ἡ περὶ τὸν Κορησσὸν Παρώρειος. ἡ δὲ πόλις ἦν τὸ παλαιὸν περὶ τὸ Ἀθήναιον τὸ νῦν ἔξω τῆς πόλεως ὂν κατὰ τὴν καλουμένην Ὑπέλαιον, ὥστε ἡ Σμύρνα ἦν κατὰ τὸ νῦν γυμνάσιον ὄπισθεν μὲν τῆς τότε πόλεως, μεταξὺ δὲ Τρηχείης τε καὶ Λεπρῆς ἀκτῆς. ἀπελθόντες δὲ παρὰ τῶν Ἐφεσίων οἱ Σμυρναῖοι στρατεύουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον, ἐν ᾧ νῦν ἔστιν ἡ Σμύρνα, Λελέγων κατεχόντων· ἐκβαλόντες δ' αὐτοὺς ἔκτισαν τὴν παλαιὰν Σμύρναν διέχουσαν τῆς νῦν περὶ εἴκοσι σταδίους. ὕστερον δὲ ὑπὸ Αἰολέων ἐκπεσόντες κατέφυγον εἰς Κολοφῶνα, καὶ μετὰ τῶν ἐνθένδε ἐπιόντες τὴν σφετέραν ἀπέλαβον· καθάπερ καὶ Μίμνερμος ἐν τῇ Ναννοῖ φράζει μνησθεὶς τῆς Σμύρνης ὅτι περιμάχητος ἀεί ἡμεῖς δηὖτε Πύλον Νηλήιον ἄστυ λιπόντες ἱμερτὴν Ἀσίην νηυσὶν ἀφικόμεθα· ἐς δ' ἐρατὴν Κολοφῶνα βίην ὑπέροπλον ἔχοντες ἑζόμεθ' ἀργαλέης ὕβριος ἡγεμόνες. κεῖθεν δ' ἀστήεντος ἀπορνύμενοι ποταμοῖο θεῶν βουλῇ Σμύρνην εἵλομεν Αἰολίδα. ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τούτων· ἐφοδευτέον δὲ πάλιν τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἡγεμονικωτέρων τόπων ποιησαμένους, ἐφ' ὧνπερ καὶ πρῶτον αἱ κτίσεις ἐγένοντο, λέγω δὲ τῶν περὶ Μίλητον καὶ Ἔφεσον· αὗται γὰρ ἄρισται πόλεις καὶ ἐνδοξόταται. |
These are the twelve Ionian cities, {4} but at a later time Smyrna was added, being induced by the Ephesians to join the Ionian League; for the Ephesians were fellow-inhabitants of the Smyrnaeans in ancient times, when Ephesus was also called Smyrna. And Callinus somewhere so names it, when he calls the Ephesians Smyrnaeans in the prayer to Zeus,and pity the Smyrnaeans;and again,remember, if ever the Smyrnaeans burnt up beautiful thighs of oxen in sacrifice to thee. {5} Smyrna was an Amazon who took possession of Ephesus; and hence the name both of the inhabitants and of the city, just as certain of the Ephesians were called Sisyrbitae after Sisyrbe. Also a certain place belonging to Ephesus was called Smyrna, as Hipponax plainly indicates:He lived behind the city in Smyrna between Tracheia and Lepra Acte; {6} for the name Lepra Acte was given to Mt. Prion, which lies above the present city and has on it a part of the city's wall. At any rate, the possessions behind Prion are still now referred to as in the "opistholeprian" territory, {7} and the country alongside the mountain round Coressus was called "Tracheia." {8} The city was in ancient times round the Athenaeum, which is now outside the city near the Hypelaeus, {9} as it is called; so that Smyrna was near the present gymnasium, behind the present city, but between Tracheia and Lepra Acte. On departing from the Ephesians, the Smyrnaeans marched to the place where Smyrna now is, which was in the possession of the Leleges, and, having driven them out, they founded the ancient Smyrna, which is about twenty stadia distant from the present Smyrna. But later, being driven out by the Aeolians, they fled for refuge to Colophon, and then with the Colophonians returned to their own land and took it back, as Mimnermus tells us in his Nanno, after recalling that Smyrna was always an object of contention:After we left Pylus, the steep city of Neleus, we came by ship to lovely Asia, and with our overweening might settled in beloved Colophon, taking the initiative in grievous insolence. And from there, setting out from the Astëeis River, by the will of the gods we took Aeolian Smyrna. {10} So much, then, on this subject. But I must again go over the several parts in detail, beginning with the principal places, those where the foundings first took place, I mean those round Miletus and Ephesus; for these are the best and most famous cities.
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4. 8. 7. 1. 5. Callinus Fr. 2 (Bergk) 6. Hipponax Fr. 44 (Bergk) 7. i.e., in the territory "behind Lepra." 8. i.e., "Rugged" country. 9. A fountain. 10. Mimnermus Fr. 9 (Bergk)
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μετὰ δὲ τὸ Ποσείδιον τὸ Μιλησίων ἑξῆς ἐστι τὸ μαντεῖον τοῦ Διδυμέως Ἀπόλλωνος τὸ ἐν Βραγχίδαις ἀναβάντι ὅσον ὀκτωκαίδεκα σταδίους· ἐνεπρήσθη δ' ὑπὸ Ξέρξου, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἱερὰ πλὴν τοῦ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ· οἱ δὲ Βραγχίδαι τοὺς θησαυροὺς τοῦ θεοῦ παραδόντες τῷ Πέρσῃ φεύγοντι συναπῆραν τοῦ μὴ τῖσαι δίκας τῆς ἱεροσυλίας καὶ τῆς προδοσίας. ὕστερον δ' οἱ Μιλήσιοι μέγιστον νεὼν τῶν πάντων κατεσκεύασαν, διέμεινε δὲ χωρὶς ὀροφῆς διὰ τὸ μέγεθος· κώμης γοῦν κατοικίαν ὁ τοῦ σηκοῦ περίβολος δέδεκται καὶ ἄλσος ἐντός τε καὶ ἐκτὸς πολυτελές· ἄλλοι δὲ σηκοὶ τὸ μαντεῖον καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ συνέχουσιν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ μυθεύεται τὰ περὶ τὸν Βράγχον καὶ τὸν ἔρωτα τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος· κεκόσμηται δ' ἀναθήμασι τῶν ἀρχαίων τεχνῶν πολυτελέστατα· ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν οὐ πολλὴ ὁδός ἐστιν οὐδὲ πλοῦς. |
Next after the Poseidium of the Milesians, eighteen stadia inland, is the oracle of Apollo Didymeus among the Branchidae. {11} It was set on fire by Xerxes, as were also the other temples, except that at Ephesus. The Branchidae gave over the treasures of the god to the Persian king, and accompanied him in his flight in order to escape punishment for the robbing and the betrayal of the temple. But later the Milesians erected the largest temple in the world, though on account of its size it remained without a roof. At any rate, the circuit of the sacred enclosure holds a village settlement; and there is a magnificent sacred grove both inside and outside the enclosure; and other sacred enclosures contain the oracle and the shrines. Here is laid the scene of the myth of Branchus and the love of Apollo. The temple is adorned with costliest offerings consisting of early works of art. Thence to the city is no long journey, by land or by sea.
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11. i.e., at Didyma. On this temple see Hdt. 1.46, 5.36, 6.19.
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φησὶ δ' Ἔφορος τὸ πρῶτον κτίσμα εἶναι Κρητικόν, ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης τετειχισμένον, ὅπου νῦν ἡ πάλαι Μίλητος ἔστι, Σαρπηδόνος ἐκ Μιλήτου τῆς Κρητικῆς ἀγαγόντος οἰκήτορας καὶ θεμένου τοὔνομα τῇ πόλει τῆς ἐκεῖ πόλεως ἐπώνυμον, κατεχόντων πρότερον Λελέγων τὸν τόπον· τοὺς δὲ περὶ Νηλέα ὕστερον τὴν νῦν τειχίσαι πόλιν. ἔχει δὲ τέτταρας λιμένας ἡ νῦν, ὧν ἕνα καὶ στόλῳ ἱκανόν. πολλὰ δὲ τῆς πόλεως ἔργα ταύτης, μέγιστον δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἀποικιῶν· ὅ τε γὰρ Εὔξεινος πόντος ὑπὸ τούτων συνῴκισται πᾶς καὶ ἡ Προποντὶς καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους τόποι. Ἀναξιμένης γοῦν ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς οὕτω φησὶν ὅτι καὶ Ἴκαρον τὴν νῆσον καὶ Λέρον Μιλήσιοι συνῴκισαν καὶ περὶ Ἑλλήσποντον ἐν μὲν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ Λίμνας, ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἀσίᾳ Ἄβυδον Ἄρισβαν Παισόν, ἐν δὲ τῇ Κυζικηνῶν νήσῳ Ἀρτάκην Κύζικον, ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῆς Τρῳάδος Σκῆψιν· ἡμεῖς δ' ἐν τοῖς καθ' ἕκαστα λέγομεν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας τὰς ὑπὸ τούτου παραλελειμμένας. Οὔλιον δ' Ἀπόλλωνα καλοῦσί τινα καὶ Μιλήσιοι καὶ Δήλιοι, οἷον ὑγιαστικὸν καὶ παιωνικόν· τὸ γὰρ οὔλειν ὑγιαίνειν, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὸ οὐλὴ καὶ τό “οὖλέ τε “καὶ μέγα χαῖρε.” ἰατικὸς γὰρ ὁ Ἀπόλλων· καὶ ἡ Ἄρτεμις ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρτεμέας ποιεῖν· καὶ ὁ Ἥλιος δὲ καὶ ἡ Σελήνη συνοικειοῦνται τούτοις, ὅτι τῆς περὶ τοὺς ἀέρας εὐκρασίας αἴτιοι· καὶ τὰ λοιμικὰ δὲ πάθη καὶ τοὺς αὐτομάτους θανάτους τούτοις ἀνάπτουσι τοῖς θεοῖς. |
Ephorus says: Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by the Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in the possession of the Leleges; but later Neleus and his followers fortified the present city. The present city has four harbors, one of which is large enough for a fleet. Many are the achievements of this city, but the greatest is the number of its colonizations; for the Euxine Pontus has been colonized everywhere by these people, as also the Propontis and several other regions. At any rate, Anaximenes of Lampsacus says that the Milesians colonized the islands Icaros and Leros; and, near the Hellespont, Limnae in the Chersonesus, as also Abydus and Arisba and Paesus in Asia; and Artace and Cyzicus in the island of the Cyziceni; and Scepsis in the interior of the Troad. I, however, in my detailed description speak of the other cities, which have been omitted by him. Both Milesians and Delians invoke an Apollo "Ulius," that is, as god of "health and healing," for the verb "ulein" means "to be healthy"; whence the noun "ule" {12} and the salutation, "Both health and great joy to thee"; for Apollo is the god of healing. And Artemis has her name from the fact that she makes people "Artemeas." {13} And both Helius {14} and Selene {15} are closely associated with these, since they are the causes of the temperature of the air. And both pestilential diseases and sudden deaths are imputed to these gods.
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12. i.e., a "healed wound"; also a "scar." 13. i.e., "safe and sound." 14. The Sun-god. 15. The Mood-goddess.
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ἄνδρες δ' ἄξιοι μνήμης ἐγένοντο ἐν τῇ Μιλήτῳ Θαλῆς τε εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν, ὁ πρῶτος φυσιολογίας ἄρξας ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησι καὶ μαθηματικῆς, καὶ ὁ τούτου μαθητὴς Ἀναξίμανδρος καὶ ὁ τούτου πάλιν Ἀναξιμένης, ἔτι δ' Ἑκαταῖος ὁ τὴν ἱστορίαν συντάξας, καθ' ἡμᾶς δὲ Αἰσχίνης ὁ ῥήτωρ, ὃς ἐν φυγῇ διετέλεσε, παρρησιασάμενος πέρα τοῦ μετρίου πρὸς Πομπήιον Μάγνον. ἠτύχησε δ' ἡ πόλις ἀποκλείσασα Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ βίᾳ ληφθεῖσα, καθάπερ καὶ Ἁλικαρνασός· ἔτι δὲ πρότερον ὑπὸ Περσῶν· καί φησί γε Καλλισθένης ὑπ' Ἀθηναίων χιλίαις δραχμαῖς ζημιωθῆναι Φρύνιχον τὸν τραγικόν, διότι δρᾶμα ἐποίησε Μιλήτου ἅλωσιν ὑπὸ Δαρείου. Πρόκειται δ' ἡ Λάδη νῆσος πλησίον καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Τραγαίας νησία ὑφόρμους ἔχοντα λῃσταῖς. |
Notable men were born at Miletus: Thales, one of the Seven Wise Men, the first to begin the science of natural philosophy {16} and mathematics among the Greeks, and his pupil Anaximander, and again the pupil of the latter, Anaximenes, and also Hecataeus, the author of the History, and, in my time, Aeschines the orator, who remained in exile to the end, since he spoke freely, beyond moderation, before Pompey the Great. But the city was unfortunate, since it shut its gates against Alexander and was taken by force, as was also the case with Halicarnassus; and also, before that time, it was taken by the Persians. And Callisthenes says that Phrynichus the tragic poet was fined a thousand drachmas by the Athenians because he wrote a play entitled The Capture of Miletus by Dareius. The island Lade lies close in front of Miletus, as do also the isles in the neighborhood of the Tragaeae, which afford anchorage for pirates.
