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μέχρι μὲν δεῦρο ἀφωρίσθω τὰ περὶ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπανιόντες δὲ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς τῷ Αἰσήπῳ παραλίαν τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς περιοδείας τάξιν ἀποδώσομεν. ἔστι δὲ Τρῳὰς πρώτη τῆς παραλίας ταύτης, ἧς τὸ πολυθρύλητον καίπερ ἐν ἐρειπίοις καὶ ἐν ἐρημίᾳ λειπομένης ὅμως πολυλογίαν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν παρέχει τῇ γραφῇ. πρὸς τοῦτο δὲ συγγνώμης δεῖ καὶ παρακλήσεως, ὅπως τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ μήκους μὴ ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἀνάπτωσιν οἱ ἐντυγχάνοντες ἢ τοῖς σφόδρα ποθοῦσι τὴν τῶν ἐνδόξων καὶ παλαιῶν γνῶσιν· προσλαμβάνει δὲ τῷ μήκει καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐποικησάντων τὴν χώραν Ἑλλήνων τε καὶ βαρβάρων, καὶ οἱ συγγραφεῖς οὐχὶ τὰ αὐτὰ γράφοντες περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐδὲ σαφῶς πάντα· ὧν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις ἐστὶν Ὅμηρος εἰκάζειν περὶ τῶν πλείστων παρέχων. δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ τούτου διαιτᾶν καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπογράψαντας πρότερον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὴν τῶν τόπων φύσιν. |
Let this, then, mark the boundary of Phrygia. {1} I shall now return again to the Propontis and the coast that comes next after the Aesepus River, and follow the same order of description as before. The first country on this seaboard is the Troad, the fame of which, although it is left in ruins and in desolation, nevertheless prompts in writers no ordinary prolixity. With this fact in view, I should ask the pardon of my readers and appeal to them not to fasten the blame for the length of my discussion upon me rather than upon those who strongly yearn for knowledge of the things that are famous and ancient. And my discussion is further prolonged by the number of the peoples who have colonized the country, both Greeks and barbarians, and by the historians, who do not write the same things on the same subjects, nor always clearly either; among the first of these is Homer, who leaves us to guess about most things. And it is necessary for me to arbitrate between his statements and those of the others, after I shall first have described in a summary way the nature of the region in question.
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1. The translator must here record his obligations to Dr. Walter Leaf for his monumental works on the Troad: his Troy, Macmillan and Co., 1912, and his Strabo on the Troad, Cambridge, 1923, and his numerous monographs in classical periodicals. The results of his investigations in the Troad prove the great importance of similar investigations, on the spot, of various other portions of Strabo's "Inhabited World." The reader will find a map of Asia Minor in Vol. 5. of the Loeb edition.
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ἀπὸ δὴ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ Γράνικον μέχρι Ἀβύδου καὶ Σηστοῦ τὴν τῆς Προποντίδος παραλίαν εἶναι συμβαίνει, ἀπὸ δὲ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον καὶ Τένεδον καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν Τρῳάδα· πάντων δὴ τούτων ὑπέρκειται ἡ Ἴδη τὸ ὄρος μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καθήκουσα· ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ δὲ μέχρι Καΐκου ποταμοῦ καὶ τῶν Κανῶν λεγομένων ἔστι τὰ περὶ Ἄσσον καὶ Ἀδραμύττιον καὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ Πιτάνην καὶ τὸν Ἐλαϊτικὸν κόλπον· οἷς πᾶσιν ἀντιπαρήκει ἡ τῶν Λεσβίων νῆσος· εἶθ' ἑξῆς τὰ περὶ Κύμην μέχρι Ἕρμου καὶ Φωκαίας, ἥπερ ἀρχὴ μὲν τῆς Ἰωνίας ἐστὶ πέρας δὲ τῆς Αἰολίδος. τοιούτων δὲ τῶν τόπων ὄντων ὁ μὲν ποιητὴς ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν χώραν ὑπαγορεύει μάλιστα τοὺς Τρῶας ἄρξαι μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου ποταμοῦ διῃρημένους κατὰ δυναστείας εἰς ὀκτὼ μερίδας ἢ καὶ ἐννέα· τὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπικούρων πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς συμμάχοις διαριθμεῖται. |
The seaboard of the Propontis, then, extends from Cyzicene and the region of the Aesepus and Granicus Rivers as far as Abydus and Sestus, whereas the parts round Ilium and Tenedos and the Trojan Alexandreia extend from Abydus to Lectum. Accordingly, Mt. Ida, which extends down to Lectum, lies above all these places. From Lectum to the Caïcus River, and to Canae, {2} as it is called, are the parts round Assus and Adramyttium and Atarneus and Pitane and the Elaïtic Gulf; and the island of the Lesbians extends alongside, and opposite, all these places. Then come next the parts round Cyme, extending to the Hermus and Phocaea, which latter constitutes the beginning of Ionia and the end of Aeolis. Such being the position of the places, the poet indicates in a general way that the Trojans held sway from the region of the Aesepus River and that of the present Cyzicene to the Caïcus River, {3} their country being divided by dynasties into eight, or nine, portions, whereas the mass of their auxiliary forces are enumerated among the allies.
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2. On the position of this promontory, see Leaf, Ann. Brit. School of Athens, XXII, p. 37, and Strabo on the Troad, p. xxxviii. 3. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. xli.
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οἱ δ' ὕστερον τοὺς ὅρους οὐ τοὺς αὐτοὺς λέγουσι καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι χρῶνται διηλλαγμένως, διαιρέσεις νέμοντες πλείους. μάλιστα δὲ αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀποικίαι παρεσχήκασι λόγον· ἧττον μὲν ἡ Ἰωνική πλείονι γὰρ διέστηκε τῆς Τρῳάδος , ἡ δὲ τῶν Αἰολέων παντάπασι· καθ' ὅλην γὰρ ἐσκεδάσθη ἀπὸ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ ἐπέλαβεν ἔτι πλέον, τὴν μεταξὺ τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ τοῦ Ἕρμου ποταμοῦ. τέτταρσι γὰρ δὴ γενεαῖς πρεσβυτέραν φασὶ τὴν Αἰολικὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς Ἰωνικῆς, διατριβὰς δὲ λαβεῖν καὶ χρόνους μακροτέρους. Ὀρέστην μὲν γὰρ ἄρξαι τοῦ στόλου, τούτου δ' ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ τελευτήσαντος τὸν βίον διαδέξασθαι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Πενθίλον, καὶ προελθεῖν μέχρι Θρᾴκης ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι τῶν Τρωικῶν ὕστερον, ὑπ' αὐτὴν τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν εἰς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον· εἶτ' Ἀρχέλαον υἱὸν ἐκείνου περαιῶσαι τὸν Αἰολικὸν στόλον εἰς τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν τὴν περὶ τὸ Δασκύλιον· Γρᾶν δὲ τὸν υἱὸν τούτου τὸν νεώτατον προελθόντα μέχρι τοῦ Γρανίκου ποταμοῦ καὶ παρεσκευασμένον ἄμεινον περαιῶσαι τὸ πλέον τῆς στρατιᾶς εἰς Λέσβον καὶ κατασχεῖν αὐτήν· Κλεύην δὲ τὸν Δώρου καὶ Μαλαόν, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀπογόνους ὄντας Ἀγαμέμνονος, συναγαγεῖν μὲν τὴν στρατιὰν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον καθ' ὃν καὶ Πενθίλος, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν τοῦ Πενθίλου στόλον φθῆναι περαιωθέντα ἐκ τῆς Θρᾴκης εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, τούτους δὲ περὶ τὴν Λοκρίδα καὶ τὸ Φρίκιον ὄρος διατρῖψαι πολὺν χρόνον, ὕστερον δὲ διαβάντας κτίσαι τὴν Κύμην τὴν Φρικωνίδα κληθεῖσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Λοκρικοῦ ὄρους. |
But the later authors do not give the same boundaries, and they use their terms differently, thus allowing us several choices. The main cause of this difference has been the colonizations of the Greeks; less so, indeed, the Ionian colonization, for it was farther distant from the Troad; but most of all that of the Aeolians, for their colonies were scattered throughout the whole of the country from Cyzicene to the Caïcus River, and they went on still farther to occupy the country between the Caïcus and Hermus Rivers. In fact, the Aeolian colonization, they say, preceded the Ionian colonization by four generations, but suffered delays and took a longer time; for Orestes, they say, was the first leader of the expedition, but he died in Arcadia, and his son Penthilus succeeded him and advanced as far as Thrace sixty years after the Trojan War, about the time of the return of the Heracleidae to the Peloponnesus; and then Archelaüs {4} the son of Penthilus led the Aeolian expedition across to the present Cyzicene near Dascylium; and Gras, the youngest son of Archelaüs, advanced to the Granicus River, and, being better equipped, led the greater part of his army across to Lesbos and occupied it. And they add that Cleues, son of Dorus, and Malaüs, also descendants of Agamemnon, had collected their army at about the same time as Penthilus, but that, whereas the fleet of Penthilus had already crossed over from Thrace to Asia, Cleues and Malaüs tarried a long time round Locris and Mt. Phricius, and only later crossed over and founded the Phryconian Cyme, so named after the Locrian mountain.
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4. Pausanius (3. 2. 1) spells his name "Echelas."
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τῶν Αἰολέων τοίνυν καθ' ὅλην σκεδασθέντων τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔφαμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λέγεσθαι Τρωικήν, οἱ ὕστερον οἱ μὲν πᾶσαν Αἰολίδα προσαγορεύουσιν οἱ δὲ μέρος, καὶ Τροίαν οἱ μὲν ὅλην οἱ δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς, οὐδὲν ὅλως ἀλλήλοις ὁμολογοῦντες. εὐθὺς γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα τόπων ὁ μὲν Ὅμηρος ἀπὸ Αἰσήπου τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖται τῆς Τρῳάδος, Εὔδοξος δὲ ἀπὸ Πριάπου καὶ Ἀρτάκης τοῦ ἐν τῇ Κυζικηνῶν νήσῳ χωρίου ἀνταίροντος τῷ Πριάπῳ, συστέλλων ἐπ' ἔλαττον τοὺς ὅρους, Δαμάστης δ' ἔτι μᾶλλον συστέλλει ἀπὸ Παρίου· καὶ γὰρ οὗτος μὲν ἕως Λεκτοῦ προάγει, ἄλλοι δ' ἄλλως· Χάρων δ' ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς τριακοσίους ἄλλους ἀφαιρεῖ σταδίους, ἀπὸ Πρακτίου ἀρχόμενος τοσοῦτοι γάρ εἰσιν ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πράκτιον , ἕως μέντοι Ἀτραμυττίου πρόεισι· Σκύλαξ δὲ ὁ Καρυανδεὺς ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου ἄρχεται· ὁμοίως δὲ τὴν Αἰολίδα Ἔφορος μὲν λέγει ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Κύμης, ἄλλοι δ' ἄλλως. |
The Aeolians, then, were scattered throughout the whole of that country which, as I have said, the poet called Trojan. As for later authorities, some apply the name to all Aeolis, but others to only a part of it; and some to the whole of Troy, but others to only a part of it, not wholly agreeing with one another about anything. For instance, in reference to the places on the Propontis, Homer makes the Troad begin at the Aesepus River, {5} whereas Eudoxus makes it begin at Priapus and Artace, the place on the island of the Cyziceni that lies opposite Priapus, {6} and thus contracts the limits; but Damastes contracts the country still more, making it begin at Parium; and, in fact, Damastes prolongs the Troad to Lectum, whereas other writers prolong it differently. Charon of Lampsacus diminishes its extent by three hundred stadia more, making it begin at Practius, {7} for that is the distance from Parium to Practius; however, he prolongs it to Adramyttium. Scylax of Caryanda makes it begin at Abydus; and similarly Ephorus says that Aeolis extends from Abydus to Cyme, while others define its extent differently. {8}
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5. Hom. Il. 2.824. See section 9 following. 6. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 47. 7. Whether city or river (see 13. 1. 21). 8. See Leaf's definition of the Troad. (Troy, p. 171).