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16. Literally "physiology," which again shows the perversion of Greek scientific names in English (cf. Vol. I, p. 27, footnote 2).
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ἑξῆς δ' ἐστὶν ὁ Λατμικὸς κόλπος, ἐν ᾧ Ἡράκλεια ἡ ὑπὸ Λάτμῳ λεγομένη, πολίχνιον ὕφορμον ἔχον· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Λάτμος ὁμωνύμως τῷ ὑπερκειμένῳ ὄρει, ὅπερ Ἑκαταῖος μὲν ἐμφαίνει τὸ αὐτὸ εἶναι νομίζων τῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Φθειρῶν ὄρει λεγομένῳ ὑπὲρ γὰρ τῆς Λάτμου φησὶ τὸ Φθειρῶν ὄρος κεῖσθαι , τινὲς δὲ τὸ Γρίον φασίν, ὡς ἂν παράλληλον τῷ Λάτμῳ ἀνῆκον ἀπὸ τῆς Μιλησίας πρὸς ἕω διὰ τῆς Καρίας μέχρι Εὐρώμου καὶ Χαλκητόρων· ὑπέρκειται δὲ ταύτης ἐν ὄψει. μικρὸν δ' ἄπωθεν διαβάντι ποταμίσκον πρὸς τῷ Λάτμῳ δείκνυται τάφος Ἐνδυμίωνος ἔν τινι σπηλαίῳ· εἶτα ἀφ' Ἡρακλείας ἐπὶ Πύρραν πολίχνην πλοῦς ἑκατόν που σταδίων. |
Next comes the Latmian Gulf, on which is situated "Heracleia below Latmus," as it is called, a small town that has an anchoring-place. It was at first called Latmus, the same name as the mountain that lies above it, which Hecataeus indicates, in his opinion, to be the same as that which by the poet is called "the mountain of the Phtheires" {17} (for he says that the mountain of the Phtheires lies above Latmus), though some say that it is Mt. Grium, which is approximately parallel to Latmus and extends inland from Milesia towards the east through Caria to Euromus and Chalcetores. {18} This mountain lies above Heracleia, and at a high elevation. {19} At a slight distance away from it, after one has crossed a little river near Latmus, there is to be seen the sepulchre of Endymion, in a cave. Then from Heracleia to Pyrrha, a small town, there is a voyage of about one hundred stadia.
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17. Hom. Il. 2.868. 18. See 14. 2. 22. 19. Or rather, perhaps, "and in sight of it".
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μικρὸν δὲ πλέον τὸ ἀπὸ Μιλήτου εἰς Ἡράκλειαν ἐγκολπίζοντι, εὐθυπλοίᾳ δ' εἰς Πύρραν ἐκ Μιλήτου τριάκοντα· τοσαύτην ἔχει μακροπορίαν ὁ παρὰ γῆν πλοῦς. ἀνάγκη δ' ἐπὶ τῶν ἐνδόξων τόπων ὑπομένειν τὸ περισκελὲς τῆς τοιαύτης γεωγραφίας. |
But the voyage from Miletus to Heracleia, including the sinuosities of the gulfs, is a little more than one hundred stadia, though that from Miletus to Pyrrha, in a straight course, is only thirty--so much longer is the journey along the coast. But in the case of famous places my reader must needs endure the dry part of such geography as this.
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ἐκ δὲ Πύρρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ Μαιάνδρου πεντήκοντα· τεναγώδης δ' ὁ τόπος καὶ ἑλώδης· ἀναπλεύσαντι δ' ὑπηρετικοῖς σκάφεσι τριάκοντα σταδίους πόλις Μυοῦς, μία τῶν Ἰάδων τῶν δώδεκα, ἣ νῦν δι' ὀλιγανδρίαν Μιλησίοις συμπεπόλισται. ταύτην ὄψον λέγεται Θεμιστοκλεῖ δοῦναι Ξέρξης, ἄρτον δὲ Μαγνησίαν, οἶνον δὲ Λάμψακον. |
The voyage from Pyrrha to the outlet of the Maeander River is fifty stadia, a place which consists of shallows and marshes; and, travelling in rowboats thirty stadia, one comes to the city Myus, one of the twelve Ionian cities, which, on account of its sparse population, has now been incorporated into Miletus. Xerxes is said to have given this city to Themistocles to supply him with fish, Magnesia to supply him with bread, and Lampsacus with wine.
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ἔνθεν ἐν σταδίοις τέτταρσι κώμη Καρικὴ Θυμβρία, παρ' ἣν ἄορνόν ἐστι σπήλαιον ἱερόν, Χαρώνιον λεγόμενον, ὀλεθρίους ἔχον ἀποφοράς. ὑπέρκειται δὲ Μαγνησία ἡ πρὸς Μαιάνδρῳ, Μαγνήτων ἀποικία τῶν ἐν Θετταλίᾳ καὶ Κρητῶν, περὶ ἧς αὐτίκα ἐροῦμεν. |
Thence, within four stadia, one comes to a village, the Carian Thymbria, near which is Aornum, a sacred cave, which is called Charonium, since it emits deadly vapors. Above it lies Magnesia on the Maeander, a colony of the Magnesians of Thessaly and the Cretans, of which I shall soon speak. {20}
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20. Sections 39-40 following.
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μετὰ δὲ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Μαιάνδρου ὁ κατὰ Πριήνην ἐστὶν αἰγιαλός· ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ δ' ἡ Πριήνη καὶ Μυκάλη τὸ ὄρος εὔθηρον καὶ εὔδενδρον. ἐπίκειται δὲ τῇ Σαμίᾳ καὶ ποιεῖ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐπέκεινα τῆς Τρωγιλίου καλουμένης ἄκρας ὅσον ἑπταστάδιον πορθμόν. λέγεται δ' ὑπό τινων ἡ Πριήνη Κάδμη, ἐπειδὴ Φιλωτᾶς ὁ ἐπικτίσας αὐτὴν Βοιώτιος ὑπῆρχεν· ἐκ Πριήνης δ' ἦν Βίας εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν, περὶ οὗ φησιν οὕτως Ἱππῶναξ καὶ δικάσσασθαι Βίαντος τοῦ Πριηνέως κρέσσον. |
After the outlets of the Maeander comes the shore of Priene, above which lies Priene, and also the mountain Mycale, which is well supplied with wild animals and with trees. This mountain lies above the Samian territory {21} and forms with it, on the far side of the promontory called Trogilian, a strait about seven stadia in width. Priene is by some writers called Cadme, since Philotas, who founded it, was a Boeotian. Bias, one of the Seven Wise Men, was a native of Priene, of whom Hipponax saysstronger in the pleading of his cases than Bias of Priene. {22}
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21. The isle of Samos. 22. Hipponax Fr. 79 (Bergk)
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τῆς δὲ Τρωγιλίου πρόκειται νησίον ὁμώνυμον· ἐντεῦθεν δὲ τὸ ἐγγυτάτω δίαρμά ἐστιν ἐπὶ Σούνιον σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων, κατ' ἀρχὰς μὲν Σάμον ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχοντι καὶ Ἰκαρίαν καὶ Κορσίας, τοὺς δὲ Μελαντίους σκοπέλους ἐξ εὐωνύμων, τὸ λοιπὸν δὲ διὰ μέσων τῶν Κυκλάδων νήσων. καὶ αὐτὴ δ' ἡ Τρωγίλιος ἄκρα πρόπους τις τῆς Μυκάλης ἐστί. τῇ Μυκάλῃ δ' ὄρος ἄλλο πρόσκειται τῆς Ἐφεσίας Πακτύης· καὶ ἡ Μεσωγὶς δὲ εἰς αὐτὴν καταστρέφει. |
Off the Trogilian promontory lies an isle of the same name. Thence the nearest passage across to Sunium is one thousand six hundred stadia; on the voyage one has at first Samos and Icaria and Corsia on the right, and the Melantian rocks on the left; and the remainder of the voyage is through the midst of the Cyclades islands. The Trogilian promontory itself is a kind of spur of Mt. Mycale. Close to Mycale lies another mountain, in the Ephesian territory, I mean Mt. Pactyes, in which the Mesogis terminates.
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ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Τρωγιλίου στάδιοι τετταράκοντα εἰς τὴν Σάμον· βλέπει δὲ πρὸς νότον καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ὁ λιμὴν ἔχων ναύσταθμον. ἔστι δ' αὐτῆς ἐν ἐπιπέδῳ τὸ πλέον ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάττης κλυζόμενον, μέρος δέ τι καὶ εἰς τὸ ὄρος ἀνέχει τὸ ὑπερκείμενον. ἐν δεξιᾷ μὲν οὖν προσπλέουσι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἔστι τὸ Ποσείδιον ἄκρα ἡ ποιοῦσα πρὸς τὴν Μυκάλην τὸν ἑπταστάδιον πορθμόν, ἔχει δὲ νεὼν Ποσειδῶνος· πρόκειται δ' αὐτοῦ νησίδιον ἡ Ναρθηκίς· ἐπ' ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τὸ προάστειον τὸ πρὸς τῷ Ἡραίῳ καὶ ὁ Ἴμβρασος ποταμὸς καὶ τὸ Ἡραῖον, ἀρχαῖον ἱερὸν καὶ νεὼς μέγας, ὃς νῦν πινακοθήκη ἐστί· χωρὶς δὲ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἐνταῦθα κειμένων πινάκων ἄλλαι πινακοθῆκαι καὶ ναΐσκοι τινές εἰσι πλήρεις τῶν ἀρχαίων τεχνῶν· τό τε ὕπαιθρον ὁμοίως μεστὸν ἀνδριάντων ἐστὶ τῶν ἀρίστων· ὧν τρία Μύρωνος ἔργα κολοσσικὰ ἱδρυμένα ἐπὶ μιᾶς βάσεως, ἃ ἦρε μὲν Ἀντώνιος ἀνέθηκε δὲ πάλιν ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ εἰς τὴν αὐτὴν βάσιν τὰ δύο, τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα, τὸν δὲ Δία εἰς τὸ Καπετώλιον μετήνεγκε κατασκευάσας αὐτῷ ναΐσκον. |
The distance from the Trogilian promontory to Samos {23} is forty stadia. Samos faces the south, both it and its harbor, which latter has a naval station. The greater part of it is on level ground, being washed by the sea, but a part of it reaches up into the mountain that lies above it. Now on the right, as one sails towards the city, is the Poseidium, a promontory which with Mt. Mycale forms the seven-stadia strait; and it has a temple of Poseidon; and in front of it lies an isle called Narthecis; and on the left is the suburb near the Heraeum, and also the Imbrasus River, and the Heraeum, which consists of an ancient temple and a great shrine, which latter is now a repository of tablets. {24} Apart from the number of the tablets placed there, there are other repositories of votive tablets and some small chapels full of ancient works of art. And the temple, which is open to the sky, is likewise full of most excellent statues. Of these, three of colossal size, the work of Myron, stood upon one base; Antony took these statues away, {25} but Augustus Caesar restored two of them, those of Athena and Heracles, to the same base, although he transferred the Zeus to the Capitolium, having erected there a small chapel for that statue.
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23. i.e., the city Samos. 24. Whether maps or paintings, or both, the translator does not know. 25. See 13. 1. 30.
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περίπλους δ' ἐστὶ τῆς Σαμίων νήσου σταδίων ἑξακοσίων. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Παρθενία πρότερον οἰκούντων Καρῶν, εἶτα Ἀνθεμοῦς, εἶτα Μελάμφυλλος, εἶτα Σάμος, εἴτ' ἀπό τινος ἐπιχωρίου ἥρωος εἴτ' ἐξ Ἰθάκης καὶ Κεφαλληνίας ἀποικήσαντος. καλεῖται μὲν οὖν καὶ ἄκρα τις Ἄμπελος βλέπουσά πως πρὸς τὸ τῆς Ἰκαρίας Δρέπανον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ὄρος ἅπαν ὃ ποιεῖ τὴν ὅλην νῆσον ὀρεινὴν ὁμωνύμως λέγεται· ἔστι δ' οὐκ εὔοινος, καίπερ εὐοινουσῶν τῶν κύκλῳ νήσων, καὶ τῆς ἠπείρου σχεδόν τι τῆς προσεχοῦς πάσης τοὺς ἀρίστους ἐκφερούσης οἴνους, οἷον Χίου καὶ Λέσβου καὶ Κῶ· καὶ μὴν καὶ ὁ Ἐφέσιος καὶ Μητροπολίτης ἀγαθοί, ἥ τε Μεσωγὶς καὶ ὁ Τμῶλος καὶ ἡ Κατακεκαυμένη καὶ Κνίδος καὶ Σμύρνα καὶ ἄλλοι ἀσημότεροι τόποι διαφόρως χρηστοινοῦσιν ἢ πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν ἢ πρὸς διαίτας ἰατρικάς. περὶ μὲν ὁὖν οἴνους οὐ πάνυ εὐτυχεῖ Σάμος, τὰ δ' ἄλλα εὐδαίμων, ὡς δῆλον ἔκ τε τοῦ περιμάχητον γενέσθαι καὶ ἐκ τοῦ τοὺς ἐπαινοῦντας μὴ ὀκνεῖν ἐφαρμόττειν αὐτῇ τὴν λέγουσαν παροιμίαν ὅτι φέρει καὶ ὀρνίθων γάλα, καθάπερ που καὶ Μένανδρος ἔφη. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τῶν τυραννίδων αἴτιον αὐτῇ κατέστη καὶ τῆς πρὸς Ἀθηναίους ἔχθρας. |
The voyage round the island of the Samians is six hundred stadia. In earlier times, when it was inhabited by Carians, it was called Parthenia, then Anthemus, then Melamphyllus, and then Samos, whether after some native hero or after someone who colonized it from Ithaca and Cephallenia. {26} Now in Samos there is a promontory approximately facing Drepanum in Icaria which is called Ampelus, but the entire mountain which makes the whole of the island mountainous is called by the same name. The island does not produce good wine, although good wine is produced by the islands all round, and although most of the whole of the adjacent mainland produces the best of wines, for example, Chios and Lesbos and Cos. And indeed the Ephesian and Metropolitan wines are good; and Mt. Mesogis and Mt. Tmolus and the Catacecaumene country and Cnidos and Smyrna and other less significant places produce exceptionally good wine, whether for enjoyment or medicinal purposes. Now Samos is not altogether fortunate in regard to wines, but in all other respects it is a blest country, as is clear from the fact that it became an object of contention in war, and also from the fact that those who praise it do not hesitate to apply to it the proverb that "it produces even birds' milk," as Menander somewhere says. This was also the cause of the establishment of the tyrannies there, and of their enmity against the Athenians.
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26. See 10. 2. 17.
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αἱ μὲν οὖν τυραννίδες ἤκμασαν κατὰ Πολυκράτη μάλιστα καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ Συλοσῶντα· ἦν δ' ὁ μὲν καὶ τύχῃ καὶ δυνάμει λαμπρὸς ὥστε καὶ θαλαττοκρατῆσαι· τῆς δ' εὐτυχίας αὐτοῦ σημεῖον τιθέασιν ὅτι ῥίψαντος εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐπίτηδες τὸν δακτύλιον λίθου καὶ γλύμματος πολυτελοῦς, ἀνήνεγκε μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν ἁλιέων τις τὸν καταπιόντα ἰχθὺν αὐτόν· ἀνατμηθέντος δ' εὑρέθη ὁ δακτύλιος· πυθόμενον δὲ τοῦτο τὸν Αἰγυπτίων βασιλέα φασὶ μαντικῶς πως ἀποφθέγξασθαι ὡς ἐν βραχεῖ καταστρέψει τὸν βίον εἰς οὐκ εὐτυχὲς τέλος ὁ τοσοῦτον ἐξηρμένος ταῖς εὐπραγίαις· καὶ δὴ καὶ συμβῆναι τοῦτο· ληφθέντα γὰρ ἐξ ἀπάτης ὑπὸ τοῦ σατράπου τῶν Περσῶν κρεμασθῆναι. τούτῳ συνεβίωσεν Ἀνακρέων ὁ μελοποιός· καὶ δὴ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ ποίησις πλήρης ἐστὶ τῆς περὶ αὐτοῦ μνήμης. ἐπὶ τούτου δὲ καὶ Πυθαγόραν ἱστοροῦσιν ἰδόντα φυομένην τὴν τυραννίδα ἐκλιπεῖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ ἀπελθεῖν εἰς Αἴγυπτον καὶ Βαβυλῶνα φιλομαθείας χάριν· ἐπανιόντα δ' ἐκεῖθεν, ὁρῶντα ἔτι συμμένουσαν τὴν τυραννίδα, πλεύσαντα εἰς Ἰταλίαν ἐκεῖ διατελέσαι τὸν βίον. περὶ Πολυκράτους μὲν ταῦτα. |
Now the tyrannies reached their greatest height in the time of Polycrates and his brother Syloson. Polycrates was such a brilliant man, both in his good fortune and in his natural ability, that he gained supremacy over the sea; and it is set down, {27} as a sign of his good fortune, that he purposely flung into the sea his ring, a ring of very costly stone and engraving, and that a little later one of the fishermen brought him the very fish that swallowed it; and that when the fish was cut open the ring was found; and that on learning this the king of the Egyptians, it is said, declared in a kind of prophetic way that any man who had been exalted so highly in welfare would shortly come to no happy end of life; and indeed this is what happened, for he was captured by treachery by the satrap of the Persians and hanged. Anacreon the melic poet lived in companionship with Polycrates; and indeed the whole of his poetry is full of his praises. It was in his time, as we are told, that Pythagoras, seeing that the tyranny was growing in power, left the city and went off to Egypt and Babylon, to satisfy his fondness for learning; but when he came back and saw that the tyranny still endured, he set sail for Italy and lived there to the end of his life. So much for Polycrates.
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27. See Hdt. 3. 40-43, 120, 125.
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Συλοσῶν δ' ἀπελείφθη μὲν ἰδιώτης ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, Δαρείῳ δὲ τῷ Ὑστάσπεω χαρισάμενος ἐσθῆτα, ἧς ἐπεθύμησεν ἐκεῖνος φοροῦντα ἰδών, οὔπω δ' ἐβασίλευε τότε, βασιλεύσαντος ἀντέλαβε δῶρον τὴν τυραννίδα. πικρῶς δ' ἦρξεν, ὥστε καὶ ἐλειπάνδρησεν ἡ πόλις· κἀκεῖθεν ἐκπεσεῖν συνέβη τὴν παροιμίαν ἕκητι Συλοσῶντος εὐρυχωρίη. |
Syloson
was left a private citizen by his brother, but to gratify Dareius, the son of
Hystaspes, he gave him a robe which Dareius desired when he saw him wearing it;
and Dareius at that time was not yet king, but when Dareius became king,
Syloson received as a return-gift the tyranny of Samos. But he ruled so
harshly that the city became depopulated; and thence arose the proverb,
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Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ πρότερον μὲν πέμψαντες στρατηγὸν Περικλέα καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ Σοφοκλέα τὸν ποιητὴν πολιορκίᾳ κακῶς διέθηκαν ἀπειθοῦντας τοὺς Σαμίους, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ κληρούχους ἔπεμψαν δισχιλίους ἐξ ἑαυτῶν, ὧν ἦν καὶ Νεοκλῆς ὁ Ἐπικούρου τοῦ φιλοσόφου πατήρ, γραμματοδιδάσκαλος, ὥς φασι· καὶ δὴ καὶ τραφῆναί φασιν ἐνθάδε καὶ ἐν Τέῳ καὶ ἐφηβεῦσαι Ἀθήνησι· γενέσθαι δ' αὐτῷ συνέφηβον Μένανδρον τὸν κωμικόν· Σάμιος δ' ἦν καὶ Κρεώφυλος, ὅν φασι δεξάμενον ξενίᾳ ποτὲ Ὅμηρον λαβεῖν δῶρον τὴν ἐπιγραφὴν τοῦ ποιήματος ὃ καλοῦσιν Οἰχαλίας ἅλωσιν. Καλλίμαχος δὲ τοὐναντίον ἐμφαίνει δι' ἐπιγράμματός τινος, ὡς ἐκείνου μὲν ποιήσαντος λεγομένου δ' Ὁμήρου διὰ τὴν λεγομένην ξενίαν τοῦ Σαμίου πόνος εἰμί, δόμῳ ποτὲ θεῖον Ὅμηρον δεξαμένου· κλείω δ' Εὔρυτον ὅσς' ἔπαθεν, καὶ ξανθὴν Ἰόλειαν· Ὁμήρειον δὲ καλεῦμαι γράμμα· Κρεωφύλῳ, Ζεῦ φίλε, τοῦτο μέγα. τινὲς δὲ διδάσκαλον Ὁμήρου τοῦτόν φασιν, οἱ δ' οὐ τοῦτον ἀλλ' Ἀριστέαν τὸν Προκοννήσιον. |
The Athenians at first sent Pericles as general and with him Sophocles the poet, who by a siege put the disobedient Samians in bad plight; but later they sent two thousand allottees from their own people, among whom was Neocles, the father of Epicurus the philosopher, a schoolmaster as they call him. And indeed it is said that Epicurus grew up here and in Teos, and that he became an ephebus {28} at Athens, and that Menander the comic poet became an ephebus at the same time. Creophylus, also, was a Samian, who, it is said, once entertained Homer and received as a gift from him the inscription of the poem called The Capture of Oechalia. But Callimachus clearly indicates.the contrary in an epigram of his, meaning that Creophylus composed the poem, but that it was ascribed to Homer because of the story of the hospitality shown him:
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28. i.e., at eighteen years of age underwent a "scrutiny" and was registered as an Athenian citizen.
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παράκειται δὲ τῇ Σάμῳ νῆσος Ἰκαρία ἀφ' ἧς τὸ Ἰκάριον πέλαγος. αὕτη δ' ἐπώνυμός ἐστιν Ἰκάρου παιδὸς τοῦ Δαιδάλου, ὅν φασι τῷ πατρὶ κοινωνήσαντα τῆς φυγῆς, ἡνίκα ἀμφότεροι πτερωθέντες ἀπῆραν ἐκ Κρήτης, πεσεῖν ἐνθάδε μὴ κρατήσαντα τοῦ δρόμου· μετεωρισθέντι γὰρ πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον ἐπὶ πλέον περιρρυῆναι τὰ πτερὰ τακέντος τοῦ κηροῦ. τριακοσίων δ' ἐστὶ τὴν περίμετρον σταδίων ἡ νῆσος ἅπασα καὶ ἀλίμενος πλὴν ὑφόρμων, ὧν ὁ κάλλιστος Ἱστοὶ λέγονται· ἄκρα δ' ἐστὶν ἀνατείνουσα πρὸς ζέφυρον. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν καλούμενον Ταυροπόλιον ἐν τῇ νήσῳ καὶ πολισμάτιον Οἰνόη, καὶ ἄλλο Δράκανον ὁμώνυμον τῇ ἄκρᾳ ἐφ' ᾖ ἵδρυται, πρόσορμον ἔχον· ἡ δὲ ἄκρα διέχει τῆς Σαμίων ἄκρας τῆς Κανθαρίου καλουμένης ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἐλάχιστον δίαρμα τὸ μεταξύ. νυνὶ μέντοι λιπανδροῦσαν Σάμιοι νέμονται τὰ πολλὰ βοσκημάτων χάριν. |
Alongside Samos lies the island Icaria, whence was derived the name of the Icarian Sea. This island is named after Icarus the son of Daedalus, who, it is said, having joined his father in flight, both being furnished with wings, flew away from Crete and fell here, having lost control of their course; for, they add, on rising too close to the sun, his wings slipped off, since the wax {29} melted. The whole island is three hundred stadia in perimeter; it has no harbors, but only places of anchorage, the best of which is called Histi. {30} It has a promontory which extends towards the west. There is also on the island a temple of Artemis, called Tauropolium; and a small town Oenoe; and another small town Dracanum, bearing the same name as the promontory on which it is situated and having near by a place of anchorage. The promontory is eighty stadia distant from the promontory of the Samians called Cantharius, which is the shortest distance between the two. At the present time, however, it has but few inhabitants left, and is used by Samians mostly for the grazing of cattle.