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τοπογραφεῖ δὲ κάλλιστα τὴν ὄντως λεγομένην Τροίαν ἡ τῆς Ἴδης θέσις, ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ βλέποντος πρὸς δύσιν καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ θάλατταν, μικρὰ δ' ἐπιστρέφοντος καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ παραλίαν. ἔστι δὲ αὕτη μὲν τῆς Προποντίδος ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Ἄβυδον στενῶν ἐπὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον καὶ τὴν Κυζικηνήν· ἡ δ' ἑσπερία θάλαττα ὅ τε Ἑλλήσποντός ἐστιν ὁ ἔξω καὶ τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος. πολλοὺς δ' ἔχουσα πρόποδας ἡ Ἴδη καὶ σκολοπενδρώδης οὖσα τὸ σχῆμα ἐσχάτοις ἀφορίζεται τούτοις, τῷ τε περὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν ἀκρωτηρίῳ καὶ τῷ καλουμένῳ Λεκτῷ, τῷ μὲν τελευτῶντι εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ δὴ καὶ ἔστι νῦν ἡ Ζέλεια τῶν Κυζικηνῶν · τὸ δὲ Λεκτὸν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος καθήκει τὸ Αἰγαῖον ἐν παράπλῳ κείμενον τοῖς ἐκ Τενέδου πλέουσιν εἰς Λέσβον. Ἴδην δ' ἵκανον πολυπίδακα μητέρα θηρῶν, Λεκτὸν ὅθι πρῶτον λιπέτην ἅλ Ὕπνος καὶ Ἥρα, τοῖς οὖσιν οἰκείως τοῦ ποιητοῦ φράζοντος τὸ Λεκτόν· καὶ γὰρ ὅτι τῆς Ἴδης ἐστὶ τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ διότι πρώτη ἀπόβασις ἐκ θαλάττης αὕτη τοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἴδην ἀνιοῦσιν, εἴρηκεν ὀρθῶς, καὶ τὸ πολυπίδακον· εὐυδρότατον γὰρ κατὰ ταῦτα μάλιστα τὸ ὄρος, δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ποταμῶν, ὅσσοι ἀπ' Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἅλα δὲ προρέουσι, Ῥῆσός θ' Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τ καὶ οἱ ἑξῆς, οὓς ἐκεῖνος εἴρηκε καὶ ἡμῖν νυνὶ πάρεστιν ὁρᾶν. Τοὺς δὴ πρόποδας τοὺς ἐσχάτους ἐφ' ἑκάτερα φράζων οὕτως τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν, οἰκείως τούτων ἀκρώρειαν ἀφορίζει Γάργαρον, ἄκρον λέγων· καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν Γάργαρον ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι τῆς Ἴδης δείκνυται τόπος, ἀφ' οὗ τὰ νῦν Γάργαρα πόλις Αἰολική. ἐντὸς μὲν οὖν τῆς Ζελείας καὶ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ πρῶτά ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς Προποντίδος ἀρξαμένοις τἆ μέχρι τῶν κατ' Ἄβυδον στενῶν, εἶτ' ἔξω τῆς Προποντίδος τὰ μέχρι Λεκτοῦ. |
But the topography of Troy, in the proper sense of the term, is best marked by the position of Mt. Ida, a lofty mountain which faces the west and the western sea but makes a slight bend also towards the north and the northern seaboard. {9} This latter is the seaboard of the Propontis, extending from the strait in the neighborhood of Abydus to the Aesepus River and Cyzicene, whereas the western sea consists of the outer Hellespont {10} and the Aegaean Sea. Mt. Ida has many foothills, is like the scolopendra {11} in shape, and is defined by its two extreme limits: by the promontory in the neighborhood of Zeleia and by the promontory called Lectum the former terminating in the interior slightly above Cyzicene (in fact, Zeleia now belongs to the Cyziceni), whereas Lectum extends to the Aegaean Sea, being situated on the coasting voyage between Tenedos and Lesbos. When the poet says that Hypnos and Heracame to many-fountained Ida, mother of wild beasts, to Lectum, where first the two left the sea, {12} he describes Lectum in accordance with the facts; for he rightly states that Lectum is a part of Mt. Ida, and that Lectum is the first place of disembarkation from the sea for those who would go up to Mt. Ida, and also that the mountain is "many-fountained," for there in particular the mountain is abundantly watered, as is shown by the large number of rivers there,all the rivers that flow forth from the Idaean mountains to the sea, Rhesus and Heptaporus {13} and the following, {14} all of which are named by the poet and are now to be seen by us. Now while Homer thus describes Lectum {15} and Zeleia {16} as the outermost foothills of Mt. Ida in either direction, he also appropriately distinguishes Gargarus from them as a summit, calling it "topmost." {17} And indeed at the present time people point out in the upper parts of Ida a place called Gargarum, after which the present Gargara, an Aeolian city, is named. Now between Zeleia and Lectum, beginning from the Propontis, are situated first the parts extending to the straits at Abydus, and then, outside the Propontis, the parts extending to Lectum.
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9. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 48. 10. On the meaning of the term Hellespont, see Book VII, Frag. 57(58), and Leaf (Strabo on the Troad, p. 50. 11. A genus of myriapods including some of the largest centipedes. 12. Hom. Il. 14.283 13. Hom. Il. 12.19 14. The Granicus, Aesepus, Scamander, and Simoeis. 15. Hom. Il. 14. 284. 16. Hom. Il. 2.824. 17. Hom. Il. 14.292, 352; 15.152.
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κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Λεκτὸν ἀναχεῖται κόλπος μέγας, ὃν ἡ Ἴδη ποιεῖ πρὸς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀποχωροῦσα ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ, καὶ αἱ Κάναι, τὸ ἐκ θατέρου μέρους ἀντικείμενον ἀκρωτήριον τῷ Λεκτῷ· καλοῦσι δ' οἱ μὲν Ἰδαῖον κόλπον, οἱ δ' Ἀδραμυττηνόν. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ αἱ τῶν Αἰολέων πόλεις μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ἕρμου, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν. εἴρηται δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ὅτι τοῖς ἐκ Βυζαντίου πλέουσι πρὸς νότον ἐπ' εὐθείας ἐστὶν ὁ πλοῦς, πρῶτον ἐπὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον διὰ μέσης τῆς Προποντίδος, ἔπειτα τῆς παραλίας τῆς Ἀσίας μέχρι Καρίας. ταύτην δὴ φυλάττοντας χρὴ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἀκούειν τῶν ἑξῆς, κἂν λέγωμεν κόλπους τινὰς ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ, τάς τε ἄκρας δεῖ νοεῖν τὰς ποιούσας αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς γραμμῆς κειμένας ὥσπερ τινὸς μεσημβρινῆς. |
On doubling Lectum one encounters a large wide-open gulf, which is formed by Mt. Ida as it recedes from Lectum to the mainland, and by Canae, the promontory opposite Lectum on the other side. Some call it the Idaean Gulf, others the Adramyttene. On this gulf {18} are the cities of the Aeolians, extending to the outlets of the Hermus River, as I have already said. {19} I have stated in the earlier parts of my work {20} that, as one sails from Byzantium towards the south, the route lies in a straight line, first to Sestus and Abydus through the middle of the Propontis, and then along the coast of Asia as far as Caria. It behooves one, then, to keep this supposition in mind as one listens to the following; and, if I speak of certain gulfs on the coast, one must think of the promontories which form them as lying in the same line, a meridian line, as it were.
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18. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. xliv. 19. 13. 1. 2 (see Leaf's article cited in footnote there). 20. Strabo refers to his discussion of the meridian line drawn by Eratosthenes through Byzantium, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meroe (see 2. 5. 7 and the Frontispiece in Vol. I of the Loeb text).
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ἐκ δὴ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων εἰκάζουσιν οἱ φροντίσαντες περὶ τούτων πλέον τι, πᾶσαν τὴν παραλίαν ταύτην ὑπὸ τοῖς Τρωσὶ γεγονέναι, διῃρημένην μὲν εἰς δυναστείας ἐννέα, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ Πριάμῳ τεταγμένην κατὰ τὸν Ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον καὶ λεγομένην Τροίαν· δῆλον δὲ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ μέρος. οἱ γὰρ περὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τειχήρεις ὁρῶντες τοὺς Ἰλιέας κατ' ἀρχάς, ἔξω ποιεῖσθαι τὸν πόλεμον ἐπεχείρησαν καὶ περιιόντες ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰ κύκλῳ δώδεκα δὴ σὺν νηυσὶ πόλεις ἀλάπαξ' ἀνθρώπων, πεζὸς δ' ἕνδεκά φημι κατὰ Τροίην ἐρίβωλον. Τροίαν γὰρ λέγει τὴν πεπορθημένην ἤπειρον· πεπόρθηται δὲ σὺν ἄλλοις τόποις καὶ τὰ ἀντικείμενα τῇ Λέσβῳ τὰ περὶ Θήβην καὶ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον τὴν τῶν Λελέγων καὶ ἔτι ἡ τοῦ Εὐρυπύλου τοῦ Τηλέφου παιδός ἀλλ' οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκ ὁ Νεοπτόλεμος ἥρω Εὐρύπυλον. ταῦτα δὴ πεπορθῆσθαι λέγει καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Λέσβον ὅτε Λέσβον ἐυκτιμένην ἕλεν αὐτός. καὶ πέρσε δὲ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον καὶ Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης. Ἐκ μὲν Λυρνησσοῦ ἡ Βρισηὶς ἑάλω τὴν ἐκ Λυρνησσοῦ ἐξείλετο. ἧς ἐν τῇ ἁλώσει τὸν Μύνητα καὶ τὸν Ἐπίστροφον πεσεῖν φησιν, ὡς ἡ Βρισηὶς θρηνοῦσα τὸν Πάτροκλον δηλοῖ οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ μ' ἔασκες, ὅτ' ἄνδρ' ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος, κλαίειν. ἐμφαίνει γὰρ τὴν Λυρνησσὸν λέγων “πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος,” ὡς ἂν δυναστευομένην ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐνταῦθα πεσεῖν αὐτὸν μαχόμενον. ἐκ δὲ τῆς Θήβης ἡ Χρυσηὶς ἐλήφθη ᾠχόμεθ' ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος. ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἀχθέντων ἐκεῖθεν φησὶν εἶναι τὴν Χρυσηίδα. ἐνθένδε δ' ἦν καὶ ἡ Ἀνδρομάχη. Ἀνδρομάχη θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἠετίωνος, Ἠετίων, ὃς ἔναιεν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ, Θήβῃ ὑποπλακίῃ, Κιλίκεσς' ἄνδρεσσιν ἀνάσσων. δευτέρα οὖν αὕτη δυναστεία Τρωικὴ μετὰ τὴν ὑπὸ Μύνητι. οἰκείως δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀνδρομάχης λεχθὲν οὕτως Ἕκτορ, ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθ' αἴσῃ ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν, οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ἐξ εὐθείας ἀκούειν, “σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν” ἢ Θήβηθεν, ἀλλὰ καθ' ὑπερβατόν “ἀμφότεροι ἐν Τροίῃ, σὺ μὲν Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσι.” τρίτη δ' ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Λελέγων, καὶ αὕτη Τρωική, Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει. οὗ τῇ θυγατρὶ συνελθὼν Πρίαμος γεννᾷ τὸν Λυκάονα καὶ Πολύδωρον. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ ταττόμενοι λέγονται Τρῶες Τρωσὶ μὲν ἡγεμόνευε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ. εἶθ' οἱ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ Δαρδανίων αὖτ' ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσα καὶ οὗτοι Τρῶες· φησὶ γοῦν Αἰνεία, Τρώων βουληφόρε. εἶθ' οἱ ὑπὸ Πανδάρῳ Λύκιοι, οὓς καὶ αὐτοὺς καλεῖ Τρῶας· οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης, Ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο, Τρῶες· τῶν αὖτ' ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός, Πάνδαρος. ἕκτη δ' αὕτη δυναστεία. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε μεταξὺ τοῦ Αἰσήπου καὶ Ἀβύδου Τρῶες· ὑπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ἐστὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄβυδον οἳ δ' ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο, καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην, τῶν αὖθ' Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχ' Ἄσιος. ἀλλ' ἐν Ἀβύδῳ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ Πριάμου διέτριβεν, ἵππους νέμων, πατρῴας δηλονότι ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο νόθον βάλε Δημοκόωντα, ὅς οἱ Ἀβυδόθεν ἦλθε παρ' ἵππων ὠκειάων. ἐν δὲ Περκώτῃ υἱὸς Ἱκετάονος ἐβουνόμει οὐκ ἀλλοτρίας οὐδ' οὗτος βοῦς πρῶτον δ' Ἱκεταονίδην ἐνένιπεν, ἴφθιμον Μελάνιππον· ὁ δ' ὄφρα μὲν εἰλίποδας βοῦς βόσκ' ἐν Περκώτῃ. ὥστε καὶ αὕτη ἂν εἴη Τρῳὰς καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ἕως Ἀδραστείας· ἦρχον γὰρ αὐτῆς υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου. πάντες μὲν δὴ Τρῶες οἱ ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Ἀδραστείας, δίχα μέντοι διῃρημένοι, οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀσίῳ οἱ δ' ὑπὸ τοῖς Μεροπίδαις· καθάπερ καὶ ἡ τῶν Κιλίκων διττή, ἡ μὲν Θηβαϊκὴ ἡ δὲ Λυρνησσίς· ἐν αὐτῇ δ' ἂν λεχθείη ἡ ὑπὸ Εὐρυπύλῳ ἐφεξῆς οὖσα τῇ Λυρνησσίδι. ὅτι δὲ τούτων ἁπάντων ἦρχεν ὁ Πρίαμος οἱ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως λόγοι πρὸς τὸν Πρίαμον σαφῶς ἐμφανίζουσι καί σε, γέρον, τὸ πρὶν μὲν ἀκούομεν ὄλβιον εἶναι, ὅσσον Λέσβος ἄνω Μάκαρος πόλις ἐντὸς ἐέργει, καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων. |