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29. i.e.,the wax which joined the wings to his body. 30. i.e., Masts.
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μετὰ δὲ τὸν Σάμιον πορθμὸν τὸν πρὸς Μυκάλῃ πλέουσιν εἰς Ἔφεσον ἐν δεξιᾷ ἐστιν ἡ Ἐφεσίων παραλία· μέρος δέ τι ἔχουσιν αὐτῆς καὶ οἱ Σάμιοι. πρῶτον δ' ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ τὸ Πανιώνιον τρισὶ σταδίοις ὑπερκείμενον τῆς θαλάττης, ὅπου τὰ Πανιώνια, κοινὴ πανήγυρις τῶν Ἰώνων, συντελεῖται τῷ Ἑλικωνίῳ Ποσειδῶνι καὶ θυσία· ἱερῶνται δὲ Πριηνεῖς· εἴρηται δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς Πελοποννησιακοῖς. εἶτα Νεάπολις, ἣ πρότερον μὲν ἦν Ἐφεσίων νῦν δὲ Σαμίων διαλλαξαμένων πρὸς τὸ Μαραθήσιον, τὸ ἐγγυτέρω πρὸς τὸ ἀπωτέρω· εἶτα Πύγελα πολίχνιον, ἱερὸν ἔχον Ἀρτέμιδος Μουνυχίας, ἵδρυμα Ἀγαμέμνονος, οἰκούμενον ὑπὸ μέρους τῶν ἐκείνου λαῶν· πυγαλγίας γάρ τινας καὶ γενέσθαι καὶ κληθῆναι, κάμνοντας δ' ὑπὸ τοῦ πάθους καταμεῖναι, καὶ τυχεῖν οἰκείου τοῦδε τοῦ ὀνόματος τὸν τόπον. εἶτα λιμὴν Πάνορμος καλούμενος ἔχων ἱερὸν τῆς Ἐφεσίας Ἀρτέμιδος· εἶθ' ἡ πόλις. ἐν δὲ τῇ αὐτῇ παραλίᾳ μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Ὀρτυγία, διαπρεπὲς ἄλσος παντοδαπῆς ὕλης, κυπαρίττου δὲ τῆς πλείστης. διαρρεῖ δὲ ὁ Κέγχριος ποταμός, οὗ φασι νίψασθαι τὴν Λητὼ μετὰ τὰς ὠδῖνας. ἐνταῦθα γὰρ μυθεύουσι τὴν λοχείαν καὶ τὴν τροφὸν τὴν Ὀρτυγίαν καὶ τὸ ἄδυτον ἐν ᾧ ἡ λοχεία, καὶ τὴν πλησίον ἐλαίαν, ᾖ πρῶτον ἐπαναπαύσασθαί φασι τὴν θεὸν ἀπολυθεῖσαν τῶν ὠδίνων. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τοῦ ἄλσους ὄρος ὁ Σολμισσός, ὅπου στάντας φασὶ τοὺς Κουρῆτας τῷ ψόφῳ τῶν ὅπλων ἐκπλῆξαι τὴν Ἥραν ζηλοτύπως ἐφεδρεύουσαν, καὶ λαθεῖν συμπράξαντας τὴν λοχείαν τῇ Λητοῖ. ὄντων δ' ἐν τῷ τόπῳ πλειόνων ναῶν, τῶν μὲν ἀρχαίων τῶν δ' ὕστερον γενομένων, ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις ἀρχαῖά ἐστι ξόανα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὕστερον Σκόπα ἔργα· ἡ μὲν Λητὼ σκῆπτρον ἔχουσα, ἡ δ' Ὀρτυγία παρέστηκεν ἑκατέρᾳ τῇ χειρὶ παιδίον ἔχουσα. πανήγυρις δ' ἐνταῦθα συντελεῖται κατ' ἔτος, ἔθει δέ τινι οἱ νέοι φιλοκαλοῦσι μάλιστα περὶ τὰς ἐνταῦθα εὐωχίας λαμπρυνόμενοι· τότε δὲ καὶ τῶν Κουρήτων ἀρχεῖον συνάγει συμπόσια καί τινας μυστικὰς θυσίας ἐπιτελεῖ. |
After the Samian strait, near Mt. Mycale, as one sails to Ephesus, one comes, on the right, to the seaboard of the Ephesians; and a part of this seaboard is held by the Samians. First on the seaboard is the Panionium, lying three stadia above the sea where the Pan-Ionia, a common festival of the Ionians, are held, and where sacrifices are performed in honor of the Heliconian Poseidon; and Prienians serve as priests at this sacrifice, but I have spoken of them in my account of the Peloponnesus. {31} Then comes Neapolis, which in earlier times belonged to the Ephesians, but now belongs to the Samians, who gave in exchange for it Marathesium, the more distant for the nearer place. Then comes Pygela, a small town, with a temple of Artemis Munychia, founded by Agamemnon and inhabited by a part of his troops; for it is said that some of his soldiers became afflicted with a disease of the buttocks {32} and were called "diseased-buttocks," and that, being afflicted with this disease, they stayed there, and that the place thus received this appropriate name. Then comes the harbor called Panormus, with a temple of the Ephesian Artemis; and then the city Ephesus. On the same coast, slightly above the sea, is also Ortygia, which is a magnificent grove of all kinds of trees, of the cypress most of all. It is traversed by the Cenchrius River, where Leto is said to have bathed herself after her travail. {33} For here is the mythical scene of the birth, and of the nurse Ortygia, and of the holy place where the birth took place, and of the olive tree near by, where the goddess is said first to have taken a rest after she was relieved from her travail. Above the grove lies Mt. Solmissus, where, it is said, the Curetes stationed themselves, and with the din of their arms frightened Hera out of her wits when she was jealously spying on Leto, and when they helped Leto to conceal from Hera the birth of her children. There are several temples in the place, some ancient and others built in later times; and in the ancient temples are many ancient wooden images, but in those of later times there are works of Scopas; for example, Leto holding a sceptre and Ortygia standing beside her with a child in each arm. A general festival is held there annually; and by a certain custom the youths vie for honor, particularly in the splendor of their banquets there. At that time, also, a special college of the Curetes holds symposiums and performs certain mystic sacrifices.
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31. 8. 7. 2. 32. In Greek, with "pygalgia." 33. Referring, of course, to the birth of Apollo and Artemis.
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τὴν δὲ πόλιν ᾤκουν μὲν Κᾶρές τε καὶ Λέλεγες, ἐκβαλὼν δ' ὁ Ἄνδροκλος τοὺς πλείστους ᾤκισεν ἐκ τῶν συνελθόντων αὐτῷ περὶ τὸ Ἀθήναιον καὶ τὴν Ὑπέλαιον, προσπεριλαβὼν καὶ τῆς περὶ τὸν Κορησσὸν παρωρείας. μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῶν κατὰ Κροῖσον οὕτως ᾠκεῖτο, ὕστερον δ' ἀπὸ τῆς Παρωρείου καταβάντες περὶ τὸ νῦν ἱερὸν ᾤκησαν μέχρι Ἀλεξάνδρου. Λυσίμαχος δὲ τὴν νῦν πόλιν τειχίσας, ἀηδῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων μεθισταμένων, τηρήσας καταρράκτην ὄμβρον συνήργησε καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ τοὺς ῥινούχους ἐνέφραξεν ὥστε κατακλύσαι τὴν πόλιν· οἱ δὲ μετέστησαν ἄσμενοι. ἐκάλεσε δ' Ἀρσινόην ἀπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς τὴν πόλιν, ἐπεκράτησε μέντοι τὸ ἀρχαῖον ὄνομα. ἦν δὲ γερουσία καταγραφομένη, τούτοις δὲ συνῄεσαν οἱ ἐπίκλητοι καλούμενοι καὶ διῴκουν πάντα. |
The city of Ephesus was inhabited both by Carians and by Leleges, but Androclus drove them out and settled the most of those who had come with him round the Athenaeum and the Hypelaeus, though he also included a part of the country situated on the slopes of Mt. Coressus. Now Ephesus was thus inhabited until the time of Croesus, but later the people came down from the mountainside and abode round the present temple until the time of Alexander. Lysimachus built a wall round the present city, but the people were not agreeably disposed to change their abodes to it; and therefore he waited for a downpour of rain and himself took advantage of it and blocked the sewers so as to inundate the city; and the inhabitants were then glad to make the change. He named the city after his wife Arsinoe; the old name, however, prevailed. There was a senate, which was conscripted; and with these were associated the Epicleti, {34} as they were called, who administered all the affairs of the city.
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34. Men specially summoned, privy-councillors.
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τὸν δὲ νεὼν τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος πρῶτος μὲν Χερσίφρων ἠρχιτεκτόνησεν, εἶτ' ἄλλος ἐποίησε μείζω· ὡς δὲ τοῦτον Ἡρόστρατός τις ἐνέπρησεν, ἄλλον ἀμείνω κατεσκεύασαν συνενέγκαντες τὸν τῶν γυναικῶν κόσμον καὶ τὰς ἰδίας οὐσίας, διαθέμενοι δὲ καὶ τοὺς προτέρους κίονας· τούτων δὲ μαρτύριά ἐστι τὰ γενηθέντα τότε ψηφίσματα, ἅπερ ἀγνοοῦντά φησιν ὁ Ἀρτεμίδωρος τὸν Ταυρομενίτην Τίμαιον καὶ ἄλλως βάσκανον ὄντα καὶ συκοφάντην διὸ καὶ Ἐπιτίμαιον κληθῆναι λέγειν ὡς ἐκ τῶν Περσικῶν παρακαταθηκῶν ἐποιήσαντο τοῦ ἱεροῦ τὴν ἐπισκευήν· οὔτε δὲ ὑπάρξαι παρακαταθήκας τότε, εἴ τε ὑπῆρξαν, συνεμπεπρῆσθαι τῷ ναῷ· μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἔμπρησιν τῆς ὀροφῆς ἠφανισμένης, ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ τῷ σηκῷ τίνα ἂν ἐθελῆσαι παρακαταθήκην κειμένην ἔχειν; Ἀλέξανδρον δὴ τοῖς Ἐφεσίοις ὑποσχέσθαι τὰ γεγονότα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα ἀναλώματα, ἐφ' ᾧ τε τὴν ἐπιγραφὴν αὐτὸν ἔχειν, τοὺς δὲ μὴ ἐθελῆσαι, πολὺ μᾶλλον οὐκ ἂν ἐθελήσαντας ἐξ ἱεροσυλίας καὶ ἀποστερήσεως φιλοδοξεῖν· ἐπαινεῖ τε τὸν εἰπόντα τῶν Ἐφεσίων πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, ὡς οὐ πρέποι θεῷ θεοῖς ἀναθήματα κατασκευάζειν. |
As for the temple of Artemis, its first architect was Chersiphron; and then another man made it larger. But when it was set on fire by a certain Herostratus, the citizens erected another and better one, having collected the ornaments of the women and their own individual belongings, and having sold also the pillars of the former temple. Testimony is borne to these facts by the decrees that were made at that time. Artemidorus says: Timaeus of Tauromenium, being ignorant of these decrees and being any way an envious and slanderous fellow (for which reason he was also called Epitimaeus), {35} says that they exacted means for the restoration of the temple from the treasures deposited in their care by the Persians; but there were no treasures on deposit in their care at that time, and, even if there had been, they would have been burned along with the temple; and after the fire, when the roof was destroyed, who could have wished to keep deposits of treasure lying in a sacred enclosure that was open to the sky? Now Alexander, Artemidorus adds, promised the Ephesians to pay all expenses, both past and future, on condition that he should have the credit therefor on the inscription, but they were unwilling, just as they would have been far more unwilling to acquire glory by sacrilege and a spoliation of the temple. {36} And Artemidorus praises the Ephesian who said to the king {37} that it was inappropriate for a god to dedicate offerings to gods.
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35. Calumniator. 36. Referring, of course, to the charge that they took the Persian treasures. 37. Alexander.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν τοῦ νεὼ συντέλειαν, ὅν φησιν εἶναι Δεινοκράτους ἔργον τοῦ δ' αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν Ἀλεξανδρείας κτίσιν· τὸν δ' αὐτὸν ὑποσχέσθαι Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τὸν Ἄθω διασκευάσειν εἰς αὐτόν, ὡσανεὶ ἐκ πρόχου τινὸς εἰς φιάλην καταχέοντα σπονδήν, ποιήσοντα πόλεις δύο, τὴν μὲν ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ ὄρους τὴν δ' ἐν ἀριστερᾷ, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑτέρας εἰς τὴν ἑτέραν ῥέοντα ποταμόν , μετὰ δ' οὖν τὸν νεὼν τὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἀναθημάτων πλῆθος εὑρέσθαι τῇ ἐκτιμήσει τῶν δημιουργῶν, τὸν δὲ δὴ βωμὸν εἶναι τῶν Πραξιτέλους ἔργων ἅπαντα σχεδόν τι πλήρη. ἡμῖν δ' ἐδείκνυτο καὶ τῶν Θράσωνός τινα, οὗπερ καὶ τὸ Ἑκατήσιόν ἐστι καὶ ἡ κηρίνη Πηνελόπη καὶ ἡ πρεσβῦτις ἡ Εὐρύκλεια. ἱερέας δ' εὐνούχους εἶχον οὓς ἐκάλουν Μεγαβύζους, καὶ ἀλλαχόθεν μετιόντες ἀεί τινας ἀξίους τῆς τοιαύτης προστασίας, καὶ ἦγον ἐν τιμῇ μεγάλῃ· συνιερᾶσθαι δὲ τούτοις ἐχρῆν παρθένους. νυνὶ δὲ τὰ μὲν φυλάττεται τῶν νομίμων τὰ δ' ἧττον, ἄσυλον δὲ μένει τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ νῦν καὶ πρότερον· τῆς δ' ἀσυλίας τοὺς ὅρους ἀλλαγῆναι συνέβη πολλάκις, Ἀλεξάνδρου μὲν ἐπὶ στάδιον ἐκτείναντος, Μιθριδάτου δὲ τόξευμα ἀφέντος ἀπὸ τῆς γωνίας τοῦ κεράμου καὶ δόξαντος ὑπερβαλέσθαι μικρὰ τὸ στάδιον, Ἀντωνίου δὲ διπλασιάσαντος τοῦτο καὶ συμπεριλαβόντος τῇ ἀσυλίᾳ μέρος τι τῆς πόλεως· ἐφάνη δὲ τοῦτο βλαβερὸν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς κακούργοις ποιοῦν τὴν πόλιν, ὥστ' ἠκύρωσεν ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ. |
After the completion of the temple, which, he says, was the work of Cheirocrates {38} (the same man who built Alexandreia and the same man who proposed to Alexander to fashion Mt. Athos into his likeness, representing him as pouring a libation from a kind of ewer into a broad bowl, and to make two cities, one on the right of the mountain and the other on the left, and a river flowing from one to the other)--after the completion of the temple, he says, the great number of dedications in general were secured by means of the high honor they paid their artists, {39} but the whole of the altar was filled, one might say, with the works of Praxiteles. They showed me also some of the works of Thrason, who made the chapel of Hecate, the waxen image of Penelope, and the old woman Eurycleia. They had eunuchs as priests, whom they called Megabyzi. And they were always in quest of persons from other places who were worthy of this preferment, and they held them in great honor. And it was obligatory for maidens to serve as colleagues with them in their priestly office. But though at the present some of their usages are being preserved, yet others are not; but the temple remains a place of refuge, the same as in earlier times, although the limits of the refuge have often been changed; for example, when Alexander extended them for a stadium, and when Mithridates shot an arrow from the corner of the roof and thought it went a little farther than a stadium, and when Antony doubled this distance and included within the refuge a part of the city. But this extension of the refuge proved harmful, and put the city in the power of criminals; and it was therefore nullified by Augustus Caesar.
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38. Apparently an error for "Deinocrates," a Macedonian architect (cf. Vitruvius 1.1.4). 39. Artemidorus means, of course, that the local artists were actuated by piety and patriotism.
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ἔχει δ' ἡ πόλις καὶ νεώρια καὶ λιμένα· βραχύστομον δ' ἐποίησαν οἱ ἀρχιτέκτονες, συνεξαπατηθέντες τῷ κελεύσαντι βασιλεῖ. οὗτος δ' ἦν Ἄτταλος ὁ φιλάδελφος· οἰηθεὶς γὰρ οὗτος βαθὺν τὸν εἴσπλουν ὁλκάσι μεγάλαις ἔσεσθαι καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν λιμένα τεναγώδη ὄντα πρότερον διὰ τὰς ἐκ τοῦ Καΰστρου προχώσεις, ἐὰν παραβληθῇ χῶμα τῷ στόματι πλατεῖ τελέως ὄντι, ἐκέλευσε γενέσθαι τὸ χῶμα. συνέβη δὲ τοὐναντίον· ἐντὸς γὰρ ἡ χοῦς εἰργομένη τεναγίζειν μᾶλλον ἐποίησε τὸν λιμένα σύμπαντα μέχρι τοῦ στόματος· πρότερον δ' ἱκανῶς αἱ πλημμυρίδες καὶ ἡ παλίρροια τοῦ πελάγους ἀφῄρει τὴν χοῦν καὶ ἀνέσπα πρὸς τὸ ἐκτός. ὁ μὲν οὖν λιμὴν τοιοῦτος· ἡ δὲ πόλις τῇ πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα εὐκαιρίᾳ τῶν τόπων αὔξεται καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, ἐμπόριον οὖσα μέγιστον τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. |
The city has both an arsenal and a harbor. The mouth of the harbor was made narrower by the engineers, {40} but they, along with the king who ordered it, were deceived as to the result, I mean Attalus Philadelphus; for he thought that the entrance would be deep enough for large merchant vessels--as also the harbor itself, which formerly had shallow places because of the silt deposited by the Caÿster River--if a mole were thrown up at the mouth, which was very wide, and therefore ordered that the mole should be built. But the result was the opposite, for the silt, thus hemmed in, made the whole of the harbor, as far as the mouth, more shallow. Before this time the ebb and flow of the tides would carry away the silt and draw it to the sea outside. Such, then, is the harbor; and the city, because of its advantageous situation in other respects, grows daily, and is the largest emporium in Asia this side the Taurus.
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40. Literally, "architects."
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ἄνδρες δ' ἀξιόλογοι γεγόνασιν ἐν αὐτῇ τῶν μὲν παλαιῶν Ἡράκλειτός τε ὁ σκοτεινὸς καλούμενος καὶ Ἑρμόδωρος, περὶ οὗ ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτός φησιν ἄξιον Ἐφεσίοις ἡβηδὸν ἀπάγξασθαι, οἵτινες Ἑρμόδωρον ἄνδρα ἑωυτῶν ὀνήιστον ἐξέβαλον, φάντες ἡμέων μηδὲ εἷς ὀνήιστος ἔστω, εἰ δὲ μή, ἄλλῃ τε καὶ μετ' ἄλλων. δοκεῖ δ' οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ νόμους τινὰς Ῥωμαίοις συγγράψαι. καὶ Ἱππῶναξ δ' ἐστὶν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐξ Ἐφέσου καὶ Παρράσιος ὁ ζωγράφος καὶ Ἀπελλῆς, τῶν δὲ νεωτέρων Ἀρτεμίδωρος καἶ Ἀλέξανδρος ῥήτωρ ὁ Λύχνος προσαγορευθείς, ὃς καὶ ἐπολιτεύσατο καὶ συνέγραψεν ἱστορίαν καὶ ἔπη κατέλιπεν, ἐν οἷς τά τε οὐράνια διατίθεται καὶ τὰς ἠπείρους γεωγραφεῖ, καθ' ἑκάστην ἐκδοὺς ποίημα. |
Notable men have been born in this city: in ancient times, Heracleitus the Obscure, as he is called; and Hermodorus, concerning whom Heracleitus himself says:It were right for the Ephesians from youth upwards to be hanged, who banished their most useful man, saying: 'Let no man of us be most useful; otherwise, let him be elsewhere and with other people.'Hermodorus is reputed to have written certain laws for the Romans. And Hipponax the poet was from Ephesus; and so were Parrhasius the painter and Apelles, and more recently Alexander the orator, surnamed Lychnus, {41} who was a statesman, and wrote history, and left behind him poems in which he describes the position of the heavenly bodies and gives a geographic description of the continents, each forming the subject of a poem.
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41. i.e., Lamp.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ Καΰστρου λίμνη ἐστὶν ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους ἀναχεομένη καλεῖται δὲ Σελινουσία καὶ ἐφεξῆς ἄλλη σύρρους αὐτῇ μεγάλας ἔχουσαι προσόδους, ἃς οἱ βασιλεῖς μὲν ἱερὰς οὔσας ἀφείλοντο τὴν θεόν, Ῥωμαῖοι δ' ἀπέδοσαν· πάλιν δ' οἱ δημοσιῶναι βιασάμενοι περιέστησαν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς τὰ τέλη, πρεσβεύσας δὲ ὁ Ἀρτεμίδωρος, ὥς φησι, τάς τε λίμνας ἀπέλαβε τῇ θεῷ καὶ τὴν Ἡρακλεῶτιν ἀφισταμένην ἐξενίκησε κριθεὶς ἐν Ῥώμῃ· ἀντὶ δὲ τούτων εἰκόνα χρυσῆν ἀνέστησεν ἡ πόλις ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. τῆς δὲ λίμνης ἐν τῷ κοιλοτάτῳ βασιλέως ἐστὶν ἱερόν· φασὶ δ' Ἀγαμέμνονος ἵδρυμα. |
After the outlet of the Caÿster River comes a lake that runs inland from the sea, called Selinusia; and next comes another lake that is confluent with it, both affording great revenues. Of these revenues, though sacred, the kings deprived the goddess, but the Romans gave them back; and again the tax-gatherers forcibly converted the tolls to their own use; but when Artemidorus was sent on an embassy, as he says, he got the lakes back for the goddess, and he also won the decision over Heracleotis, which was in revolt, {42} his case being decided at Rome; and in return for this the city erected in the temple a golden image of him. In the innermost recess of the lake there is a temple of a king, which is said to have been built by Agamemnon.
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42. i.e., from Ephesus.