Now as for Homer's statements, those who have studied the subject more carefully {21} conjecture from them that the whole of this coast became subject to the Trojans, and, though divided into nine dynasties, was under the sway of Priam at the time of the Trojan War and was called Troy. And this is clear from his detailed statements. For instance, Achilles and his army, seeing at the outset that the inhabitants of Ilium were enclosed by walls, tried to carry on the war outside and, by making raids all round, to take away from them all the surrounding places:Twelve cities of men I have laid waste with my ships, and eleven, I declare, by land throughout the fertile land of Troy. {22} For by "Troy" he means the part of the mainland that was sacked by him; and, along with other places, Achilles also sacked the country opposite Lesbos in the neighborhood of Thebe and Lyrnessus and Pedasus, {23} which last belonged to the Leleges, and also the country of Eurypylus the son of Telephus.But what a man was that son of Telephus who was slain by him with the bronze, {24} that is, the hero Eurypylus, slain by Neoptolemus. Now the poet says that these places were sacked, including Lesbos itself:when he himself took well-built Lesbos; {25} andhe sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus; {26} andwhen he laid waste Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe. {27} It was at Lyrnessus that Briseïs was taken captive,whom he carried away from Lyrnessus; {28} and it was at her capture, according to the poet, that Mynes and Epistrophus fell, as is shown by the lament of Briseïs over Patroclus:thou wouldst not even, not even, let me weep when swift Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of divine Mynes; {29} for in calling Lyrnessus "the city of divine Mynes" the poet indicates that Mynes was dynast over it and that he fell in battle there. But it was at Thebe that Chryseïs was taken captive:We went into Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion; {30} and the poet says that Chryseïs was part of the spoil brought from that place. {31} Thence, too, came Andromache:Andromache, daughter of great hearted Eëtion; Eëtion who dwelt 'neath wooded Placus in Thebe Hypoplacia, {32} and was lord over the men of Cilicia. {33} This is the second Trojan dynasty after that of Mynes. And consistently with these facts writers think that the following statement of Andromache,Hector, woe is me! surely to one doom we were born, both of us--thou in Troy in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae, {34} should not be interpreted strictly, I mean the words "thou in Troy, but I at Thebae" (or Thebe), but as a case of hyperbaton, meaning "both of us in Troy--thou in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae." The third dynasty was that of the Leleges, which was also Trojan:Of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges, {35} by whose daughter Priam begot Lycaon and Polydorus. And indeed those who are placed under Hector in the Catalogue are called Trojans:The Trojans were led by great Hector of the flashing helmet. {36} And then come those under Aeneias:The Dardanians in turn were commanded by the valiant son of Anchises {37} and these, too, were Trojans; at any rate, the poet says,Aeneias, counsellor of the Trojans. {38} And then come the Lycians under Pandarus, and these also he calls Trojans:And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneiï, {39} who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus, the glorious son of Lycaon. {40} And this was the sixth dynasty. And indeed those who lived between the Aesepus River and Abydus were Trojans; for not only were the parts round Abydus subject to Asius,and they who dwelt about Percote and Practius {41} and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe {42} --these in turn were commanded by Asius the son of Hyrtacus, {43} but a son of Priam lived at Abydus, pasturing mares, clearly his father's:But he smote Democoön, the bastard son of Priam, who had come at Priam's bidding from his swift mares; {44} while in Percote a son of Hicetaon was pasturing kine, he likewise pasturing kine that belonged to no other: {45} And first he rebuked mighty Melanippus the son of Hicetaon, who until this time had been wont to feed the kine of shambling gait in Percote; {46} so that this country would be a part of the Troad, as also the next country after it as far as Adrasteia, for the leaders of the latter werethe two sons of Merops of Percote. {47} Accordingly, the people from Abydus to Adrasteia were all Trojans, although they were divided into two groups, one under Asius and the other under the sons of Merops, just as Cilicia {48} also was divided into two parts, the Theban Cilicia and the Lyrnessian; {49} but one might include in the Lyrnessian Cilicia the territory subject to Eurypylus, which lay next to the Lyrnessian Cilicia. {50} But that Priam was ruler of these countries, one and all, is clearly indicated by Achilles' words to Priam:And of thee, old sire, we hear that formerly thou wast blest; how of all that is enclosed by Lesbos, out at sea, city of Macar, and by Phrygia in the upland, and by the boundless Hellespont. {51}
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21. Strabo refers to Demetrius of Scepsis and his followers. 22. Hom. Il. 9.328 23. Hom. Il. 20.92. 24. Hom. Od. 11.518 25. Hom. Il. 9.129 26. Hom. Il. 20.92 27. Hom. Il. 2.691 28. Hom. Il. 2.690 29. Hom. Il. 19.295 30. Hom. Il. 1.366 31. Hom. Il. 1.369. 32. The epithet means "'neath Placus." 33. Hom. Il. 6.395 34. Hom. Il. 22.477 35. Hom. Il. 21.86 36. Hom. Il. 2.816 37. Hom. Il. 2.819 38. Hom. Il. 20.83 39. Aphneiï is now taken merely as an adjective, meaning "wealthy" men, but Strabo seems to concur in the belief that the people in question were named "Aphneiï" after Lake "Aphnitis" (see 13. 1. 9). 40. Hom. Il. 2.824 41. Whether city or river (see 13. 1. 21). 42. On Arisbe, see Leaf, Troy, 193 ff. 43. Hom. Il. 2.835 44. Hom. Il. 4.499 45. i.e., the kine belonged to Priam. This son of Hicetaon, a kinsman of Hector (Hom. Il. 15.545), "dwelt in the house of Priam, who honored him equally with his own children" (Hom. Il. 15.551). 46. Hom. Il. 15.546 47. Hom. Il. 2.831 48. The Trojan Cilicia (see 13. 1. 70). 49. See 13. 1. 60-61. 50. The eight dynasties were (1) that of Mynes, (2) that of Eëtion, (3) that of Altes, (4) that of Hector, (5) that of Aeneias, (6) that of Pandarus, (7) that of Asius, and (8) that of the two sons of Merops. If, however, there were nine dynasties (see 13. 1. 2), we may assume that the ninth was that of Eurypylus (see 13. 1. 70), unless, as Choiseul-Gouffier (Voyage Pittoresque de Ia Grèce, vol. ii, cited by Gossellin think, it was that of the island of Lesbos. 51. Hom. Il. 24.534. The quotation is incomplete without the following words of Homer: "o'er all these, old sire, thou wast preeminent, they say, because of thy wealth and thy sons.
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τότε μὲν οὖν τοιαῦτα ὑπῆρχεν, ὕστερον δὲ ἠκολούθησαν μεταβολαὶ παντοῖαι. τὰ μὲν γὰρ περὶ Κύζικον Φρύγες ἐπῴκησαν ἕως Πρακτίου, τὰ δὲ περὶ Ἄβυδον Θρᾷκες· ἔτι δὲ πρότερον τούτων ἀμφοῖν Βέβρυκες καὶ Δρύοπες· τὰ δ' ἑξῆς Τρῆρες, καὶ οὗτοι Θρᾷκες· τὸ δὲ Θήβης πεδίον Λυδοί, οἱ τότε Μῄονες, καὶ Μυσῶν οἱ περιγενόμενοι τῶν ὑπὸ Τηλέφῳ πρότερον καὶ Τεύθραντι. οὕτω δὴ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τὴν Αἰολίδα καὶ τὴν Τροίαν εἰς ἓν συντιθέντος, καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου πᾶσαν μέχρι τῆς κατὰ Κύζικον παραλίας κατασχόντων καὶ πόλεις κτισάντων, οὐδ' ἂν ἡμεῖς ἀτόπως περιοδεύσαιμεν, εἰς ταὐτὸ συντιθέντες τήν τε Αἰολίδα νῦν ἰδίως λεγομένην τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς μέχρι τοῦ Αἰσήπου. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς καθ' ἕκαστα διακρινοῦμεν πάλιν, παρατιθέντες ἅμα τοῖς νῦν οὖσι τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα. |
Now such were the conditions at the time of the Trojan War, but all kinds of changes followed later; for the parts round Cyzicus as far as the Practius were colonized by Phrygians, and those round Abydus by Thracians; and still before these two by Bebryces and Dryopes. {52} And the country that lies next was colonized by the Treres, themselves also Thracians; and the Plain of Thebe by Lydians, then called Maeonians, and by the survivors of the Mysians who had formerly been subject to Telephus and Teuthras. So then, since the poet combines Aeolis and Troy, and since the Aeolians held possession of all the country from the Hermus River {53} to the seaboard at Cyzicus, and founded their cities there, I too might not be guilty of describing them wrongly if I combined Aeolis, now properly so called, extending from the Hermus River to Lectum, and the country next after it, extending to the Aesepus River; for in my detailed treatment of the two, I shall distinguish them again, setting forth, along with the facts as they now are, the statements of Homer and others.
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52. Leaf (Strabo on the Troad, p. 61 makes a strong case for emending "Dryopes" to "Doliones," but leaves the Greek text (p. 7) unchanged. 53. See 13. 1. 1, and p. 40 of Leaf's article cited in footnote there.
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ἔστιν οὖν μετὰ τὴν τῶν Κυζικηνῶν πόλιν καὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον ἀρχὴ τῆς Τρῳάδος καθ' Ὅμηρον. λέγει δ' ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὕτω περὶ αὐτῆς οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης Ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο, Τρῶες· τῶν αὖθ' ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός, Πάνδαρος. τούτους δὲ ἐκάλει καὶ Λυκίους· Ἀφνειοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀφνίτιδος νομίζουσι λίμνης· καὶ γὰρ οὕτω καλεῖται ἡ Δασκυλῖτις. |
According to Homer, then, the Troad begins after the city of the Cyziceni and the Aesepus River. And he so speaks of it:And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneii, {54} who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus the glorious son of Lycaon. {55} These he also calls Lycians. {56} And they are thought to have been called "Aphneii" after Lake "Aphnitis," for Lake Dascylitis is also called by that name.
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54. See footnote on Aphneii in 13. 1. 7. 55. Hom. Il. 2.824 56. See 13. 1. 7.
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ἡ μὲν δὴ Ζέλεια ἐν τῇ παρωρείᾳ τῇ ὑστάτῃ τῆς Ἴδης ἔστιν, ἀπέχουσα Κυζίκου μὲν σταδίους ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, τῆς δ' ἐγγυτάτω θαλάττης καθ' ἣν ἐκδίδωσιν Αἴσηπος ὅσον ὀγδοήκοντα. ἐπιμερίζει δὲ συνεχῶς τὰ κατὰ τὴν μετὰ τὸν Αἴσηπον οἳ δ' Ἀδρήστειάν τ' εἶχον καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ, καὶ Πιτύαν εἶχον καὶ Τηρείης ὄρος αἰπύ, τῶν ἦρχ' Ἄδρηστός τε καὶ Ἄμφιος λινοθώρηξ, υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ χωρία τῇ Ζελείᾳ μὲν ὑποπέπτωκεν, ἔχουσι δὲ Κυζικηνοί τε καὶ Πριαπηνοὶ μέχρι καὶ τῆς παραλίας. περὶ μὲν οὖν τὴν Ζέλειαν ὁ Τάρσιος ἔστι ποταμός, εἴκοσιν ἔχων διαβάσεις τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ, καθάπερ ὁ Ἑπτάπορος, ὅν φησιν ὁ ποιητής. |
Now Zeleia {57} is situated on the farthermost foothill of Mt. Ida, being one hundred and ninety stadia distant from Cyzicus and about eighty stadia from the nearest part of the sea, where the Aesepus empties. And the poet mentions severally, in continuous order, the places that lie along the coast after the Aesepus River:And they who held Adrasteia and the land of Apaesus, and held Pityeia and the steep mountain of Tereia--these were led by Adrastus and Amphius of the linen corslet, the two sons of Merops of Percote. {58} These places lie below Zeleia, {59} but they are occupied by Cyziceni and Priapeni even as far as the coast. Now near Zeleia is the Tarsius River, {60} which is crossed twenty times by the same road, like the Heptaporus River, {61} .which is mentioned by the poet. {62} And the river that flows from Nicomedeia into Nicaea is crossed twenty-four times, and the river that flows from Pholoe into the Eleian country {63} is crossed many times . . . Scarthon twenty-five times, {64} and the river that flows from the country of the Coscinii into Alabanda is crossed many times, and the river that flows from Tyana into Soli through the Taurus is crossed seventy-five times.