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εἶτα τὸ Γαλλήσιον ὄρος καὶ ἡ Κολοφὼν πόλις Ἰωνικὴ καὶ τὸ πρὸ αὐτῆς ἄλσος τοῦ Κλαρίου Ἀπόλλωνος, ἐν ᾧ καὶ μαντεῖόν ἐστι παλαιόν. λέγεται δὲ Κάλχας ὁ μάντις μετ' Ἀμφιλόχου τοῦ Ἀμφιαράου κατὰ τὴν ἐκ Τροίας ἐπάνοδον πεζῇ δεῦρο ἀφικέσθαι, περιτυχὼν δ' ἑαυτοῦ κρείττονι μάντει κατὰ τὴν Κλάρον, Μόψῳ τῷ Μαντοῦς τῆς Τειρεσίου θυγατρός, διὰ λύπην ἀποθανεῖν. Ἡσίοδος μὲν οὖν οὕτω πως διασκευάζει τὸν μῦθον· προτεῖναι γάρ τι τοιοῦτο τῷ Μόψῳ τὸν Κάλχαντα θαῦμά μ' ἔχει κατὰ θυμόν, ὅσους ἐρινειὸς ὀλύνθους οὗτος ἔχει μικρός περ ἐών· εἴποις ἂν ἀριθμόν; τὸν δ' ἀποκρίνασθαι μύριοί εἰσιν ἀριθμόν, ἀτὰρ μέτρον γε μέδιμνος· εἷς δὲ περισσεύει, τὸν ἐπενθέμεν οὔ κε δύναιο. ὣς φάτο· καί σφιν ἀριθμὸς ἐτήτυμος εἴδετο μέτρου. καὶ τότε δὴ Κάλχανθ' ὕπνος θανάτοιο κάλυψε. Φερεκύδης δέ φησιν ὗν προβαλεῖν ἔγκυον τὸν Κάλχαντα πόσους ἔχει χοίρους, τὸν δ' εἰπεῖν ὅτι τρεῖς, ὧν ἕνα θῆλυν· ἀληθεύσαντος δ' ἀποθανεῖν ὑπὸ λύπης. οἱ δὲ τὸν μὲν Κάλχαντα προβαλεῖν τὴν ὗν φασι τὸν δὲ ἐρινεόν, καὶ τὸν μὲν εἰπεῖν τἀληθὲς τὸν δὲ μή, ἀποθανεῖν δὲ ὑπὸ λύπης καὶ κατά τι λόγιον. λέγει δ' αὐτὸ Σοφοκλῆς ἐν Ἑλένης ἀπαιτήσει ὡς εἱμαρμένον εἴη ἀποθανεῖν, ὅταν κρείττονι ἑαυτοῦ μάντει περιτύχῃ· οὗτος δὲ καὶ εἰς Κιλικίαν μεταφέρει τὴν ἔριν καὶ τὸν θάνατον τοῦ Κάλχαντος. τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ τοιαῦτα. |
Then one comes to the mountain Gallesius, and to Colophon, an Ionian city, and to the sacred precinct of Apollo Clarius, where there was once an ancient oracle. The story is told that Calchas the prophet, with Amphilochus the son of Amphiaräus, went there on foot on his return from Troy, and that having met near Clarus a prophet superior to himself, Mopsus, the son of Manto, the daughter of Teiresias, he died of grief. Now Hesiod revises the myth as follows, making Calchas propound to Mopsus this question:
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ἐκτήσαντο δέ ποτε καὶ ναυτικὴν ἀξιόλογον δύναμιν Κολοφώνιοι καὶ ἱππικήν, ἐν ᾖ τοσοῦτον διέφερον τῶν ἄλλων ὥσθ', ὅπου ποτὲ ἐν τοῖς δυσκαταλύτοις πολέμοις τὸ ἱππικὸν τῶν Κολοφωνίων ἐπικουρήσειε, λύεσθαι τὸν πόλεμον· ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὴν παροιμίαν ἐκδοθῆναι τὴν λέγουσαν “τὸν Κολοφῶνα ἐπέθηκεν” ὅταν τέλος ἐπιτεθῇ βέβαιον τῷ πράγματι. ἄνδρες δ' ἐγένοντο Κολοφώνιοι τῶν μνημονευομένων Μίμνερμος αὐλητὴς ἅμα καὶ ποιητὴς ἐλεγείας, καὶ Ξενοφάνης ὁ φυσικός, ὁ τοὺς σίλλους ποιήσας διὰ ποιημάτων· λέγει δὲ Πίνδαρος καὶ Πολύμναστόν τινα τῶν περὶ τὴν μουσικὴν ἐλλογίμων φθέγμα μὲν πάγκοινον ἔγνωκας ;Πολυμνάστου Κολοφωνίου ἀνδρός. καὶ Ὅμηρον δέ τινες ἐντεῦθεν εἶναί φασιν. Εὐθυπλοίᾳ μὲν οὖν ἑβδομήκοντα στάδιοί εἰσιν ἐξ Ἐφέσου, ἐγκολπίζοντι δὲ ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι. |
The Colophonians once possessed notable naval and cavalry forces, in which latter they were so far superior to the others that wherever in wars that were hard to bring to an end, the cavalry of the Colophonians served as ally, the war came to an end; whence arose the proverb, "he put Colophon to it," which is quoted when a sure end is put to any affair. Native Colophonians, among those of whom we have record, were: Mimnermus, who was both a flute-player and elegiac poet; Xenophanes, the natural philosopher, who composed the "Silli" {46} in verse; and Pindar speaks also of a certain Polymnastus as one of the famous musicians:Thou knowest the voice, common to all, of Polymnastus the Colophonian. {47} And some say that Homer was from there. On a straight voyage it is seventy stadia from Ephesus, but if one includes the sinuosities of the gulfs it is one hundred and twenty.
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46. Satires, or lampoons, attacking Homer and Hesiod. 47. Pind. Fr. 188 (Bergk)
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μετὰ δὲ Κολοφῶνα ὄρος Κοράκιον καὶ νησίον ἱερὸν Ἀρτέμιδος, εἰς ὃ διανηχομένας τίκτειν τὰς ἐλάφους πεπιστεύκασιν. εἶτα Λέβεδος διέχουσα Κολοφῶνος ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσιν· ἐνταῦθα τῶν περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνιτῶν ἡ σύνοδος καὶ κατοικία τῶν ἐν Ἰωνίᾳ μέχρι Ἑλλησπόντου, ἐν ᾖ πανήγυρίς τε καὶ ἀγῶνες κατ' ἔτος συντελοῦνται τῷ Διονύσῳ. ἐν Τέῳ δὲ ᾤκουν πρότερον τῇ ἐφεξῆς πόλει τῶν Ἰώνων, ἐμπεσούσης δὲ στάσεως εἰς Ἔφεσον κατέφυγον· Ἀττάλου δ' εἰς Μυόννησον αὐτοὺς καταστήσαντος μεταξὺ Τέω καὶ Λεβέδου, πρεσβεύονται Τήιοι δεόμενοι Ῥωμαίων μὴ περιιδεῖν ἐπιτειχιζομένην σφίσι τὴν Μυόννησον, οἱ δὲ μετέστησαν εἰς Λέβεδον δεξαμένων τῶν Λεβεδίων ἀσμένως διὰ τὴν κατέχουσαν αὐτοὺς ὀλιγανδρίαν. καὶ Τέως δὲ Λεβέδου διέχει ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι, μεταξὺ δὲ νῆσος Ἀσπίς, οἱ δ' Ἀρκόνησον καλοῦσι· καὶ ἡ Μυόννησος δὲ ἐφ' ὕψους χερρονησίζοντος κατοικεῖται. |
After Colophon one comes to the mountain Coracius and to an isle sacred to Artemis, whither deer, it has been believed, swim across and give birth to their young. Then comes Lebedus, which is one hundred and twenty stadia distant from Colophon. This is the meeting-place and settlement of all the Dionysiac artists in Ionia as far as the Hellespont; and this is the place where both games and a general festal assembly are held every year in honor of Dionysus. They formerly lived in Teos, the city of the Ionians that comes next after Colophon, but when the sedition broke out they fled for refuge to Ephesus. And when Attalus settled them in Myonnesus between Teos and Lebedus the Tëians sent an embassy to beg of the Romans not to permit Myonnesus to be fortified against them; and they migrated to Lebedus, whose inhabitants gladly received them because of the dearth of population by which they were then afflicted. Teos, also, is one hundred and twenty stadia distant from Lebedus; and in the intervening distance there is an island Aspis, by some called Arconnesus. And Myonnesus is settled on a height that forms a peninsula.
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καὶ ἡ Τέως δὲ ἐπὶ χερρονήσῳ ἵδρυται λιμένα ἔχουσα· ἐνθένδ' ἐστὶν Ἀνακρέων ὁ μελοποιός, ἐφ' οὗ Τήιοι τὴν πόλιν ἐκλιπόντες εἰς Ἄβδηρα ἀπῴκησαν Θρᾳκίαν πόλιν, οὐ φέροντες τὴν τῶν Περσῶν ὕβριν, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τοῦτ' εἴρηται Ἄβδηρα καλὴ Τηίων ἀποικίη. πάλιν δ' ἐπανῆλθόν τινες αὐτῶν χρόνῳ ὕστερον· εἴρηται δὲ καὶ περὶ Ἀπελλικῶντος ὅτι Τήιος ἦν κἀκεῖνος· γέγονε δὲ καὶ συγγραφεὺς Ἑκαταῖος ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως. ἔστι καὶ ἄλλος λιμὴν ὁ πρόσβορρος ἀπὸ τριάκοντα σταδίων τῆς πόλεως Γερραιίδαι. |
Teos also is situated on a peninsula; and it has a harbor. Anacreon the melic poet was from Teos; in whose time the Tëians abandoned their city and migrated to, Abdera, a Thracian city, being unable to bear the insolence of the Persians; and hence the verse in reference to Abdera.Abdera, beautiful colony of the Tëians.But some of them returned again in later times. As I have already said, {48} Apellicon also was a Tëian; and Hecataeus the historian was from the same city. And there is also another harbor to the north, thirty stadia distant from the city, called Gerrhaeïdae.
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48. 13. 1. 54.
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εἶτα Χαλκιδεῖς καἶ ὁ τῆς χερρονήσου ἰσθμὸς τῆς Τηίων καὶ Ἐρυθραίων· ἐντὸς μὲν οὖν τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ οἰκοῦσιν οὗτοι, ἐπ' αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ ἰσθμῷ Τήιοι καὶ Κλαζομένιοι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ νότιον τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ πλευρὸν ἔχουσι Τήιοι τοὺς Χαλκιδέας, τὸ δὲ πρόσβορρον Κλαζομένιοι, καθ' ὃ συνάπτουσι τῇ Ἐρυθραίᾳ. κεῖται δ' Ὑπόκρημνος ὁ τόπος ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ, ἐντὸς μὲν ἀπολαμβάνων τὴν Ἐρυθραίαν ἐκτὸς δὲ τὴν τῶν Κλαζομενίων. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν Χαλκιδέων ἄλσος καθιερωμένον Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τῷ Φιλίππου, καὶ ἀγὼν ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἰώνων Ἀλεξάνδρεια καταγγέλλεται, συντελούμενος ἐνταῦθα. ἡ δ' ὑπέρβασις τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ τοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀλεξανδρείου καὶ τῶν Χαλκιδέων μέχρι τοῦ Ὑποκρήμνου πεντήκοντά εἰσι στάδιοι, ὁ δὲ περίπλους πλείους ἢ χίλιοι. κατὰ μέσον δέ που τὸν περίπλουν αἱ Ἐρυθραί, πόλις Ἰωνικὴ λιμένα ἔχουσα καὶ νησῖδας προκειμένας τέτταρας Ἵππους καλουμένας. |
Then one comes to Chalcideis, and to the isthmus of the Chersonesus, belonging to the Tëians and Erythraeans. Now the latter people live this side the isthmus, but the Tëians and Clazomenians live on the isthmus itself; for the southern side of the isthmus, I mean the Chalcideis, is occupied by Tëians, but the northern by Clazomenians, where their territory joins the Erythraean. At the beginning of the isthmus lies the place called Hypocremnus, which lies between the Erythraean territory this side the isthmus and that of the Clazomenians on the other side. Above the Chalcideis is situated a sacred precinct consecrated to Alexander the son of Philip; and games, called the Alexandreia, are proclaimed by the general assembly of the Ionians and are celebrated there. The passage across the isthmus from the sacred precinct of Alexander and from the Chalcideis to Hypocremnus is fifty stadia, but the voyage round by sea is more than one thousand. Somewhere about the middle of the circuit is Erythrae, an Ionian city, which has a harbor, and also four isles lying off it, called Hippi. {49}
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49. i.e., Horses.
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πρὶν δ' ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐρυθράς, πρῶτον μὲν Ἔραι πολίχνιόν ἐστι Τηίων· εἶτα Κώρυκος ὄρος ὑψηλὸν καὶ λιμὴν ὑπ' αὐτῷ Κασύστης καὶ ἄλλος Ἐρυθρᾶς λιμὴν καλούμενος καὶ ἐφεξῆς πλείους ἕτεροι. φασὶ δὲ τὸν παράπλουν τοῦ Κωρύκου πάντα λῃστήριον ὑπάρξαι τῶν Κωρυκαίων καλουμένων, εὑρομένων τρόπον καινὸν τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς τῶν πλοϊζομένων· κατεσπαρμένους γὰρ ἐν τοῖς λιμέσι τοῖς καθορμιζομένοις ἐμπόροις προσφοιτᾶν καὶ ὠτακουστεῖν τί φέροιεν καὶ ποῦ πλέοιεν, εἶτα συνελθόντας ἀναχθεῖσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπιτίθεσθαι καὶ καθαρπάζειν· ἀφ' οὗ δὴ πάντα τὸν πολυπράγμονα καὶ κατακούειν ἐπιχειροῦντα τῶν λάθρα καὶ ἐν ἀπορρήτῳ διαλεγομένων Κωρυκαῖον καλοῦμεν, καὶ ἐν παροιμίᾳ φαμέν τοῦ δ' ἆρ' ὁ Κωρυκαῖος ἠκροάζετο, ὅταν δοκῇ τις πράττειν δι' ἀπορρήτων ἢ λαλεῖν, μὴ λανθάνῃ δὲ διὰ τοὺς κατασκοποῦντας καὶ φιλοπευστοῦντας τὰ μὴ προσήκοντα. |
Before
coming to Erythrae, one comes first to a small town Erae belonging to the Tëians;
and then to Corycus, a high mountain, and to a harbor at the foot of it,
Casystes, and to another harbor called Erythras, and to several others in
order thereafter. The waters along the coast of Mt. Corycus, they say, were
everywhere the haunt of pirates, the Corycaeans, as they are called, who had
found a new way of attacking vessels; for, they say, the Corycaeans would
scatter themselves among the harbors, follow up the merchants whose vessels
lay at anchor in them, and overhear what cargoes they had aboard and whither
they were bound, and then come together and attack the merchants after they
had put to sea and plunder their vessels; and hence it is that we call every
person who is a busybody and tries to overhear private and secret
conversations a Corycaean; and that we say in a proverb:
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μετὰ δὲ Κώρυκον Ἁλόννησος νησίον· εἶτα τὸ Ἄργεννον, ἄκρα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας πλησιάζουσα μάλιστα τῷ Χίων Ποσειδίῳ ποιοῦντι πορθμὸν ὅσον ἑξήκοντα σταδίων. μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν Ἐρυθρῶν καὶ τοῦ Ὑποκρήμνου Μίμας ἐστὶν ὄρος ὑψηλὸν εὔθηρον πολύδενδρον· εἶτα κώμη Κυβέλεια καὶ ἄκρα Μέλαινα καλουμένη μύλων ἔχουσα λατόμιον. |
After Mt. Corycus one comes to Halonnesos, a small island. Then to Argennum, a promontory of the Erythraean territory; it is very close to the Poseidium of the Chians, which latter forms a strait about sixty stadia in width. Between Erythrae and Hypocremnus lies Mimas, a lofty mountain, which is well supplied with game and well wooded. Then one comes to a village Cybelia, and to a promontory Melaena, as it is called, which has a millstone quarry.
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ἐκ δ' Ἐρυθρῶν Σίβυλλά ἐστιν, ἔνθους καὶ μαντικὴ γυνὴ τῶν ἀρχαίων τις· κατ' Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ ἄλλη ἦν τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον μαντική, καλουμένη Ἀθηναΐς, ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως· καὶ καθ' ἡμᾶς Ἡρακλείδης Ἡροφίλειος ἰατρὸς συσχολαστὴς Ἀπολλωνίου τοῦ Μυός. |
Erythrae was the native city of Sibylla, a woman who was divinely inspired and had the gift of prophecy, one of the ancients. And in the time of Alexander there was another woman who likewise had the gift of prophecy; she was called Athenaïs, and was a native of the same city. And, in my time, Heracleides the Herophileian physician, fellow.pupil of Apollonius Mys, {50} was born there.
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50. Mus, i.e., Mouse.
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ἡ δὲ Χίος τὸν μὲν περίπλουν ἐστὶ σταδίων ἐνακοσίων παρὰ γῆν φερομένῳ, πόλιν δ' ἔχει εὐλίμενον καὶ ναύσταθμον ναυσὶν ὀγδοήκοντα. ἐν δὲ τῷ περίπλῳ δεξιὰν τὴν νῆσον ἔχοντι ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως πρῶτον μέν ἐστι τὸ Ποσείδιον, εἶτα Φάναι λιμὴν βαθύς, καὶ νεὼς Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ ἄλσος φοινίκων· εἶτα Νότιον ὕφορμος αἰγιαλός· εἶτα Λαΐους, καὶ οὗτος ὕφορμος αἰγιαλός, ὅθεν εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἑξήκοντα σταδίων ἰσθμός· περίπλους δὲ τριακοσίων ἑξήκοντα ὃν ἐπήλθομεν. εἶτα Μέλαινα ἄκρα, καθ' ἣν τὰ Ψύρα νῆσος ἀπὸ πεντήκοντα σταδίων τῆς ἄκρας, ὑψηλή, πόλιν ὁμώνυμον ἔχουσα· κύκλος δὲ τῆς νήσου τετταράκοντα στάδιοι. εἶθ' ἡ Ἀριουσία χώρα τραχεῖα καὶ ἀλίμενος σταδίων ὅσον τριάκοντα, οἶνον ἄριστον φέρουσα τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν. εἶτα τὸ Πελιναῖον ὄρος ὑψηλότατον τῶν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ. ἔχει δ' ἡ νῆσος καὶ λατόμιον μαρμάρου λίθου. ἄνδρες δὲ Χῖοι γεγόνασιν ἐλλόγιμοι Ἴων τε ὁ τραγικὸς καὶ Θεόπομπος ὁ συγγραφεὺς καὶ Θεόκριτος ὁ σοφιστής· οὗτοι δὲ καὶ ἀντεπολιτεύσαντο ἀλλήλοις. ἀμφισβητοῦσι δὲ καὶ Ὁμήρου Χῖοι, μαρτύριον μέγα τοὺς Ὁμηρίδας καλουμένους ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκείνου γένους προχειριζόμενοι, ὧν καὶ Πίνδαρος μέμνηται ὅθεν περ καὶ Ὁμηρίδαι ῥαπτῶν ἐπέων τὰ πόλλ' ἀοιδο ἐκέκτηντο δὲ καὶ ναυτικόν ποτε Χῖοι, καὶ ἀνθήπτοντο τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν ἀρχῆς καὶ ἐλευθερίας. ἐκ Χίου δ' εἰς Λέσβον νότῳ τετρακόσιοί που στάδιοι. |
As for Chios, the voyage round it along the coast is nine hundred stadia; and it has a city with a good port and with a naval station for eighty ships. On making the voyage round it from the city, with the island on the right, one comes first to the Poseidium. Then to Phanae, a deep harbor, and to a temple of Apollo and a grove of palm trees. Then to Notium, a shore suited to the anchoring of vessels. Then to Laïus, this too a shore suited to the anchoring of vessels; whence to the city there is an isthmus of sixty stadia, but the voyage round, which I have just now described, is three hundred and sixty stadia. Then to Melaena, a promontory, opposite to which lies Psyra, an island fifty stadia distant from the promontory, lofty, and having a city of the same name. The circuit of the island is forty stadia. Then one comes to Ariusia, a rugged and harborless country, about thirty stadia in extent, which produces the best of the Grecian wines. Then to Pelinaeus, the highest mountain in the island. And the island also has a marble quarry. Famous natives of Chios are: Ion the tragic poet, and Theopompus the historian, and Theocritus the sophist. The two latter were political opponents of one another. The Chians also claim Homer, setting forth as strong testimony that the men called Homeridae were descendants of Homer's family; these are mentioned by Pindar:Whence also the Homeridae, singers of deftly woven lays, most often. . . . {51} The Chians at one time possessed also a fleet, and attained to liberty and to maritime empire. The distance from Chios to Lesbos, sailing southwards, is about four hundred stadia.
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51. Pind. N. 2.1
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ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Ὑποκρήμνου Χύτριόν ἐστι τόπος, ὅπου πρότερον ἵδρυντο Κλαζομεναί· εἶθ' ἡ νῦν πόλις νησία ἔχουσα προκείμενα ὀκτὼ γεωργούμενα· Κλαζομένιος δ' ἦν ἀνὴρ ἐπιφανὴς Ἀναξαγόρας ὁ φυσικός, Ἀναξιμένους ὁμιλητὴς τοῦ Μιλησίου· διήκουσαν δὲ τούτου Ἀρχέλαος ὁ φυσικὸς καὶ Εὐριπίδης ὁ ποιητής. εἶθ' ἱερὸν Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ θερμὰ ὕδατα καὶ ὁ Σμυρναίων κόλπος καὶ ἡ πόλις. |
After Hypocremnus one comes to Chytrium, the site on which Clazomenae was situated in earlier times. Then to the present Clazomenae, with eight small islands lying off it that are under cultivation. Anaxagoras, the natural philosopher, an illustrious man and associate of Anaximenes the Milesian, was a Clazomenian. And Archeläus the natural philosopher and Euripides the poet took his entire course. Then to a temple of Apollo and to hot springs, and to the gulf and the city of the Smyrnaeans.
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ἑξῆς δὲ ἄλλος κόλπος, ἐν ᾧ ἡ παλαιὰ Σμύρνα ἀπὸ εἴκοσι σταδίων τῆς νῦν. Λυδῶν δὲ κατασπασάντων τὴν Σμύρναν περὶ τετρακόσια ἔτη διετέλεσεν οἰκουμένη κωμηδόν· εἶτα ἀνήγειρεν αὐτὴν Ἀντίγονος, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Λυσίμαχος, καὶ νῦν ἐστι καλλίστη τῶν πασῶν, μέρος μέν τι ἔχουσα ἐπ' ὄρει τετειχισμένον, τὸ δὲ πλέον ἐν πεδίῳ πρὸς τῷ λιμένι καὶ πρὸς τῷ μητρῴῳ καὶ πρὸς γυμνασίῳ. ἔστι δ' ἡ ῥυμοτομία διάφορος ἐπ' εὐθειῶν εἰς δύναμιν καὶ αἱ ὁδοὶ λιθόστρωτοι στοαί τε μεγάλαι τετράγωνοι, ἐπίπεδοί τε καὶ ὑπερῷοι· ἔστι δὲ καὶ βιβλιοθήκη καὶ τὸ Ὁμήρειον, στοὰ τετράγωνος, ἔχουσα νεὼν Ὁμήρου καὶ ξόανον· μεταποιοῦνται γὰρ καὶ οὗτοι διαφερόντως τοῦ ποιητοῦ, καὶ δὴ καὶ νόμισμά τι χαλκοῦν παρ' αὐτοῖς Ὁμήρειον λέγεται. ῥεῖ δὲ πλησίον τοῦ τείχους ὁ Μέλης ποταμός. ἔστι δὲ πρὸς τῇ ἄλλῃ κατασκευῇ τῆς πόλεως καὶ λιμὴν κλειστός. ἓν δ' ἐλάττωμα τῶν ἀρχιτεκτόνων οὐ μικρόν, ὅτι τὰς ὁδοὺς στορνύντες ὑπορρύσεις οὐκ ἔδωκαν αὐταῖς, ἀλλ' ἐπιπολάζει τὰ σκύβαλα καὶ μάλιστα ἐν τοῖς ὄμβροις ἐπαφιεμένων τῶν ἀποσκευῶν. ἐνταῦθα Δολοβέλλας Τρεβώνιον ἐκπολιορκήσας ἀνεῖλεν, ἕνα τῶν δολοφονησάντων Καίσαρα τὸν θεόν, καὶ τῆς πόλεως παρέλυσε πολλὰ μέρη. |
Next one comes to another gulf, on which is the old Smyrna, twenty stadia distant from the present Smyrna. After Smyrna had been razed by the Lydians, its inhabitants continued for about four hundred years to live in villages. Then they were reassembled into a city by Antigonus, and afterwards by Lysimachus, and their city is now the most beautiful of all; a part of it is on a mountain and walled, but the greater part of it is in the plain near the harbor and near the Metröum and near the gymnasium. The division into streets is exceptionally good, in straight lines as far as possible; and the streets are paved with stone; and there are large quadrangular porticoes, with both lower and upper stories. There is also a library; and the Homereium, a quadrangular portico containing a shrine and wooden statue {52} of Homer; for the Smyrnaeans also lay especial claim to the poet; and indeed a bronze coin of theirs is called Homereium. The River Meles flows near the walls; and, in addition to the rest of the city's equipment, there is also a harbor that can be closed. But there is one error, not a small one, in the work of the engineers, that when they paved the streets they did not give them underground drainage; instead, filth covers the surface, and particularly during rains, when the cast-off filth is discharged upon the streets. It was here that Dolabella captured by siege, and slew, Trebonius, one of the men who treacherously murdered the deified Caesar; and he set free {53} many parts of the city.
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52. The primary meaning of the Greek word here used for "statue," xoanon, is "a prehistoric statue "carved" of wood." 53. Others translate the verb "destroyed," or the like, but cf. its use in 8. 6. 14 and Hdt. 1.149.