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57. On the site of Zeleia, see Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 66. 58. Hom. Il. 2.828 59. The places in question appear to have belonged to Zeleia. Leaf (op. cit., p. 65 translates: "are commanded by Zeleia"; but the present translator is sure that, up to the present passage, Strabo has always used ὑποπίπτω in a purely geographical sense (e.g., cf. 9. 1. 15, and especially 12. 4. 6, where Strabo makes substantially the same statement concerning Zeleia as in the present passage). But see Leaf's note (op. cit.), p. 67. 60. On this river see Leaf, work last cited p. 67. 61. Strabo does not mean that the Heptaporus was crossed twenty times. The name itself means the river of "seven fords" (or ferries). 62. Hom. Il. 12. 20. 63. i.e., Elis, in the Peloponnesus. 64. The text is corrupt; and "Scarthon," whether it applies to a river or a people, is otherwise unknown. However, this whole passage, "And the river that flows from Nicomedeia . . . crossed seventy-five times," appears to be a gloss, and is ejected from the text by Kramer and Meineke (see Leaf's Strabo and the Troad, p. 65, note 4).
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ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Αἰσήπου σχεδόν τι ... σταδίοις κολωνὸς ἔστιν, ἐφ' ᾧ τάφος δείκνυται Μέμνονος τοῦ Τιθωνοῦ· πλησίον δ' ἔστι καὶ ἡ Μέμνονος κώμη. τοῦ δὲ Αἰσήπου καὶ τοῦ Πριάπου μεταξὺ ὁ Γράνικος ῥεῖ τὰ πολλὰ δι' Ἀδραστείας πεδίου, ἐφ' ᾧ Ἀλέξανδρος τοὺς Δαρείου σατράπας ἀνὰ κράτος ἐνίκησε συμβαλών, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρέλαβεν. ἐπὶ δὲ Γρανίκῳ πόλις ἦν Σιδήνη χώραν ἔχουσα πολλὴν ὁμώνυμον, κατέσπασται δὲ νῦν. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεθορίᾳ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῆς Πριαπηνῆς ἔστι τὰ Ἁρπάγια τόπος, ἐξ οὗ τὸν Γανυμήδην μυθεύουσιν ἡρπάχθαι· ἄλλοι δὲ περὶ Δαρδάνιον ἄκραν πλησίον Δαρδάνου. |
About . . . {65} stadia above the outlet of the Aesepus River is a hill, where is shown the tomb of Memnon, son of Tithonus; and near by is the village of Memnon. The Granicus River flows between the Aesepus River and Priapus, mostly through the plain of Adrasteia, {66} where Alexander utterly defeated the satraps of Dareius in battle, and gained the whole of the country inside the Taurus and the Euphrates River. And on the Granicus was situated the city Sidene, with a large territory of the same name; but it is now in ruins. On the boundary between the territory of Cyzicus and that of Priapus is a place called Harpagia, {67} from which, according to some writers of myths, Ganymede was snatched, though others say that he was snatched in the neighborhood of the Dardanian Promontory, near Dardanus.
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65. The number of stadia has fallen out of the MSS. 66. See Leaf, work last cited, p. 70. 67. The root "harpag-" means "snatch away."
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Πρίαπος δ' ἔστι πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ καὶ λιμήν· κτίσμα δ' οἱ μὲν Μιλησίων φασίν, οἵπερ καὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Προκόννησον συνῴκισαν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν, οἱ δὲ Κυζικηνῶν· ἐπώνυμος δ' ἐστὶ τοῦ Πριάπου τιμωμένου παρ' αὐτοῖς, εἴτ' ἐξ Ὀρνεῶν τῶν περὶ Κόρινθον μετενηνεγμένου τοῦ ἱεροῦ, εἴτε τῷ λέγεσθαι Διονύσου καὶ νύμφης τὸν θεὸν ὁρμησάντων ἐπὶ τὸ τιμᾶν αὐτὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπειδὴ σφόδρα εὐάμπελός ἐστιν ἡ χώρα καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἦ ἐφεξῆς ὅμορος, ἥ τε τῶν Παριανῶν καὶ ἡ τῶν Λαμψακηνῶν· ὁ γοῦν Ξέρξης τῷ Θεμιστοκλεῖ εἰς οἶνον ἔδωκε τὴν Λάμψακον. ἀπεδείχθη δὲ θεὸς οὗτος ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτέρων· οὐδὲ γὰρ Ἡσίοδος οἶδε Πρίαπον, ἀλλ' ἔοικε τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς Ὀρθάνῃ καὶ Κονισάλῳ καὶ Τύχωνι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις. |
Priapus {68} is a city on the sea, and also a harbor. Some say that it was founded by Milesians, who at the same time also colonized Abydus and Proconnesus, whereas others say that it was founded by Cyziceni. It was named after Priapus, who was worshipped there; then his worship was transferred thither from Orneae near Corinth, or else the inhabitants felt an impulse to worship the god because he was called the son of Dionysus and a nymph; for their country is abundantly supplied with the vine, both theirs and the countries which border next upon it, I mean those of the Pariani and the Lampsaceni. At any rate, Xerxes gave Lampsacus to Themistocles to supply him with wine. But it was by people of later times that Priapus was declared a god, for even Hesiod does not know of him; and he resembles the Attic deities Orthane, Conisalus, Tychon, and others like them.
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68. On the site of Priapus, see Leaf, p. 73.
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ἐκαλεῖτο δ' ἡ χώρα αὕτη Ἀδράστεια καὶ Ἀδραστείας πεδίον, κατὰ ἔθος τι οὕτω λεγόντων τὸ αὐτὸ χωρίον διττῶς, ὡς καὶ Θήβην καὶ Θήβης πεδίον, καὶ Μυγδονίαν καὶ Μυγδονίας πεδίον. φησὶ δὲ Καλλισθένης ἀπὸ Ἀδράστου βασιλέως, ὃς πρῶτος Νεμέσεως ἱερὸν ἱδρύσατο, καλεῖσθαι Ἀδράστειαν. ἡ μὲν οὖν πόλις μεταξὺ Πριάπου καὶ Παρίου, ἔχουσα ὑποκείμενον πεδίον ὁμώνυμον, ἐν ᾧ καὶ μαντεῖον ἦν Ἀπόλλωνος Ἀκταίου καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος κατὰ τὴν . . . εἰς δὲ Πάριον μετηνέχθη πᾶσα ἡ κατασκευὴ καὶ λιθεία κατασπασθέντος τοῦ ἱεροῦ, καὶ ᾠκοδομήθη ἐν τῷ Παρίῳ βωμὸς, Ἑρμοκρέοντος ἔργον, πολλῆς μνήμης ἄξιον κατά τε μέγεθος καὶ κάλλος· τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον ἐξελείφθη, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἐν Ζελείᾳ. ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἱερὸν Ἀδραστείας δείκνυται, οὐδὲ δὴ Νεμέσεως, περὶ δὲ Κύζικον ἔστιν Ἀδραστείας ἱερόν. Ἀντίμαχος δ' οὕτω φησίν ἔστι δέ τις Νέμεσις μεγάλη θεὸς, ἣ τάδε πάντα πρὸς μακάρων ἔλαχεν· βωμὸν δέ οἱ εἵσατο πρῶτος Ἄδρηστος, ποταμοῖο παρὰ ῥόον Αἰσήποιο, ἔνθα τετίμηταί τε καὶ Ἀδρήστεια καλεῖται. |
This country was called "Adrasteia" {69} and "Plain of Adrasteia," in accordance with a custom whereby people gave two names to the same place, as "Thebe" and "Plain of Thebe," and "Mygdonia" and "Plain of Mygdonia." According to Callisthenes, among others, Adrasteia was named after King Adrastus, who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis. Now the city is situated between Priapus and Parium; and it has below it a plain that is named after it, in which there was an oracle of Apollo Actaeus and Artemis. . . . {70} But when the temple was torn down, the whole of its furnishings and stonework were transported to Parium, where was built an altar, {71} the work of Hermocreon, very remarkable for its size and beauty; but the oracle was abolished like that at Zeleia. Here, however, there is no temple of Adrasteia, nor yet of Nemesis, to be seen, although there is a temple of Adrasteia near Cyzicus. Antimachus says as follows:There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has obtained as her portion all these things from the Blessed. {72} Adrestus {73} was the first to build an altar to her beside the stream of the Aesepus River, where she is worshipped under the name of Adresteia.
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69. On the site of Adrasteia, see Leaf, p. 77. 70. Three words in the Greek text here are corrupt. Strabo may have said that this temple was "on the shore," or "in the direction of Pityeia" (the same as Pitya; see section 15 following), or "in the direction of Pactye". 71. This altar was a stadium (about 600 feet) in length (10. 5. 7). 72. A not uncommon appellation of the gods. 73. Note the variant spelling of the name.
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ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ Πάριον πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, λιμένα ἔχουσα μείζω τῆς Πριάπου καὶ ηὐξημένη γε ἐκ ταύτης· θεραπεύοντες γὰρ οἱ Παριανοὶ τοὺς Ἀτταλικοὺς ὑφ' οἷς ἐτέτακτο ἡ Πριαπηνή, πολλὴν αὐτῆς ἀπετέμοντο ἐπιτρεπόντων ἐκείνων. ἐνταῦθα μυθεύουσι τοὺς Ὀφιογενεῖς συγγένειάν τινα ἔχειν πρὸς τοὺς ὄφεις· φασὶ δ' αὐτῶν τοὺς ἄρρενας τοῖς ἐχεοδήκτοις ἄκος εἶναι συνεχῶς ἐφαπτομένους ὥσπερ τοὺς ἐπῳδούς, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ πελίωμα εἰς ἑαυτοὺς μεταφέροντας, εἶτα καὶ τὴν φλεγμονὴν παύοντας καὶ τὸν πόνον. μυθεύουσι δὲ τὸν ἀρχηγέτην τοῦ γένους ἥρωά τινα ἐξ ὄφεως μεταβαλεῖν· τάχα δὲ τῶν Ψύλλων τις ἦν τῶν Λιβυκῶν, εἰς δὲ τὸ γένος διέτεινεν ἡ δύναμις μέχρι ποσοῦ. κτίσμα δ' ἐστὶ τὸ Πάριον Μιλησίων καὶ Ἐρυθραίων καὶ Παρίων. |
The city Parium is situated on the sea; it has a larger harbor than Priapus, and its territory has been increased at the expense of Priapus; for the Parians curried favor with the Attalic kings, to whom the territory of Priapus was subject, and by their permission cut off for themselves a large part of that territory. Here is told the mythical story that the Ophiogeneis {74} are akin to the serpent tribe: {75} and they say that the males of the Ophiogeneis cure snake-bitten people by continuous stroking, after the manner of enchanters, first transferring the livid color to their own bodies and then stopping both the inflammation and the pain. According to the myth, the original founder of the tribe, a certain hero, changed from a serpent into a man. Perhaps he was one of the Libyan Psylli, {76} whose power persisted in his tribe for a certain time. {77} Parium was founded by Milesians and Erythraeans and Parians.
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74. "Serpent-born." 75. See Leaf, work last cited, p. 85. 76. See 17. 1. 44. 77. See Fraser, Totemism and Exogamy, 1. 20, 2. 54 and 4. 178.
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Πιτύα δ' ἐστὶν ἐν Πιτυοῦντι τῆς Παριανῆς ὑπερκείμενον ἔχουσα πιτυῶδες ὄρος· μεταξὺ δὲ κεῖται Παρίου καὶ Πριάπου κατὰ Λίνον χωρίον ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, ὅπου οἱ Λινούσιοι κοχλίαι ἄριστοι τῶν πάντων ἁλίσκονται. |
Pitya {78} is in Pityus in the territory of Parium, lying below a pine covered mountain; {79} and it lies between Parium and Priapus in the direction of Linum, a place on the seashore, where are caught the Linusian snails, the best in the world.
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78. According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (1933), cited by Leaf (Troy, p. 187, "Lampsacus was formerly called Pityeia, or, as others spell it, Pitya. Some say that Phrixus stored his treasure there and that the city was named after the treasure, for the Thracian word for treasure is 'pitye'" (but cf. the Greek word "pitys," "pine tree"). Strabo, however, places Pitya to the east of Parium, whereas Lampsacus lies to the west (see Leaf, l.c., pp. 185 ff.; and his Strabo on the Troad, p. 87). In section 18 (following) Strabo says that "Lampsacus was formerly called Pityussa." 79. Leaf (l.c.) translates, "hill shaped like a pine tree," adding (p. 187) that "the resemblance to a pine tree, so far as my personal observation went, means no more than that the hill slopes gently up to a rounded top." However, the Greek adjective probably means in the present passage "pine covered" (cf. the use of the same adjective in 8. 6. 22, where it applies to a sacred precinct on the Isthmus of Corinth).
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ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τῷ ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πρίαπον ἥ τε παλαιὰ Προκόννησός ἐστι καὶ ἡ νῦν Προκόννησος, πόλιν ἔχουσα καὶ μέταλλον μέγα λευκοῦ λίθου σφόδρα ἐπαινούμενον· τὰ γοῦν κάλλιστα τῶν ταύτῃ πόλεων ἔργα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρῶτα τὰ ἐν Κυζίκῳ ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς λίθου. ἐντεῦθέν ἐστιν Ἀριστέας ὁ ποιητὴς τῶν Ἀριμασπείων καλουμένων ἐπῶν, ἀνὴρ γόης εἴ τις ἄλλος. |
On the coasting voyage from Parium to Priapus lie both the old Proconnesus and the present Proconnesus, the latter having a city and also a great quarry of white marble that is very highly commended; at any rate, the most beautiful works of art {80} in the cities of that part of the world, and especially those in Cyzicus, are made of this marble. Aristeas was a Proconnesian--the author of the Arimaspian Epic, as it is called--a charlatan if ever there was one. {81}
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80. i.e., buildings, statues, and other marble structures (see 5. 2. 5 and 5. 3. 8, and the footnotes on "works of art"). 81. See 1. 2. 10, and Hdt. 4.13.
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τὸ δὲ Τηρείης ὄρος οἱ μὲν τὰ ἐν Πειρωσσῷ ὄρη φασὶν ἃ ἔχουσιν οἱ Κυζικηνοὶ τῇ Ζελείᾳ προσεχῆ, ἐν οἷς βασιλικὴ θήρα κατεσκεύαστο τοῖς Λυδοῖς, καὶ Πέρσαις ὕστερον· οἱ δ' ἀπὸ τετταράκοντα σταδίων Λαμψάκου δεικνύουσι λόφον, ἐφ' ᾧ μητρὸς θεῶν ἱερόν ἐστιν ἅγιον Τηρείης ἐπικαλούμενον. |
As for "the mountain of Tereia," {82} some say that it is the range of mountains in Peirossus which are occupied by the Cyziceni and are adjacent to Zeleia, where a royal hunting ground was arranged by the Lydians, and later by the Persians; {83} but others point out a hill forty stadia from Lampsacus, on which there is a temple sacred to the mother of the gods, entitled "Tereia's" temple.
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82. The mountain mentioned in the Hom. Il. 2.829. 83. Xen. Hell. 4.1.15 speaks of royal hunting grounds, "some in enclosed parks, others in open regions."
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καὶ ἡ Λάμψακος δ' ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πόλις ἐστὶν εὐλίμενος καὶ ἀξιόλογος, συμμένουσα καλῶς, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος· διέχει δ' αὐτῆς ὅσον ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίους· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Πιτυοῦσσα, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Χίον φασίν· ἐν δὲ τῇ περαίᾳ τῆς Χερρονήσου πολίχνιόν ἐστι Καλλίπολις· κεῖται δ' ἐπ' ἀκτῆς ἐκκειμένη πολὺ πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατὰ τὴν Λαμψακηνῶν πόλιν, ὥστε τὸ δίαρμα μὴ πλέον εἶναι τετταράκοντα σταδίων. |
Lampsacus, {84} a!so, is a city on the sea, a notable city with a good harbor, and still flourishing, like Abydus. It is about one hundred and seventy stadia distant from Abydus; and it was formerly called Pityussa, as also, it is said, was Chios. On the opposite shore of the Chersonesus is Callipolis, a small town. It is on the headland and runs far out towards Asia in the direction of the city of the Lampsaceni, so that the passage across to Asia from it is no more than forty stadia.
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84. Now Lapsaki. On the site, see Leaf, p. 92.
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ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ Λαμψάκου καὶ Παρίου Παισὸς ἦν πόλις καὶ ποταμός· κατέσπασται δ' ἡ πόλις, οἱ δὲ Παισηνοὶ μετῴκησαν εἰς Λάμψακον, Μιλησίων ὄντες ἄποικοι καὶ αὐτοί, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Λαμψακηνοί. ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς εἴρηκεν ἀμφοτέρως, καὶ προσθεὶς τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ, καὶ ἀφελών ὅς ῥ' ἐνὶ Παισῷ ναῖε πολυκτήμων καὶ ὁ ποταμὸς νῦν οὕτω καλεῖται. Μιλησίων δ' εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ Κολωναὶ αἱ ὑπὲρ Λαμψάκου ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῆς Λαμψακηνῆς· ἄλλαι δ' εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἐκτὸς Ἑλλησποντίᾳ θαλάττῃ, Ἰλίου διέχουσαι σταδίους τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν· ἐξ ὧν τὸν Κύκνον φασίν. Ἀναξιμένης δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἐρυθραίᾳ φησὶ λέγεσθαι Κολωνὰς καὶ ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι καὶ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ· ἐν δὲ τῇ Παριανῇ ἔστιν Ἰλιοκολώνη. ἐν δὲ τῇ Λαμψακηνῇ τόπος εὐάμπελος Γεργίθιον· ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις Γέργιθα ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθων· ἦν γὰρ κἀκεῖ πόλις πληθυντικῶς καὶ θηλυκῶς λεγομένη αἱ Γέργιθες, ὅθενπερ ὁ Γεργίθιος ἦν Κεφάλων· καὶ νῦν ἔτι δείκνυται τόπος ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθιον πρὸς Λαρίσῃ. ἐκ Παρίου μὲν οὖν ὁ γλωσσογράφος κληθεὶς ἦν Νεοπτόλεμος μνήμης ἄξιος, ἐκ Λαμψάκου δὲ Χάρων τε ὁ συγγραφεὺς καὶ Ἀδείμαντος καὶ Ἀναξιμένης ὁ ῥήτωρ καὶ Μητρόδωρος ὁ τοῦ Ἐπικούρου ἑταῖρος· καὶ αὐτὸς δ' Ἐπίκουρος τρόπον τινὰ Λαμψακηνὸς ὑπῆρξε, διατρίψας ἐν Λαμψάκῳ καὶ φίλοις χρησάμενος τοῖς ἀρίστοις τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ, τοῖς περὶ Ἰδομενέα καὶ Λεοντέα. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ μετήνεγκεν Ἀγρίππας τὸν πεπτωκότα λέοντα, Λυσίππου ἔργον· ἀνέθηκε δὲ ἐν τῷ ἄλσει τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς λίμνης καὶ τοῦ εὐρίπου. |
In the interval between Lampsacus and Parium lay a city and river called Paesus; but the city is in ruins. The Paeseni changed their abode to Lampsacus, they too being colonists from the Milesians, like the Lampsaceni. But the poet refers to the place in two ways, at one time adding the first syllable,and the land of Apaesus, {85} and at another omitting it,a man of many possessions, who dwelt in Paesus. {86} And the river is now spelled in the latter way. Colonae, {87} which lies above Lampsacus in the interior of Lampsacene, is also a colony of the Milesians; and there is another Colonae on the outer Hellespontine sea, which is one hundred and forty stadia distant from Ilium and is said to be the birthplace of Cycnus. {88} Anaximenes says that there are also places in the Erythraean territory and in Phocis and in Thessaly that are called Colonae. And there is an Iliocolone in the territory of Parium. In the territory of Lampsacus is a place called Gergithium {89} which is rich in vines; and there was also a city called Gergitha from Gergithes in the territory of Cyme, for here too there was a city called Gergithes, in the feminine plural, the birthplace of Cephalon the Gergithian. And still today a place called Gergithium is pointed out in the territory of Cyme near Larissa. Now Neoptolemus, {90} called the Glossographer, a notable man, was from Parium; and Charon the historian {91} and Adeimantus {92} and Anaximenes the rhetorician {93} and Metrodorus the comrade of Epicurus were from Lampsacus; and Epicurus himself was in a sense a Lampsacenian, having lived in Lampsacus and having been on intimate terms with the ablest men of that city, Idomeneus and Leonteus and their followers. It was from here that Agrippa transported the Fallen Lion, a work of Lysippus; and he dedicated it in the sacred precinct between the Lake and the Euripus. {94}
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85. Hom. Il. 2.828 86. Hom. Il. 5.612 87. On the site of Colonae, see Leaf (Strabo on the Troad), p. 101. 88. King of Colonae, slain by Achilles in the Trojan War. 89. On Gergithium, see Leaf, p. 102. 90. Fl. in the Alexandrian period; author of works entitled Glosses and On Epigrams. 91. Early historian; author of Persian History and Annals of the Lampsaceni. 92. Known only as courtier of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 93. See Frazer's note on Paus. 6.18.2. 94. "The Lake" seems surely to be the Stagnum Agrippae mentioned by Tac. Ann. 15.37, i.e., the Nemus Caesarum on the right bank of the Tiber (see A. Häbler, Hermes 19 (1884), p. 235). "The Stagnum Agrippae was apparently a pond constructed by Agrippa in connection with the Aqua Virgo and the canal called Euripus in the neighborhood of the Pantheon" (C. G. Ramsay, Annals of Tacitus, 15.37), or, as Leaf (op. cit., p. 108 puts it, "The Euripus is the channel filled with water set up by Caesar round the arena of the Circus Maximus at Rome to protect the spectators from the wild beasts."
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μετὰ δὲ Λάμψακον ἔστιν Ἄβυδος καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ χωρία, περὶ ὧν οὕτως εἴρηκε συλλαβὼν ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ τὴν Λαμψακηνὴν καὶ τῆς Παριανῆς τινα οὔπω γὰρ ἦσαν αὗται αἱ πόλεις κατὰ τὰ Τρωικά οἳ δ' ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο, καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην· τῶν αὖθ' Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχ' Ἄσιος φησίν ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. οὕτω δ' εἰπὼν ἔοικε τὸ βασίλειον ἀποφαίνειν τοῦ Ἀσίου τὴν Ἀρίσβην, ὅθεν ἥκειν αὐτόν φησιν ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. οὕτω δ' ἀφανῆ τὰ χωρία ταῦτά ἐστιν ὥστε οὐδ' ὁμολογοῦσι περὶ αὐτῶν οἱ ἱστοροῦντες, πλὴν ὅτι περὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Λάμψακόν ἐστι καὶ Πάριον, καὶ ὅτι ἡ πάλαι Περκώτη μετωνομάσθη ὁ τόπος. |
After Lampsacus come Abydus and the intervening places of which the poet, who comprises with them the territory of Lampsacus and part of the territory of Parium (for these two cities were not yet in existence in the Trojan times), speaks as follows:And those who dwelt about Percote and Practius, and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe--these in turn were led by Asius, the son of Hyrtacus, . . . who was brought by his sorrel horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis. {95} In speaking thus, the poet seems to set forth Arisbe, whence he says Asius came, as the royal residence of Asius:who was brought by his horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis.But these places {96} are so obscure that even investigators do not agree about them, except that they are in the neighborhood of Abydus and Lampsacus and Parium, and that the old Percote, {97} the site, underwent a change of name.
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95. Hom. Il. 2.835 96. i.e., Arisbe, Percote, and the Sellëeis. Strabo himself locates the Practius (13.1. 4, 7, 8, 21). On the sites of these places, see Leaf's Troy, pp. 188 ff., his note in Jour. Hellenic Studies, XXXVII (1917), p. 26, and his Strabo on the Troad, pp. 108 ff. 97. Homer's Percote, on the sea.
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τῶν δὲ ποταμῶν τὸν μὲν Σελλήεντά φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς πρὸς τῇ Ἀρίσβῃ ῥεῖν, εἴπερ ὁ Ἄσιος Ἀρίσβηθέν τε ἧκε καὶ ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος· ὁ δὲ Πράκτιος ποταμὸς μὲν ἔστι, πόλις δ' οὐχ εὑρίσκεται, ὥς τινες ἐνόμισαν· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος μεταξὺ Ἀβύδου καὶ Λαμψάκου· τὸ οὖν καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο οὕτω δεκτέον ὡς περὶ ποταμοῦ, καθάπερ κἀκεῖνα οἵ τ' ἄρα πὰρ ποταμὸν Κηφισὸν δῖον ἔναιον, καὶ ἀμφί τε Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ ἔργ' ἐνέμοντο. ἦν δὲ καὶ ἐν Λέσβῳ πόλις Ἀρίσβα, ἧς τὴν χώραν ἔχουσι Μηθυμναῖοι· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς Ἄρισβος ἐν Θρᾴκῃ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τούτου πλησίον οἱ Κεβρήνιοι Θρᾷκες. πολλαὶ δ' ὁμωνυμίαι Θρᾳξὶ καὶ Τρωσίν, οἷον Σκαιοὶ Θρᾷκές τινες καὶ Σκαιὸς ποταμὸς καὶ Σκαιὸν τεῖχος καὶ ἐν Τροίᾳ Σκαιαὶ πύλαι· Ξάνθιοι Θρᾷκες, Ξάνθος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ἄρισβος ὁ ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Ἕβρον, Ἀρίσβη ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ῥῆσος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ, Ῥῆσος δὲ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Θρᾳκῶν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ὁμώνυμος ἕτερος παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ Ἄσιος ὃς μήτρως ἦν Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο, αὐτοκασίγνητος Ἑκάβης, υἱὸς δὲ Δύμαντος, ὃς Φρυγίην ναίεσκε ῥοῇς ἐπὶ Σαγγαρίοιο. |
Of the rivers, the Sellëeis flows near Arisbe, as the poet says, if it be true that Asius came both from Arisbe and from the Sellëeis River. The River Practius is indeed in existence, but no city of that name is to be found, as some have wrongly thought. This river also {98} flows between Abydus and Lampsacus. Accordingly, the words,and dwelt about Practius,should be interpreted as applying to a river, as should also those other words,and those who dwelt beside the goodly Cephisus River, {99} andthose who had their famed estates about the Parthenius River. {100} There was also a city Arisba in Lesbos, whose territory is occupied by the Methymnaeans. And there is an Arisbus River in Thrace, as I have said before, {101} near which are situated the Thracian Cebrenians. There are many names common to the Thracians and the Trojans; for example, there are Thracians called Scaeans, and a river Scaeus, and a Scaean Wall, and at Troy the Scaean Gates. And there are Thracian Xanthians, and in Troy-land a river Xanthus. And in Troy-land there is a river Arisbus which empties into the Hebrus, as also a city Arisbe. And there was a river Rhesus in Troy-land; and there was a Rhesus who was the king of the Thracians. And there is also, of the same name as this Asius, another Asius in Homer,who was maternal uncle to horse-taming Hector, and own brother to Hecabe, but son of Dymas, who dwelt in Phrygia by the streams of the Sangarius. {102}
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98. i.e., as well as the Sellëeis. 99. Hom. Il. 2.522 100. Hom. Il. 2.854 101. Obviously in the lost portion of Book VII. 102. Hom. Il. 16.717
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Ἄβυδος δὲ Μιλησίων ἐστὶ κτίσμα ἐπιτρέψαντος Γύγου τοῦ Λυδῶν βασιλέως· ἦν γὰρ ἐπ' ἐκείνῳ τὰ χωρία καὶ ἡ Τρῳὰς ἅπασα, ὀνομάζεται δὲ καὶ ἀκρωτήριόν τι πρὸς Δαρδάνῳ Γύγας· ἐπίκειται δὲ τῷ στόματι τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου, διέχει δὲ τὸ ἴσον Λαμψάκου καὶ Ἰλίου, σταδίους περὶ ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν. ἐνταῦθα δ' ἔστι τὸ ἑπταστάδιον ὅπερ ἔζευξε Ξέρξης, τὸ διορίζον τὴν Εὐρώπην καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν. καλεῖται δ' ἡ ἄκρα τῆς Εὐρώπης Χερρόνησος διὰ τὸ σχῆμα, ἡ ποιοῦσα τὰ στενὰ τὰ κατὰ τὸ ζεῦγμα· ἀντίκειται δὲ τὸ ζεῦγμα τῇ Ἀβύδῳ. Σηστὸς δὲ ἀρίστη τῶν ἐν Χερρονήσῳ πόλεων· διὰ δὲ τὴν γειτοσύνην ὑπὸ τῷ αὐτῷ ἡγεμόνι καὶ αὕτη ἐτέτακτο, οὔπω ταῖς ἠπείροις διοριζόντων τῶν τότε τὰς ἡγεμονίας. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἄβυδος καὶ ἡ Σηστὸς διέχουσιν ἀλλήλων τριάκοντά που σταδίους ἐκ λιμένος εἰς λιμένα, τὸ δὲ ζεῦγμά ἐστι μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων παραλλάξαντι ἐξ Ἀβύδου μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκ δὲ Σηστοῦ εἰς τοὐναντίον· ὀνομάζεται δὲ πρὸς τῇ Σηστῷ τόπος Ἀποβάθρα, καθ' ὃν ἐζεύγνυτο ἡ σχεδία. ἔστι δὲ ἡ Σηστὸς ἐνδοτέρω κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα ὑπερδέξιος τοῦ ῥοῦ τοῦ ἐξ αὐτῆς· διὸ καὶ εὐπετέστερον ἐκ τῆς Σηστοῦ διαίρουσι παραλεξάμενοι μικρὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ἡροῦς πύργον, κἀκεῖθεν ἀφιέντες τὰ πλοῖα συμπράττοντος τοῦ ῥοῦ πρὸς τὴν περαίωσιν· τοῖς δ' ἐξ Ἀβύδου περαιουμένοις παραλεκτέον ἐστὶν εἰς τἀναντία ὀκτώ που σταδίους ἐπὶ πύργον τινὰ κατ' ἀντικρὺ τῆς Σηστοῦ, ἔπειτα διαίρειν πλάγιον καὶ μὴ τελέως ἐναντίον ἔχουσι τὸν ῥοῦν. ᾤκουν δὲ τὴν Ἄβυδον μετὰ τὰ Τρωικὰ Θρᾷκες, εἶτα Μιλήσιοι. τῶν δὲ πόλεων ἐμπρησθεισῶν ὑπὸ Δαρείου τοῦ Ξέρξου πατρὸς τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκοινώνησε καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος τῆς αὐτῆς συμφορᾶς· ἐνέπρησε δὲ πυθόμενος μετὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σκυθῶν ἐπάνοδον τοὺς νομάδας παρασκευάζεσθαι διαβαίνειν ἐπ' αὐτὸν κατὰ τιμωρίαν ὧν ἔπαθον, δεδιὼς μὴ αἱ πόλεις πορθμεῖα παράσχοιεν τῇ στρατιᾷ. συνέβη δὲ πρὸς ταῖς ἄλλαις μεταβολαῖς καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τοῦτο αἴτιον τῆς συγχύσεως τῶν τόπων. περὶ δὲ Σηστοῦ καὶ τῆς ὅλης Χερρονήσου προείπομεν ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῆς Θρᾴκης τόποις. φησὶ δὲ τὴν Σηστὸν Θεόπομπος βραχεῖαν μὲν εὐερκῆ δέ, καὶ σκέλει διπλέθρῳ συνάπτειν πρὸς τὸν λιμένα, καὶ διὰ ταῦτ' οὖν καὶ διὰ τὸν ῥοῦν κυρίαν εἶναι τῶν παρόδων. |
Abydus was founded by Milesians, being founded by permission of Gyges, king of the Lydians; for this district and the whole of the Troad were under his sway; and there is a promontory named Gygas near Dardanus. Abydus lies at the mouth of the Propontis and the Hellespont; and it is equidistant from Lampsacus and Ilium, about one hundred and seventy stadia. {103} Here, separating Europe and Asia, is the Heptastadium, {104} which was bridged by Xerxes. The European promontory that forms the narrows at the place of the bridge is called the Chersonesus {105} because of its shape. And the place of the bridge lies opposite Abydus. Sestus {106} is the best of the cities in the Chersonesus; and, on account of its proximity to Abydus, it was assigned to the same governor as Abydus in the times when governorships had not yet been delimited by continents. Now although Abydus and Sestus are about thirty stadia distant from one another from harbor to harbor, yet the line of the bridge across the strait is short, being drawn at an angle to that between the two cities, that is, from a point nearer than Abydus to the Propontis on the Abydus side to a point farther away from the Propontis on the Sestus side. Near Sestus is a place named Apobathra, {107} where the pontoon-bridge was attached to the shore. Sestus lies farther in towards the Propontis, farther up the stream that flows out of the Propontis. It is therefore easier to cross over from Sestus, first coasting a short distance to the Tower of Hero and then letting the ships make the passage across by the help of the current. But those who cross over from Abydus must first follow the coast in the opposite direction about eight stadia to a tower opposite Sestus, and then sail across obliquely and thus not have to meet the full force of the current. After the Trojan War Abydus was the home of Thracians, and then of Milesians. But when the cities were burned by Dareius, father of Xerxes, I mean the cities on the Propontis, Abydus shared in the same misfortune. He burned them because he had learned after his return from his attack upon the Scythians that the nomads were making preparations to cross the strait and attack him to avenge their sufferings, and was afraid that the cities would provide means for the passage of their army. And this too, in addition to the other changes and to the lapse of time, is a cause of the confusion into which the topography of the country has fallen. As for Sestus and the Chersonesus in general, I have already spoken of them in my description of the region of Thrace. {108} Theopompus says that Sestus is small but well fortified, and that it is connected with its harbor by a double wall of two plethra, {109} and that for this reason, as also on account of the current, it is mistress of the passage.
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103. On the site of Abydus, see Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 117. 104. i.e., "Strait of seven stadia." 105. i.e., "Land-island" or "Peninsula." 106. On its site, see Leaf, work last cited, p. 119. 107. i.e., "Place of Disembarkation." 108. See Book 7 Frags. 51, 55b, and 51a, 52, and 53. 109. i.e., about 200 feet (in breadth).
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ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῆς τῶν Ἀβυδηνῶν χώρας ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι τὰ Ἄστυρα, ἃ νῦν μὲν Ἀβυδηνῶν ἔστι, κατεσκαμμένη πόλις, πρότερον δὲ ἦν καθ' αὑτά, χρυσεῖα ἔχοντα ἃ νῦν σπάνιά ἐστιν, ἐξαναλωμένα, καθάπερ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τμώλῳ τὰ περὶ τὸν Πακτωλόν. ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου δ' ἐπὶ Αἴσηπον περὶ ἑπτακοσίους φασὶ σταδίους, εὐθυπλοίᾳ δὲ ἐλάττους. |
Above the territory of the Abydeni, in the Troad, lies Astyra. This city, which is in ruins, now belongs to the Abydeni, but in earlier times it was independent and had gold mines. These mines are now scant, being used up, like those on Mt. Tmolus in the neighborhood of the Pactolus River. From Abydus to the Aesepus the distance is said to be about seven hundred stadia, but less by straight sailing. {110}
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110. According to Leaf (l.c., p. 135, the shortest course of a vessel between Abydus and the mouth of the Aesepus measures just about 700 stadia. Hence Strabo's authorities for his statement are in error if, as usual, the longer voyage is a coasting voyage, following the sinuosities of the gulfs, as against the shorter, or more direct, voyage. Leaf, however, forces the phrase "by straight sailing" to mean "a straight course wholly over the land," adding that "the meaning must be that it would be shorter if one would sail straight," and that "the expression is singularly infelicitous as applied to a journey by land in contrast to one by sea."
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ἔξω δὲ Ἀβύδου τὰ περὶ τὸ Ἴλιον ἔστι, τά τε παράλια ἕως Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πεδίῳ καὶ τὰ παρώρεια τῆς Ἴδης τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ. διττῶς δὲ ταῦτ' ὀνομάζει ὁ ποιητής, τοτὲ μὲν οὕτω λέγων Δαρδανίων αὖτ' ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσαο, Δαρδανίους καλῶν, τοτὲ δὲ Δαρδάνους Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι ἀγχιμαχηταί. εἰκὸς δ' ἐνταῦθα ἱδρῦσθαι τὸ παλαιὸν τὴν λεγομένην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Δαρδανίαν Δάρδανον αὖ πρῶτον τέκετο νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς, κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην. νῦν μὲν γὰρ οὐδ' ἴχνος πόλεως σώζεται αὐτόθι. |
Outside Abydus lies the territory of Ilium--the parts on the shore extending to Lectum, and the places in the Trojan Plain, and the parts on the side of Mt. Ida that were subject to Aeneias. The poet names these last parts in two ways, at one time saying as follows:The Dardanii in turn were led by the valiant son of Anchises, {111} calling the inhabitants "Dardanii"; and at another time, "Dardani":The Trojans and Lycians and Dardani that fight in close combat. {112} And it is reasonable to suppose that this was in ancient times.the site of the Dardania mentioned by the poet when he says,At first Dardanus was begotten by Zeus the cloud-gatherer, and he founded Dardania; {113} for at the present time there is not so much as a trace of a city preserved in that territory. {114}
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111. Hom. Il. 2.819 112. Hom. Il. 8.173 113. Hom. Il. 20.215 114. On the boundaries of Dardania, see Leaf (l.c., p.137).
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εἰκάζει δὲ Πλάτων μετὰ τοὺς κατακλυσμοὺς τρία πολιτείας εἴδη συνίστασθαι· πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας ἁπλοῦν τι καὶ ἄγριον, δεδιότων τὰ ὕδατα ἐπιπολάζοντα ἀκμὴν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις· δεύτερον δὲ τὸ ἐν ταῖς ὑπωρείαις, θαρρούντων ἤδη κατὰ μικρόν, ἅτε δὴ καὶ τῶν πεδίων ἀρχομένων ἀναψύχεσθαι· τρίτον δὲ τὸ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. λέγοι δ' ἄν τις καὶ τέταρτον καὶ πέμπτον ἴσως καὶ πλείω, ὕστατον δὲ τὸ ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ καὶ ἐν ταῖς νήσοις, λελυμένου παντὸς τοῦ τοιούτου φόβου. τὸ γὰρ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον θαρρεῖν πλησιάζειν τῇ θαλάττῃ πλείους ἂν ὑπογράφοι διαφορὰς πολιτειῶν καὶ ἠθῶν, καθάπερ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τε καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἔτι πως ἐπὶ τὸ ἥμερον τῶν δευτέρων ὑποβεβηκότων. ἔστι δέ τις διαφορὰ καὶ παρὰ τούτοις τῶν ἀγροίκων καὶ μεσαγροίκων καὶ πολιτικῶν· ἀφ' ὧν ἤδη καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἀστεῖον καὶ ἄριστον ἦθος ἐτελεύτησεν ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων κατ' ὀλίγον μετάληψις, κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἠθῶν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον μετάστασιν, παρὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων καὶ τῶν βίων μεταβολάς. ταύτας δὴ τὰς διαφορὰς ὑπογράφειν φησὶ τὸν ποιητὴν ὁ Πλάτων, τῆς μὲν πρώτης πολιτείας παράδειγμα τιθέντα τὸν τῶν Κυκλώπων βίον, αὐτοφυεῖς νεμομένων καρποὺς καὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας κατεχόντων ἐν σπηλαίοις τισίν· ἀλλὰ τά γ' ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται, φησίν, αὐτοῖς· τοῖσιν δ' οὐκ ἀγοραὶ βουληφόροι, οὔτε θέμιστες· ἀλλ' οἵ γ' ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων ναίουσι κάρηνα ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος παίδων ἠδ' ἀλόχων. τοῦ δὲ δευτέρου τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δαρδάνου κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην, ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ἔθ' ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπιδάκου Ἴδης τοῦ δὲ τρίτου ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἴλου τὸν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. τοῦτον γὰρ παραδιδόασι τοῦ Ἰλίου κτίστην, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν λαβεῖν τὴν πόλιν· εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐν μέσῳ τῷ πεδίῳ τεθάφθαι αὐτόν, ὅτι πρῶτος ἐθάρρησεν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις θέσθαι τὴν κατοικίαν οἱ δὲ παρ' Ἴλου σῆμα παλαιοῦ Δαρδανίδαο μέσσον κὰπ πεδίον παρ' ἐρινεὸν ἐσσεύοντο. οὐδ' οὗτος δὲ τελέως ἐθάρρησεν· οὐ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυσε τὴν πόλιν ὅπου νῦν ἔστιν, ἀλλὰ σχεδόν τι τριάκοντα σταδίοις ἀνωτέρω πρὸς ἕω καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην καὶ τὴν Δαρδανίαν κατὰ τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Ἰλιέων κώμην. οἱ δὲ νῦν Ἰλιεῖς φιλοδοξοῦντες καὶ θέλοντες εἶναι ταύτην τὴν παλαιὰν παρεσχήκασι λόγον τοῖς ἐκ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως τεκμαιρομένοις· οὐ γὰρ ἔοικεν αὕτη εἶναι ἡ καθ' Ὅμηρον. καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ ἱστοροῦσι πλείους μεταβεβληκέναι τόπους τὴν πόλιν, ὕστατα δ' ἐνταῦθα συμμεῖναι κατὰ Κροῖσον μάλιστα. τὰς δὴ τοιαύτας μεταβάσεις εἰς τὰ κάτω μέρη τὰς τότε συμβαινούσας ὑπολαμβάνω καὶ βίων καὶ πολιτειῶν ὑπογράφειν διαφοράς. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ ἄλλοτε ἐπισκεπτέον. |
Plato {115} conjectures, however, that after the time of the floods three kinds of civilization were formed: the first, that on the mountain tops, which was simple and wild, when men were in fear of the waters which still deeply covered the plains; the second, that on the foothills, when men were now gradually taking courage because the plains were beginning to be relieved of the waters; and the third, that in the plains. One might speak equally of a fourth and fifth, or even more, but last of all that on the seacoast and in the islands, when men had been finally released from all such fear; for the greater or less courage they took in approaching the sea would indicate several different stages of civilization and manners, first as in the case of the qualities of goodness and wildness, which in some way further served as a foundation for the milder qualities in the second stage. But in the second stage also there is a difference to be noted, I mean between the rustic and semi-rustic and civilized qualities; and, beginning with these last qualities, the gradual assumption of new names ended in the polite and highest culture, in accordance with the change of manners for the better along with the changes in places of abode and in modes of life. Now these differences, according to Plato, {116} are suggested by the poet, who sets forth as an example of the first stage of civilization the life of the Cyclopes, who lived on uncultivated fruits and occupied the mountain tops, living in caves: “but all these things,” he says, “grow unsown and unploughed” for them. . . . And they have no assemblies for council, nor appointed laws, but they dwell on the tops of high mountains in hollow caves, and each is lawgiver to his children and his wives. {117} And as an example of the second stage, the life in the time of Dardanus, whofounded Dardania; for not yet had sacred Ilios been builded to be a city of mortal men, but they were living on the foothills of many-fountained Ida. {118} And of the third stage, the life in the plains in the time of Ilus; {119} for he is the traditional founder of Ilium, and it was from him that the city took its name. And it is reasonable to suppose, also, that he was buried in the middle of the plain for this reason--that he was the first to take up his abode in the plains:And they sped past the tomb of ancient Ilus, son of Dardanus, through the middle of the plain past the wild fig tree. {120} Yet even Ilus did not have full courage, for he did not found the city at the place where it now is, but about thirty stadia higher up towards the east, and towards Mt. Ida and Dardania, at the place now called "Village of the Ilians." {121} But the people of the present Ilium, being fond of glory and wishing to show that their Ilium was the ancient city, have offered a troublesome argument to those who base their evidence on the poetry of Homer, for their Ilium does not appear to have been the Homeric city. Other inquirers also find that the city changed its site several times, but at last settled permanently where it now is at about the time of Croesus. {122} I take for granted, then, that such removals into the parts lower down, which took place in those times, indicate different stages in modes of life and civilization; but this must be further investigated at another time.
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115. Plat. Laws 677-679. 116. Plat. Laws 3.680. 117. Hom. Od. 9.109-114 (quoted by Plato in Plat. Laws 3.680). 118. Hom. Il. 20.216 (quoted by Plat. Laws 3.681). 119. Plat. Laws 3.682. 120. Hom. Il. 11.166 121. Schliemann's excavations, however, identify Hissarlik as the site of Homer's Troy. Hence "the site of Homer's Troy at 'the village of Ilians' is a mere figment" (Leaf, l.c., p. 141). 122. King of Lydia, 560-546 B.C.
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τὴν δὲ τῶν Ἰλιέων πόλιν τῶν νῦν τέως μὲν κώμην εἶναί φασι τὸ ἱερὸν ἔχουσαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς μικρὸν καὶ εὐτελές, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ ἀναβάντα μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Γρανίκῳ νίκην ἀναθήμασί τε κοσμῆσαι τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ προσαγορεῦσαι πόλιν καὶ οἰκοδομίαις ἀναλαβεῖν προστάξαι τοῖς ἐπιμεληταῖς ἐλευθέραν τε κρῖναι καὶ ἄφορον· ὕστερον δὲ μετὰ τὴν κατάλυσιν τῶν Περσῶν ἐπιστολὴν καταπέμψαι φιλάνθρωπον, ὑπισχνούμενον πόλιν τε ποιῆσαι μεγάλην καὶ ἱερὸν ἐπισημότατον καὶ ἀγῶνα ἀποδείξειν ἱερόν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκείνου τελευτὴν Λυσίμαχος μάλιστα τῆς πόλεως ἐπεμελήθη καὶ νεὼν κατεσκεύασε καὶ τεῖχος περιεβάλετο ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίων, συνῴκισέ τε εἰς αὐτὴν τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἤδη κεκακωμένας, ὅτε καὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἤδη ἐπεμελήθη, συνῳκισμένης μὲν ἤδη ὑπ' Ἀντιγόνου καὶ προσηγορευμένης Ἀντιγονείας, μεταβαλούσης δὲ τοὔνομα· ἔδοξε γὰρ εὐσεβὲς εἶναι τοὺς Ἀλέξανδρον διαδεξαμένους ἐκείνου πρότερον κτίζειν ἐπωνύμους πόλεις, εἶθ' ἑαυτῶν· καὶ δὴ καὶ συνέμεινε καὶ αὔξησιν ἔσχε, νῦν δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται καὶ ἔστι τῶν ἐλλογίμων πόλεων. |
It is said that the city of the present Ilians was for a time a mere village, having its temple of Athena, a small and cheap temple, but that when Alexander went up there after his victory at the Granicus {123} River he adorned the temple with votive offerings, gave the village the title of city, and ordered those in charge to improve it with buildings, and that he adjudged it free and exempt from tribute; and that later, after the overthrow of the Persians, he sent down a kindly letter to the place, promising to make a great city of it, and to build a magnificent sanctuary, and to proclaim sacred games. {124} But after his death Lysimachus {125} devoted special attention to the city, and built a temple there and surrounded the city with a wall about forty stadia in circuit, and also incorporated into it the surrounding cities, which were now old and in bad plight. At that time he had already devoted attention to Alexandreia, which had indeed already been founded by Antigonus and called Antigonia, but had changed its name, for it was thought to be a pious thing for the successors of Alexander to found cities bearing his name before they founded cities bearing their own. And indeed the city endured and grew, and at present it not only has received a colony of Romans but is one of the notable cities of the world.
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123. The first of the three battles by which he overthrew the Persian empire (334 B.C.). 124. e.g., like the Olympic Games. But his untimely death prevented the fulfillment of this promise. 125. Either Strabo, or his authority, Demetrius of Scepsis, or the Greek text as it now stands, seems guilty of inconsistency in the passage "devoted especial attention to the city . . . and then cities bearing their own." Grote (Vol. I, chapter xv rearranges the Greek text in the following order: "devoted especial attention to Alexandreia" (not Ilium), "which had indeed already been founded by Antigonus and called Antigonia, but changed its name (for it was thought to be . . . then cities bearing their own name), and he built a temple . . . forty stadia in circuit." He omits "at that time he had already devoted attention to Alexandreia," and so does Leaf (op. cit., p. 142; but the latter, instead of rearranging the text, simply inserts "Alexandreia" after "city" in the first clause of the passage. Leaf (p. 143) adds the following important argument to those of Grote: "There is no trace whatever of any great wall at Ilium, though remains of one 40 stades in length could hardly have escaped notice. But there is at Alexandreia such a wall which is exactly the length mentioned by Strabo, and which is clearly referred to."
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καὶ τὸ Ἴλιον δ' ὃ νῦν ἔστι κωμόπολίς τις ἦν, ὅτε πρῶτον Ῥωμαῖοι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπέβησαν καὶ ἐξέβαλον Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν ἐκ τῆς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. φησὶ γοῦν Δημήτριος ὁ Σκήψιος, μειράκιον ἐπιδημήσας εἰς τὴν πόλιν κατ' ἐκείνους τοὺς καιρούς, οὕτως ὠλιγωρημένην ἰδεῖν τὴν κατοικίαν ὥστε μηδὲ κεραμωτὰς ἔχειν τὰς στέγας· Ἡγησιάναξ δὲ τοὺς Γαλάτας περαιωθέντας ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἀναβῆναι μὲν εἰς τὴν πόλιν δεομένους ἐρύματος, παρὰ χρῆμα δ' ἐκλιπεῖν διὰ τὸ ἀτείχιστον· ὕστερον δ' ἐπανόρθωσιν ἔσχε πολλήν. εἶτ' ἐκάκωσαν αὐτὴν πάλιν οἱ μετὰ Φιμβρίου Ῥωμαῖοι λαβόντες ἐκ πολιορκίας ἐν τῷ Μιθριδατικῷ πολέμῳ. συνεπέμφθη δὲ ὁ Φιμβρίας ὑπάτῳ Ὀυαλερίῳ Φλάκκῳ ταμίας προχειρισθέντι ἐπὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην· καταστασιάσας δὲ καὶ ἀνελὼν τὸν ὕπατον κατὰ Βιθυνίαν αὐτὸς κατεστάθη κύριος τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ προελθὼν εἰς Ἴλιον, οὐ δεχομένων αὐτὸν τῶν Ἰλιέων ὡς λῃστήν, βίαν τε προσφέρει καὶ δεκαταίους αἱρεῖ· καυχωμένου δ' ὅτι ἣν Ἀγαμέμνων πόλιν δεκάτῳ ἔτει μόλις εἷλε τὸν χιλιόναυν στόλον ἔχων καὶ τὴν σύμπασαν Ἑλλάδα συστρατεύουσαν, ταύτην αὐτὸς δεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ χειρώσαιτο, εἶπέ τις τῶν Ἰλιέων “οὐ γὰρ ἦν Ἕκτωρ ὁ ὑπερμαχῶν τῆς πόλεως.” τοῦτον μὲν οὖν ἐπελθὼν Σύλλας κατέλυσε, καὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην κατὰ συμβάσεις εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπέπεμψε, τοὺς δ' Ἰλιέας παρεμυθήσατο πολλοῖς ἐπανορθώμασι. καθ' ἡμᾶς μέντοι Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς πολὺ πλέον αὐτῶν προὐνόησε ζηλώσας ἅμα καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ κατὰ συγγενείας ἀνανέωσιν ὥρμησε προνοεῖν αὐτῶν, ἅμα καὶ φιλόμηρος ὤν· φέρεται γοῦν τις διόρθωσις τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως, ἡ ἐκ τοῦ νάρθηκος λεγομένη, τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου μετὰ τῶν περὶ Καλλισθένη καὶ Ἀνάξαρχον ἐπελθόντος καὶ σημειωσαμένου τινά, ἔπειτα καταθέντος εἰς νάρθηκα ὃν ηὗρεν ἐν τῇ Περσικῇ γάζῃ πολυτελῶς κατεσκευασμένον. κατά τε δὴ τὸν τοῦ ποιητοῦ ζῆλον καὶ κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Αἰακιδῶν τῶν ἐν Μολοττοῖς βασιλευσάντων, παρ' οἷς καὶ τὴν Ἀνδρομάχην ἱστοροῦσι βασιλεῦσαι τὴν Ἕκτορος γενομένην γυναῖκα, ἐφιλοφρονεῖτο πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος· ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ καὶ φιλαλέξανδρος ὢν καὶ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας συγγενείας γνωριμώτερα ἔχων τεκμήρια, ἐπερρώσθη πρὸς τὴν εὐεργεσίαν νεανικῶς· γνωριμώτερα δέ, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Ῥωμαῖος, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν Αἰνείαν ἀρχηγέτην ἡγοῦνται, ἔπειτα ὅτι Ἰούλιος ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τινὸς τῶν προγόνων· ἐκεῖνος δ' ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τὴν προσωνυμίαν ἔσχε ταύτην, τῶν ἀπογόνων εἷς ὢν τῶν ἀπὸ Αἰνείου. χώραν τε δὴ προσένειμεν αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν καὶ τὴν ἀλειτουργησίαν αὐτοῖς συνεφύλαξε καὶ μέχρι νῦν συμμένουσιν ἐν τούτοις. ὅτι δ' οὐκ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυται τὸ παλαιὸν Ἴλιον καθ' Ὅμηρον σκοποῦσιν, ἐκ τῶν τοιῶνδε τεκμαίρονται. πρότερον δὲ ὑπογραπτέον τοὺς τόπους ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ἀρξαμένους ἀφ' ἧσπερ ἐλίπομεν. |
Also the Ilium of today was a kind of village-city when the Romans first set foot on Asia and expelled Antiochus the Great from the country this side of Taurus. At any rate, Demetrius of Scepsis says that, when as a lad he visited the city about that time, he found the settlement so neglected that the buildings did not so much as have tiled roofs. And Hegesianax says that when the Galatae crossed over from Europe they needed a stronghold and went up into the city for that reason, but left it at once because of its lack of walls. But later it was greatly improved. And then it was ruined again by the Romans under Fimbria, who took it by siege in the course of the Mithridatic war. Fimbria had been sent as quaestor with Valerius Flaccus the consul when the latter was appointed {126} to the command against Mithridates; but Fimbria raised a mutiny and slew the consul in the neighborhood of Bithynia, and was himself set up as lord of the army; and when he advanced to Ilium, the llians would not admit him, as being a brigand, and therefore he applied force and captured the place on the eleventh day. And when he boasted that he himself had overpowered on the eleventh day the city which Agamemnon had only with difficulty captured in the tenth year, although the latter had with him on his expedition the fleet of a thousand vessels and the whole of Greece, one of the Ilians said: "Yes, for the city's champion was no Hector." Now Sulla came over and overthrew Fimbria, and on terms of agreement sent Mithridates away to his homeland, but he also consoled the Ilians by numerous improvements. In my time, however, the deified Caesar {127} was far more thoughtful of them, at the same time also emulating the example of Alexander; for Alexander set out to provide for them on the basis of a renewal of ancient kinship, and also because at the same time he was fond of Homer; at any rate, we are told of a recension of the poetry of Homer, the Recension of the Casket, as it is called, which Alexander, along with Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, perused and to a certain extent annotated, and then deposited in a richly wrought casket which he had found amongst the Persian treasures. {128} Accordingly, it was due both to his zeal for the poet and to his descent from the Aeacidae who reigned as kings of the Molossians--where, as we are also told, Andromache, who had been the wife of Hector, reigned as queen--that Alexander was kindly disposed towards the Ilians. But Caesar, not only being fond of Alexander, but also having better known evidences of kinship with the llians, felt encouraged to bestow kindness upon them with all the zest of youth: better known evidences, first, because he was a Roman, and because the Romans believe Aeneias to have been their original founder; and secondly, because the name Iulius was derived from that of a certain Iulus who was one of his ancestors, {129} and this Iulus got his appellation from the Iulus who was one of the descendants of Aeneas. Caesar therefore allotted territory to them end also helped them to preserve their freedom and their immunity from taxation; and to this day they remain in possession of these favors. But that this is not the site of the ancient Ilium, if one considers the matter in accordance with Homer's account, is inferred from the following considerations. But first I must give a general description of the region in question, beginning at that point on the coast where I left off.
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126. i.e., in 86 B.C. by Cinna the consul, the leader of the popular party at Rome. 127. Julius Caesar. 128. According to Plut. Alexander 8, "Alexander took with him Aristotle's recension of the poem, called the Iliad of the Casket, and always kept it lying beside his dagger under his pillow, as Onesicritus informs us"; and "the casket was the most precious of the treasures of Dareius" (ibid. 26). 129. i.e., of the Julians gens.
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ἔστι τοίνυν μετ' Ἄβυδον ἥ τε Δαρδανὶς ἄκρα, ἧς μικρὸν πρότερον ἐμνήσθημεν, καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡ Δάρδανος, διέχουσα τῆς Ἀβύδου ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους. μεταξύ τε ὁ Ῥοδίος ἐκπίπτει ποταμός, καθ' ὃν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Κυνὸς σῆμά ἐστιν, ὅ φασιν Ἑκάβης εἶναι τάφον· οἱ δὲ τὸν Ῥοδίον εἰς τὸν Αἴσηπον ἐμβάλλειν φασίν· εἷς δ' ἐστὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων καὶ οὗτος Ῥῆσός θ' Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε. ἡ δὲ Δάρδανος κτίσμα ἀρχαῖον, οὕτω δ' εὐκαταφρόνητον ὥστε πολλάκις οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ μὲν μετῴκιζον αὐτὴν εἰς Ἄβυδον οἱ δὲ ἀνῴκιζον πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον κτίσμα. ἐνταῦθα δὲ συνῆλθον Σύλλας τε Κορνήλιος ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμὼν καὶ Μιθριδάτης ὁ κληθεὶς Εὐπάτωρ, καὶ συνέβησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ πολέμου. |
After Abydus, then, comes the Dardanian Promontory, which I mentioned a little while ago, {130} and also the city Dardanus, which is seventy stadia distant from Abydus. Between the two places empties the Rhodius River, opposite which, in the Chersonesus, is Cynos-Sema, {131} which is said to be the tomb of Hecabe. But some say that the Rhodius empties into the Aesepus. This too is one of the rivers mentioned by the poet:Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius. {132} Dardanus was an ancient settlement, but it was held in such contempt that it was oftentimes transplanted by some of the kings to Abydus and then resettled again by others on the ancient site. It was here that Cornelius Sulla, the Roman commander, and Mithridates surnamed Eupator met and arranged the terms for the conclusion of the war.
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130. 13. 1. 11. 131. See "Cyno-Sema." 132. Hom. Il. 12.20
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πλησίον δ' ἐστὶ τὸ Ὀφρύνιον, ἐφ' ᾧ τὸ τοῦ Ἕκτορος ἄλσος ἐν περιφανεῖ τόπῳ· καὶ ἐφεξῆς λίμνη Πτελεώς. |
Near by is Ophrynium, near which, in a conspicuous place, is the sacred precinct of Hector. {133} And next comes the Lake {134} of Pteleos.
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133. On the site of Ophrynium, see Leaf, p. 153. 134. Leaf, p. 154, following Calvert, emends "Lake" to "Harbor."
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εἶτα Ῥοίτειον πόλις ἐπὶ λόφῳ κειμένη καὶ τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ συνεχὴς ᾐὼν ἁλιτενής, ἐφ' ᾖ μνῆμα καὶ ἱερὸν Αἴαντος καὶ ἀνδριάς, ὃν ἄραντος Ἀντωνίου κομισθέντα εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀπέδωκε τοῖς Ῥοιτειεῦσι πάλιν, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλοις ἄλλους, ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ. τὰ γὰρ κάλλιστα ἀναθήματα ἐκ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ἱερῶν ὁ μὲν ἦρε τῇ Αἰγυπτίᾳ χαριζόμενος, ὁ δὲ θεοῖς ἀπέδωκε. |
Then come Rhoeteium, a city situated on a hill, and, adjacent to Rhoeteium, a low-lying shore, on which are a tomb and temple of Aias, and also a statue of him, which was taken up by Antony and carried of to Aegypt; but Augustus Caesar gave it back again to the Rhoeteians, just as he gave back other statues to their owners. For Antony took away the finest dedications from the most famous temples, to gratify the Egyptian woman, {135} but Augustus gave them back to the gods.
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135. Cleopatra.
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μετὰ δὲ τὸ Ῥοίτειον ἔστι τὸ Σίγειον, κατεσπασμένη πόλις, καὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον καὶ ὁ Ἀχαιῶν λιμὴν καὶ τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν στρατόπεδον καὶ ἡ στομαλίμνη καλουμένη καὶ αἱ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ἐκβολαί. συμπεσόντες γὰρ ὅ τε Σιμόεις καὶ ὁ Σκάμανδρος ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ πολλὴν καταφέροντες ἰλὺν προσχοῦσι τὴν παραλίαν καὶ τυφλὸν στόμα τε καὶ λιμνοθαλάττας καὶ ἕλη ποιοῦσι. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Σιγειάδα ἄκραν ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Πρωτεσιλάειον καὶ ἡ Ἐλαιοῦσσα, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις. |
After Rhoeteium come Sigeium, a destroyed city, and the Naval Station and the Harbor of the Achaeans and the Achaean Camp and Stomalimne, {136} as it is called, and the outlets of the Scamander; for after the Simoeis and the Scamander meet in the plain, they carry down great quantities of alluvium, silt up the coat, and form a blind mouth, lagoons, and marshes. Opposite the Sigeian Promontory on the Chersonesus are Eleussa {137} and the temple of Protesilaüs, both of which I have mentioned in my description of Thrace. {138}
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136. "Mouth-of-the-marsh." 137. "Eleussa" appears to be an error for "Eleus." 138. Book 7, Fr. 51, 54, 55.
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ἔστι δὲ τὸ μῆκος τῆς παραλίας ταύτης ἀπὸ τοῦ Ῥοιτείου μέχρι Σιγείου καὶ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως μνήματος εὐθυπλοούντων ἑξήκοντα σταδίων· ὑποπέπτωκε δὲ τῷ Ἰλίῳ πᾶσα, τῷ μὲν νῦν κατὰ τὸν Ἀχαιῶν λιμένα ὅσον δώδεκα σταδίους διέχουσα, τῷ δὲ προτέρῳ τριάκοντα ἄλλοις σταδίοις ἀνωτέρῳ κατὰ τὸ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην μέρος. τοῦ μ |