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μετὰ δὲ Σμύρναν αἱ Λεῦκαι πολίχνιον, ὃ ἀπέστησεν Ἀριστόνικος μετὰ τὴν Ἀττάλου τοῦ φιλομήτορος τελευτήν, δοκῶν τοῦ γένους εἶναι τοῦ τῶν βασιλέων καὶ διανοούμενος εἰς ἑαυτὸν ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀρχήν· ἐντεῦθεν μὲν οὖν ἐξέπεσεν ἡττηθεὶς ναυμαχίᾳ περὶ τὴν Κυμαίαν ὑπὸ Ἐφεσίων, εἰς δὲ τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἀνιὼν ἤθροισε διὰ ταχέων πλῆθος ἀπόρων τε ἀνθρώπων καὶ δούλων ἐπ' ἐλευθερίᾳ κατακεκλημένων, οὓς Ἡλιοπολίτας ἐκάλεσε. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν παρεισέπεσεν εἰς Θυάτειρα, εἶτ' Ἀπολλωνίδα ἔσχεν, εἶτ' ἄλλων ἐφίετο φρουρίων· οὐ πολὺν δὲ διεγένετο χρόνον, ἀλλ' εὐθὺς αἵ τε πόλεις ἔπεμψαν πλῆθος, καὶ Νικομήδης ὁ Βιθυνὸς ἐπεκούρησε καὶ οἱ τῶν Καππαδόκων βασιλεῖς. ἔπειτα πρέσβεις Ῥωμαίων πέντε ἧκον, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα στρατιὰ καὶ ὕπατος Πόπλιος Κράσσος, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Μάρκος Περπέρνας, ὃς καὶ κατέλυσε τὸν πόλεμον ζωγρίᾳ λαβὼν τὸν Ἀριστόνικον καὶ ἀναπέμψας εἰς Ῥώμην. ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὖν ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον, Περπέρναν δὲ νόσος διέφθειρε, Κράσσος δὲ περὶ Λεύκας ἐπιθεμένων τινῶν ἔπεσεν ἐν μάχῃ. Μάνιος δ' Ἀκύλλιος ἐπελθὼν ὕπατος μετὰ δέκα πρεσβευτῶν διέταξε τὴν ἐπαρχίαν εἰς τὸ νῦν ἔτι συμμένον τῆς πολιτείας σχῆμα. Μετὰ δὲ Λεύκας Φώκαια ἐν κόλπῳ· περὶ δὲ ταύτης εἰρήκαμεν ἐν τῷ περὶ Μασσαλίας λόγῳ. εἶθ' οἱ ὅροι τῶν Ἰώνων καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων· εἴρηται δὲ καὶ περὶ τούτων. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῆς Ἰωνικῆς παραλίας λοιπά ἐστι τὰ περὶ τὴν ὁδὸν τὴν ἐξ Ἐφέσου μέχρι Ἀντιοχείας καὶ τοῦ Μαιάνδρου. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὰ χωρία ταῦτα Λυδοῖς καὶ Καρσὶν ἐπίμικτα καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησι. |
After Smyrna one comes to Leucae, a small town, which after the death of Attalus Philometor {54} was caused to revolt by Aristonicus, who was reputed to belong to the royal family and intended to usurp the kingdom. Now he was banished from Smyrna, after being defeated in a naval battle near the Cymaean territory by the Ephesians, but he went up into the interior and quickly assembled a large number of resourceless people, and also of slaves, invited with a promise of freedom, whom he called Heliopolitae. {55} Now he first fell upon Thyateira unexpectedly, and then got possession of Apollonis, and then set his efforts against other fortresses. But he did not last long; the cities immediately sent a large number of troops against him, and they were assisted by Nicomedes the Bithynian and by the kings of the Cappadocians. Then came five Roman ambassadors, and after that an army under Publius Crassus the consul, {56} and after that Marcus Perpernas, who brought the war to an end, having captured Aristonicus alive and sent him to Rome. Now Aristonicus ended his life in prison; Perpernas died of disease; and Crassus, attacked by certain people in the neighborhood of Leucae, fell in battle. And Manius Aquillius came over as consul {57} with ten lieutenants and organized the province into the form of government that still now endures. After Leucae one comes to Phocaea, on a gulf, concerning which I have already spoken in my account of Massalia. Then to the boundaries of the Ionians and the Aeolians; but I have already spoken of these. In the interior above the Ionian seaboard there remain to be described the places in the neighborhood of the road that leads from Ephesus to Antiocheia and the Maeander River. These places are occupied by Lydians and Carians mixed with Greeks.
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54. See 13. 4. 2. 55. Citizens of the city of Helius (Sun-god). 56. 131 B.C. 57. 129 B.C.
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πρώτη δ' ἐστὶν ἐξ Ἐφέσου Μαγνησία πόλις Αἰολίς, λεγομένη δὲ ἐπὶ Μαιάνδρῳ· πλησίον γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἵδρυται· πολὺ δὲ πλησιαίτερον ὁ Ληθαῖος ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Μαίανδρον, τὴν δ' ἀρχὴν ἔχων ἀπὸ Πακτύου τοῦ τῶν Ἐφεσίων ὄρους· ἕτερος δ' ἐστὶ Ληθαῖος ὁ ἐν Γορτύνῃ καὶ ὁ περὶ Τρίκκην, ἐφ' ᾧ ὁ Ἀσκληπιὸς γεννηθῆναι λέγεται, καὶ ἔτι ἐν τοῖς Ἑσπερίταις Λίβυσι. κεῖται δ' ἐν πεδίῳ πρὸς ὄρει καλουμένῳ Θώρακι ἡ πόλις, ἐφ' ᾧ σταυρωθῆναί φασι Δαφίταν τὸν γραμματικὸν λοιδορήσαντα τοὺς βασιλέας διὰ διστίχου πορφύρεοι μώλωπες, ἀπορρινήματα γάζης Λυσιμάχου, Λυδῶν ἄρχετε καὶ Φρυγίης. καὶ λόγιον δ' ἐκπεσεῖν αὐτῷ λέγεται φυλάττεσθαι τὸν Θώρακα. |
The first city one comes to after Ephesus is Magnesia, which is an Aeolian city and is called "Magnesia on the Maeander," for it is situated near that river. But it is much nearer the Lethaeus River, which empties into the Maeander and has its beginning in Mt. Pactyes, the mountain in the territory of the Ephesians. There is another Lethaeus in Gortyna, and another near Tricce, where Asclepius is said to have been born, and still another in the country of the Western Libyans. And the city lies in the plain near the mountain called Thorax, on which Daphitas the grammarian is said to have been crucified, because he reviled the kings in a distich:Purpled with stripes, mere filings of the treasure of Lysimachus, ye rule the Lydians and Phrygia.It is said that an oracle was given out that Daphitas should be on his guard against Thorax.
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δοκοῦσι δ' εἶναι Μάγνητες Δελφῶν ἀπόγονοι τῶν ἐποικησάντων τὰ Δίδυμα ὄρη ἐν Θετταλίᾳ, περὶ ὧν φησιν Ἡσίοδος ἢ οἵη Διδύμους ἱεροὺς ναίουσα κολωνούς, Δωτίῳ ἐν πεδίῳ πολυβότρυος ἄντ' Ἀμύροιο, νίψατο Βοιβιάδος λίμνης πόδα παρθένος ἀδμής. Ἐνταῦθα δ' ἦν καὶ τὸ τῆς Δινδυμήνης ἱερὸν μητρὸς θεῶν· ἱεράσασθαι δ' αὐτοῦ τὴν Θεμιστοκλέους γυναῖκα, οἱ δὲ θυγατέρα παραδιδόασι· νῦν δ' οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἱερὸν διὰ τὸ τὴν πόλιν εἰς ἄλλον μετῳκίσθαι τόπον· ἐν δὲ τῇ νῦν πόλει τὸ τῆς Λευκοφρυήνης ἱερὸν ἔστιν Ἀρτέμιδος, ὃ τῷ μὲν μεγέθει τοῦ ναοῦ καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἀναθημάτων λείπεται τοῦ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ, τῇ δ' εὐρυθμίᾳ καὶ τῇ τέχνῃ τῇ περὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν τοῦ σηκοῦ πολὺ διαφέρει· καὶ τῷ μεγέθει ὑπεραίρει πάντας τοὺς ἐν Ἀσίᾳ πλὴν δυεῖν, τοῦ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ τοῦ ἐν Διδύμοις. καὶ τὸ παλαιὸν δὲ συνέβη τοῖς Μάγνησιν ὑπὸ Τρηρῶν ἄρδην ἀναιρεθῆναι, Κιμμερικοῦ ἔθνους, εὐτυχήσαντας πολὺν χρόνον, τὸ δ' ἑξῆς τοὺς Ἐφεσίους κατασχεῖν τὸν τόπον. Καλλῖνος μὲν οὖν ὡς εὐτυχούντων ἔτι τῶν Μαγνήτων μέμνηται καὶ κατορθούντων ἐν τῷ πρὸς τοὺς Ἐφεσίους πολέμῳ, Ἀρχίλοχος δὲ ἤδη φαίνεται γνωρίζων τὴν γενομένην αὐτοῖς συμφοράν κλαίειν τὰ Θασίων, οὗ τὰ Μαγνήτων κακά. ἐξ οὗ καὶ ἇὖτὸν νεώτερον εἶναι τοῦ Καλλίνου τεκμαίρεσθαι πάρεστιν. ἄλλης δέ τινος ἐφόδου τῶν Κιμμερίων μέμνηται πρεσβυτέρας ὁ Καλλῖνος ἐπὰν φῇ νῦν δ' ἐπὶ Κιμμερίων στρατὸς ἔρχεται ὀβριμοεργῶν, ἐν ᾖ τὴν Σάρδεων ἅλωσιν δηλοῖ. |
The Magnetans are thought to be descendants of Delphians who settled in the Didyman hills, in Thessaly, concerning whom Hesiod says:Or as the unwedded virgin who, dwelling on the holy Didyman hills, in the Dotian Plain, in front of Amyrus, bathed her foot in Lake Boebeïs. {58} {59} Here was also the temple of Dindymene, Mother of the gods. According to tradition, the wife of Themistocles, some say his daughter, served as a priestess there. But the temple is not now in existence, because the city has been transferred to another site. In the present city is the temple of Artemis Leucophryene, which in the size of its shrine and in the number of its votive offerings is inferior to the temple at Ephesus, but in the harmony and skill shown in the structure of the sacred enclosure is far superior to it. And in size it surpasses all the sacred enclosures in Asia except two, that at Ephesus and that at Didymi. In ancient times, also, it came to pass that the Magnetans were utterly destroyed by the Treres, a Cimmerian tribe, although they had for a long time been a prosperous people, but the Milesians took possession of the place in the following year. Now Callinus mentions the Magnetans as still being a prosperous people and as being successful in their war against the Ephesians, but Archilochus is obviously already aware of the misfortune that befell them:to bewail the woes of the Thasians, not those of the Magnetans; {60} whence one may judge that he was more recent than Callinus. And Callinus recalls another, and earlier, invasion of the Cimmerians when he says:And now the army of the Cimmerians, mighty in deeds, advanceth, {61} in which he plainly indicates the capture of Sardeis.
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58. Hes. Fr. 122(Rzach) 59. Also quoted in 9. 5. 22. 60. Archil. Fr. 20 (Bergk) 61. Callinus Fr. 3 (Bergk)
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ἄνδρες δ' ἐγένοντο γνώριμοι Μάγνητες Ἡγησίας τε ὁ ῥήτωρ, ὃς ἦρξε μάλιστα τοῦ Ἀσιανοῦ λεγομένου ζήλου παραφθείρας τὸ καθεστὼς ἔθος τὸ Ἀττικόν, καὶ Σῖμος ὁ μελοποιὸς παραφθείρας καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν τῶν προτέρων μελοποιῶν ἀγωγὴν καὶ τὴν σιμῳδίαν εἰσαγαγών καθάπερ ἔτι μᾶλλον λυσιῳδοὶ καὶ μαγῳδοί , καὶ Κλεόμαχος ὁ πύκτης, ὃς εἰς ἔρωτα ἐμπεσὼν κιναίδου τινὸς καὶ παιδίσκης ὑπὸ τᾦ κιναίδῳ τρεφομένης ἀπεμιμήσατο τὴν ἀγωγὴν τῶν παρὰ τοῖς κιναίδοις διαλέκτων καὶ τῆς ἠθοποιίας· ἦρξε δὲ Σωτάδης μὲν πρῶτος τοῦ κιναιδολογεῖν, ἔπειτα Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Αἰτωλός· ἀλλ' οὗτοι μὲν ἐν ψιλῷ λόγῳ, μετὰ μέλους δὲ Λῦσις, καὶ ἔτι πρότερος τούτου ὁ Σῖμος. Ἀναξήνορα δὲ τὸν κιθαρῳδὸν ἐξῆρε μὲν καὶ τὰ θέατρα, ἀλλ' ὅτι μάλιστα Ἀντώνιος, ὅς γε καὶ τεττάρων πόλεων ἀπέδειξε φορολόγον στρατιώτας αὐτῷ συστήσας. καὶ ἡ πατρὶς δ' ἱκανῶς αὐτὸν ηὔξησε πορφύραν ἐνδύσασα ἱερωμένον τοῦ σωσιπόλιδος Διός, καθάπερ καὶ ἡ γραπτὴ εἰκὼν ἐμφανίζει ἡ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ. ἔστι δὲ καὶ χαλκῆ εἰκὼν ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχουσα |