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μέχρι μὲν δεῦρο ἀφωρίσθω τὰ περὶ τῆς Φρυγίας ἐπανιόντες δὲ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς τῷ Αἰσήπῳ παραλίαν τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς περιοδείας τάξιν ἀποδώσομεν. ἔστι δὲ Τρῳὰς πρώτη τῆς παραλίας ταύτης, ἧς τὸ πολυθρύλητον καίπερ ἐν ἐρειπίοις καὶ ἐν ἐρημίᾳ λειπομένης ὅμως πολυλογίαν οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν παρέχει τῇ γραφῇ. πρὸς τοῦτο δὲ συγγνώμης δεῖ καὶ παρακλήσεως, ὅπως τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ μήκους μὴ ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἀνάπτωσιν οἱ ἐντυγχάνοντες ἢ τοῖς σφόδρα ποθοῦσι τὴν τῶν ἐνδόξων καὶ παλαιῶν γνῶσιν· προσλαμβάνει δὲ τῷ μήκει καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐποικησάντων τὴν χώραν Ἑλλήνων τε καὶ βαρβάρων, καὶ οἱ συγγραφεῖς οὐχὶ τὰ αὐτὰ γράφοντες περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν οὐδὲ σαφῶς πάντα· ὧν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις ἐστὶν Ὅμηρος εἰκάζειν περὶ τῶν πλείστων παρέχων. δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ τούτου διαιτᾶν καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ὑπογράψαντας πρότερον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὴν τῶν τόπων φύσιν. |
Let this, then, mark the boundary of Phrygia. {1} I shall now return again to the Propontis and the coast that comes next after the Aesepus River, and follow the same order of description as before. The first country on this seaboard is the Troad, the fame of which, although it is left in ruins and in desolation, nevertheless prompts in writers no ordinary prolixity. With this fact in view, I should ask the pardon of my readers and appeal to them not to fasten the blame for the length of my discussion upon me rather than upon those who strongly yearn for knowledge of the things that are famous and ancient. And my discussion is further prolonged by the number of the peoples who have colonized the country, both Greeks and barbarians, and by the historians, who do not write the same things on the same subjects, nor always clearly either; among the first of these is Homer, who leaves us to guess about most things. And it is necessary for me to arbitrate between his statements and those of the others, after I shall first have described in a summary way the nature of the region in question.
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1. The translator must here record his obligations to Dr. Walter Leaf for his monumental works on the Troad: his Troy, Macmillan and Co., 1912, and his Strabo on the Troad, Cambridge, 1923, and his numerous monographs in classical periodicals. The results of his investigations in the Troad prove the great importance of similar investigations, on the spot, of various other portions of Strabo's "Inhabited World." The reader will find a map of Asia Minor in Vol. 5. of the Loeb edition.
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ἀπὸ δὴ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ Γράνικον μέχρι Ἀβύδου καὶ Σηστοῦ τὴν τῆς Προποντίδος παραλίαν εἶναι συμβαίνει, ἀπὸ δὲ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον καὶ Τένεδον καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν Τρῳάδα· πάντων δὴ τούτων ὑπέρκειται ἡ Ἴδη τὸ ὄρος μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καθήκουσα· ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ δὲ μέχρι Καΐκου ποταμοῦ καὶ τῶν Κανῶν λεγομένων ἔστι τὰ περὶ Ἄσσον καὶ Ἀδραμύττιον καὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ Πιτάνην καὶ τὸν Ἐλαϊτικὸν κόλπον· οἷς πᾶσιν ἀντιπαρήκει ἡ τῶν Λεσβίων νῆσος· εἶθ' ἑξῆς τὰ περὶ Κύμην μέχρι Ἕρμου καὶ Φωκαίας, ἥπερ ἀρχὴ μὲν τῆς Ἰωνίας ἐστὶ πέρας δὲ τῆς Αἰολίδος. τοιούτων δὲ τῶν τόπων ὄντων ὁ μὲν ποιητὴς ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Αἴσηπον τόπων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν χώραν ὑπαγορεύει μάλιστα τοὺς Τρῶας ἄρξαι μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου ποταμοῦ διῃρημένους κατὰ δυναστείας εἰς ὀκτὼ μερίδας ἢ καὶ ἐννέα· τὸ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπικούρων πλῆθος ἐν τοῖς συμμάχοις διαριθμεῖται. |
The seaboard of the Propontis, then, extends from Cyzicene and the region of the Aesepus and Granicus Rivers as far as Abydus and Sestus, whereas the parts round Ilium and Tenedos and the Trojan Alexandreia extend from Abydus to Lectum. Accordingly, Mt. Ida, which extends down to Lectum, lies above all these places. From Lectum to the Caïcus River, and to Canae, {2} as it is called, are the parts round Assus and Adramyttium and Atarneus and Pitane and the Elaïtic Gulf; and the island of the Lesbians extends alongside, and opposite, all these places. Then come next the parts round Cyme, extending to the Hermus and Phocaea, which latter constitutes the beginning of Ionia and the end of Aeolis. Such being the position of the places, the poet indicates in a general way that the Trojans held sway from the region of the Aesepus River and that of the present Cyzicene to the Caïcus River, {3} their country being divided by dynasties into eight, or nine, portions, whereas the mass of their auxiliary forces are enumerated among the allies.
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2. On the position of this promontory, see Leaf, Ann. Brit. School of Athens, XXII, p. 37, and Strabo on the Troad, p. xxxviii. 3. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. xli.
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οἱ δ' ὕστερον τοὺς ὅρους οὐ τοὺς αὐτοὺς λέγουσι καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασι χρῶνται διηλλαγμένως, διαιρέσεις νέμοντες πλείους. μάλιστα δὲ αἱ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀποικίαι παρεσχήκασι λόγον· ἧττον μὲν ἡ Ἰωνική πλείονι γὰρ διέστηκε τῆς Τρῳάδος , ἡ δὲ τῶν Αἰολέων παντάπασι· καθ' ὅλην γὰρ ἐσκεδάσθη ἀπὸ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς μέχρι τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ ἐπέλαβεν ἔτι πλέον, τὴν μεταξὺ τοῦ Καΐκου καὶ τοῦ Ἕρμου ποταμοῦ. τέτταρσι γὰρ δὴ γενεαῖς πρεσβυτέραν φασὶ τὴν Αἰολικὴν ἀποικίαν τῆς Ἰωνικῆς, διατριβὰς δὲ λαβεῖν καὶ χρόνους μακροτέρους. Ὀρέστην μὲν γὰρ ἄρξαι τοῦ στόλου, τούτου δ' ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ τελευτήσαντος τὸν βίον διαδέξασθαι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Πενθίλον, καὶ προελθεῖν μέχρι Θρᾴκης ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι τῶν Τρωικῶν ὕστερον, ὑπ' αὐτὴν τὴν τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν εἰς Πελοπόννησον κάθοδον· εἶτ' Ἀρχέλαον υἱὸν ἐκείνου περαιῶσαι τὸν Αἰολικὸν στόλον εἰς τὴν νῦν Κυζικηνὴν τὴν περὶ τὸ Δασκύλιον· Γρᾶν δὲ τὸν υἱὸν τούτου τὸν νεώτατον προελθόντα μέχρι τοῦ Γρανίκου ποταμοῦ καὶ παρεσκευασμένον ἄμεινον περαιῶσαι τὸ πλέον τῆς στρατιᾶς εἰς Λέσβον καὶ κατασχεῖν αὐτήν· Κλεύην δὲ τὸν Δώρου καὶ Μαλαόν, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀπογόνους ὄντας Ἀγαμέμνονος, συναγαγεῖν μὲν τὴν στρατιὰν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον καθ' ὃν καὶ Πενθίλος, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν τοῦ Πενθίλου στόλον φθῆναι περαιωθέντα ἐκ τῆς Θρᾴκης εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, τούτους δὲ περὶ τὴν Λοκρίδα καὶ τὸ Φρίκιον ὄρος διατρῖψαι πολὺν χρόνον, ὕστερον δὲ διαβάντας κτίσαι τὴν Κύμην τὴν Φρικωνίδα κληθεῖσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Λοκρικοῦ ὄρους. |
But the later authors do not give the same boundaries, and they use their terms differently, thus allowing us several choices. The main cause of this difference has been the colonizations of the Greeks; less so, indeed, the Ionian colonization, for it was farther distant from the Troad; but most of all that of the Aeolians, for their colonies were scattered throughout the whole of the country from Cyzicene to the Caïcus River, and they went on still farther to occupy the country between the Caïcus and Hermus Rivers. In fact, the Aeolian colonization, they say, preceded the Ionian colonization by four generations, but suffered delays and took a longer time; for Orestes, they say, was the first leader of the expedition, but he died in Arcadia, and his son Penthilus succeeded him and advanced as far as Thrace sixty years after the Trojan War, about the time of the return of the Heracleidae to the Peloponnesus; and then Archelaüs {4} the son of Penthilus led the Aeolian expedition across to the present Cyzicene near Dascylium; and Gras, the youngest son of Archelaüs, advanced to the Granicus River, and, being better equipped, led the greater part of his army across to Lesbos and occupied it. And they add that Cleues, son of Dorus, and Malaüs, also descendants of Agamemnon, had collected their army at about the same time as Penthilus, but that, whereas the fleet of Penthilus had already crossed over from Thrace to Asia, Cleues and Malaüs tarried a long time round Locris and Mt. Phricius, and only later crossed over and founded the Phryconian Cyme, so named after the Locrian mountain.
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4. Pausanius (3. 2. 1) spells his name "Echelas."
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τῶν Αἰολέων τοίνυν καθ' ὅλην σκεδασθέντων τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔφαμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λέγεσθαι Τρωικήν, οἱ ὕστερον οἱ μὲν πᾶσαν Αἰολίδα προσαγορεύουσιν οἱ δὲ μέρος, καὶ Τροίαν οἱ μὲν ὅλην οἱ δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς, οὐδὲν ὅλως ἀλλήλοις ὁμολογοῦντες. εὐθὺς γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα τόπων ὁ μὲν Ὅμηρος ἀπὸ Αἰσήπου τὴν ἀρχὴν ποιεῖται τῆς Τρῳάδος, Εὔδοξος δὲ ἀπὸ Πριάπου καὶ Ἀρτάκης τοῦ ἐν τῇ Κυζικηνῶν νήσῳ χωρίου ἀνταίροντος τῷ Πριάπῳ, συστέλλων ἐπ' ἔλαττον τοὺς ὅρους, Δαμάστης δ' ἔτι μᾶλλον συστέλλει ἀπὸ Παρίου· καὶ γὰρ οὗτος μὲν ἕως Λεκτοῦ προάγει, ἄλλοι δ' ἄλλως· Χάρων δ' ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς τριακοσίους ἄλλους ἀφαιρεῖ σταδίους, ἀπὸ Πρακτίου ἀρχόμενος τοσοῦτοι γάρ εἰσιν ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πράκτιον , ἕως μέντοι Ἀτραμυττίου πρόεισι· Σκύλαξ δὲ ὁ Καρυανδεὺς ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου ἄρχεται· ὁμοίως δὲ τὴν Αἰολίδα Ἔφορος μὲν λέγει ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Κύμης, ἄλλοι δ' ἄλλως. |
The Aeolians, then, were scattered throughout the whole of that country which, as I have said, the poet called Trojan. As for later authorities, some apply the name to all Aeolis, but others to only a part of it; and some to the whole of Troy, but others to only a part of it, not wholly agreeing with one another about anything. For instance, in reference to the places on the Propontis, Homer makes the Troad begin at the Aesepus River, {5} whereas Eudoxus makes it begin at Priapus and Artace, the place on the island of the Cyziceni that lies opposite Priapus, {6} and thus contracts the limits; but Damastes contracts the country still more, making it begin at Parium; and, in fact, Damastes prolongs the Troad to Lectum, whereas other writers prolong it differently. Charon of Lampsacus diminishes its extent by three hundred stadia more, making it begin at Practius, {7} for that is the distance from Parium to Practius; however, he prolongs it to Adramyttium. Scylax of Caryanda makes it begin at Abydus; and similarly Ephorus says that Aeolis extends from Abydus to Cyme, while others define its extent differently. {8}
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5. Hom. Il. 2.824. See section 9 following. 6. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 47. 7. Whether city or river (see 13. 1. 21). 8. See Leaf's definition of the Troad. (Troy, p. 171).
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τοπογραφεῖ δὲ κάλλιστα τὴν ὄντως λεγομένην Τροίαν ἡ τῆς Ἴδης θέσις, ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ βλέποντος πρὸς δύσιν καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ θάλατταν, μικρὰ δ' ἐπιστρέφοντος καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ παραλίαν. ἔστι δὲ αὕτη μὲν τῆς Προποντίδος ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Ἄβυδον στενῶν ἐπὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον καὶ τὴν Κυζικηνήν· ἡ δ' ἑσπερία θάλαττα ὅ τε Ἑλλήσποντός ἐστιν ὁ ἔξω καὶ τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος. πολλοὺς δ' ἔχουσα πρόποδας ἡ Ἴδη καὶ σκολοπενδρώδης οὖσα τὸ σχῆμα ἐσχάτοις ἀφορίζεται τούτοις, τῷ τε περὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν ἀκρωτηρίῳ καὶ τῷ καλουμένῳ Λεκτῷ, τῷ μὲν τελευτῶντι εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ δὴ καὶ ἔστι νῦν ἡ Ζέλεια τῶν Κυζικηνῶν · τὸ δὲ Λεκτὸν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος καθήκει τὸ Αἰγαῖον ἐν παράπλῳ κείμενον τοῖς ἐκ Τενέδου πλέουσιν εἰς Λέσβον. Ἴδην δ' ἵκανον πολυπίδακα μητέρα θηρῶν, Λεκτὸν ὅθι πρῶτον λιπέτην ἅλ Ὕπνος καὶ Ἥρα, τοῖς οὖσιν οἰκείως τοῦ ποιητοῦ φράζοντος τὸ Λεκτόν· καὶ γὰρ ὅτι τῆς Ἴδης ἐστὶ τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ διότι πρώτη ἀπόβασις ἐκ θαλάττης αὕτη τοῖς ἐπὶ τὴν Ἴδην ἀνιοῦσιν, εἴρηκεν ὀρθῶς, καὶ τὸ πολυπίδακον· εὐυδρότατον γὰρ κατὰ ταῦτα μάλιστα τὸ ὄρος, δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ποταμῶν, ὅσσοι ἀπ' Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἅλα δὲ προρέουσι, Ῥῆσός θ' Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τ καὶ οἱ ἑξῆς, οὓς ἐκεῖνος εἴρηκε καὶ ἡμῖν νυνὶ πάρεστιν ὁρᾶν. Τοὺς δὴ πρόποδας τοὺς ἐσχάτους ἐφ' ἑκάτερα φράζων οὕτως τὸ Λεκτὸν καὶ τὴν Ζέλειαν, οἰκείως τούτων ἀκρώρειαν ἀφορίζει Γάργαρον, ἄκρον λέγων· καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν Γάργαρον ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι τῆς Ἴδης δείκνυται τόπος, ἀφ' οὗ τὰ νῦν Γάργαρα πόλις Αἰολική. ἐντὸς μὲν οὖν τῆς Ζελείας καὶ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ πρῶτά ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς Προποντίδος ἀρξαμένοις τἆ μέχρι τῶν κατ' Ἄβυδον στενῶν, εἶτ' ἔξω τῆς Προποντίδος τὰ μέχρι Λεκτοῦ. |
But the topography of Troy, in the proper sense of the term, is best marked by the position of Mt. Ida, a lofty mountain which faces the west and the western sea but makes a slight bend also towards the north and the northern seaboard. {9} This latter is the seaboard of the Propontis, extending from the strait in the neighborhood of Abydus to the Aesepus River and Cyzicene, whereas the western sea consists of the outer Hellespont {10} and the Aegaean Sea. Mt. Ida has many foothills, is like the scolopendra {11} in shape, and is defined by its two extreme limits: by the promontory in the neighborhood of Zeleia and by the promontory called Lectum the former terminating in the interior slightly above Cyzicene (in fact, Zeleia now belongs to the Cyziceni), whereas Lectum extends to the Aegaean Sea, being situated on the coasting voyage between Tenedos and Lesbos. When the poet says that Hypnos and Heracame to many-fountained Ida, mother of wild beasts, to Lectum, where first the two left the sea, {12} he describes Lectum in accordance with the facts; for he rightly states that Lectum is a part of Mt. Ida, and that Lectum is the first place of disembarkation from the sea for those who would go up to Mt. Ida, and also that the mountain is "many-fountained," for there in particular the mountain is abundantly watered, as is shown by the large number of rivers there,all the rivers that flow forth from the Idaean mountains to the sea, Rhesus and Heptaporus {13} and the following, {14} all of which are named by the poet and are now to be seen by us. Now while Homer thus describes Lectum {15} and Zeleia {16} as the outermost foothills of Mt. Ida in either direction, he also appropriately distinguishes Gargarus from them as a summit, calling it "topmost." {17} And indeed at the present time people point out in the upper parts of Ida a place called Gargarum, after which the present Gargara, an Aeolian city, is named. Now between Zeleia and Lectum, beginning from the Propontis, are situated first the parts extending to the straits at Abydus, and then, outside the Propontis, the parts extending to Lectum.
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9. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 48. 10. On the meaning of the term Hellespont, see Book VII, Frag. 57(58), and Leaf (Strabo on the Troad, p. 50. 11. A genus of myriapods including some of the largest centipedes. 12. Hom. Il. 14.283 13. Hom. Il. 12.19 14. The Granicus, Aesepus, Scamander, and Simoeis. 15. Hom. Il. 14. 284. 16. Hom. Il. 2.824. 17. Hom. Il. 14.292, 352; 15.152.
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κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Λεκτὸν ἀναχεῖται κόλπος μέγας, ὃν ἡ Ἴδη ποιεῖ πρὸς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀποχωροῦσα ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ, καὶ αἱ Κάναι, τὸ ἐκ θατέρου μέρους ἀντικείμενον ἀκρωτήριον τῷ Λεκτῷ· καλοῦσι δ' οἱ μὲν Ἰδαῖον κόλπον, οἱ δ' Ἀδραμυττηνόν. ἐν τούτῳ δὲ αἱ τῶν Αἰολέων πόλεις μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ἕρμου, καθάπερ εἰρήκαμεν. εἴρηται δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ὅτι τοῖς ἐκ Βυζαντίου πλέουσι πρὸς νότον ἐπ' εὐθείας ἐστὶν ὁ πλοῦς, πρῶτον ἐπὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον διὰ μέσης τῆς Προποντίδος, ἔπειτα τῆς παραλίας τῆς Ἀσίας μέχρι Καρίας. ταύτην δὴ φυλάττοντας χρὴ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἀκούειν τῶν ἑξῆς, κἂν λέγωμεν κόλπους τινὰς ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ, τάς τε ἄκρας δεῖ νοεῖν τὰς ποιούσας αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς γραμμῆς κειμένας ὥσπερ τινὸς μεσημβρινῆς. |
On doubling Lectum one encounters a large wide-open gulf, which is formed by Mt. Ida as it recedes from Lectum to the mainland, and by Canae, the promontory opposite Lectum on the other side. Some call it the Idaean Gulf, others the Adramyttene. On this gulf {18} are the cities of the Aeolians, extending to the outlets of the Hermus River, as I have already said. {19} I have stated in the earlier parts of my work {20} that, as one sails from Byzantium towards the south, the route lies in a straight line, first to Sestus and Abydus through the middle of the Propontis, and then along the coast of Asia as far as Caria. It behooves one, then, to keep this supposition in mind as one listens to the following; and, if I speak of certain gulfs on the coast, one must think of the promontories which form them as lying in the same line, a meridian line, as it were.
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18. See Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. xliv. 19. 13. 1. 2 (see Leaf's article cited in footnote there). 20. Strabo refers to his discussion of the meridian line drawn by Eratosthenes through Byzantium, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and Meroe (see 2. 5. 7 and the Frontispiece in Vol. I of the Loeb text).
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ἐκ δὴ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων εἰκάζουσιν οἱ φροντίσαντες περὶ τούτων πλέον τι, πᾶσαν τὴν παραλίαν ταύτην ὑπὸ τοῖς Τρωσὶ γεγονέναι, διῃρημένην μὲν εἰς δυναστείας ἐννέα, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ Πριάμῳ τεταγμένην κατὰ τὸν Ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον καὶ λεγομένην Τροίαν· δῆλον δὲ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ μέρος. οἱ γὰρ περὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τειχήρεις ὁρῶντες τοὺς Ἰλιέας κατ' ἀρχάς, ἔξω ποιεῖσθαι τὸν πόλεμον ἐπεχείρησαν καὶ περιιόντες ἀφαιρεῖσθαι τὰ κύκλῳ δώδεκα δὴ σὺν νηυσὶ πόλεις ἀλάπαξ' ἀνθρώπων, πεζὸς δ' ἕνδεκά φημι κατὰ Τροίην ἐρίβωλον. Τροίαν γὰρ λέγει τὴν πεπορθημένην ἤπειρον· πεπόρθηται δὲ σὺν ἄλλοις τόποις καὶ τὰ ἀντικείμενα τῇ Λέσβῳ τὰ περὶ Θήβην καὶ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον τὴν τῶν Λελέγων καὶ ἔτι ἡ τοῦ Εὐρυπύλου τοῦ Τηλέφου παιδός ἀλλ' οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκ ὁ Νεοπτόλεμος ἥρω Εὐρύπυλον. ταῦτα δὴ πεπορθῆσθαι λέγει καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Λέσβον ὅτε Λέσβον ἐυκτιμένην ἕλεν αὐτός. καὶ πέρσε δὲ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον καὶ Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης. Ἐκ μὲν Λυρνησσοῦ ἡ Βρισηὶς ἑάλω τὴν ἐκ Λυρνησσοῦ ἐξείλετο. ἧς ἐν τῇ ἁλώσει τὸν Μύνητα καὶ τὸν Ἐπίστροφον πεσεῖν φησιν, ὡς ἡ Βρισηὶς θρηνοῦσα τὸν Πάτροκλον δηλοῖ οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδέ μ' ἔασκες, ὅτ' ἄνδρ' ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος, κλαίειν. ἐμφαίνει γὰρ τὴν Λυρνησσὸν λέγων “πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος,” ὡς ἂν δυναστευομένην ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐνταῦθα πεσεῖν αὐτὸν μαχόμενον. ἐκ δὲ τῆς Θήβης ἡ Χρυσηὶς ἐλήφθη ᾠχόμεθ' ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος. ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἀχθέντων ἐκεῖθεν φησὶν εἶναι τὴν Χρυσηίδα. ἐνθένδε δ' ἦν καὶ ἡ Ἀνδρομάχη. Ἀνδρομάχη θυγάτηρ μεγαλήτορος Ἠετίωνος, Ἠετίων, ὃς ἔναιεν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ, Θήβῃ ὑποπλακίῃ, Κιλίκεσς' ἄνδρεσσιν ἀνάσσων. δευτέρα οὖν αὕτη δυναστεία Τρωικὴ μετὰ τὴν ὑπὸ Μύνητι. οἰκείως δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀνδρομάχης λεχθὲν οὕτως Ἕκτορ, ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθ' αἴσῃ ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν, οὐκ οἴονται δεῖν ἐξ εὐθείας ἀκούειν, “σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν” ἢ Θήβηθεν, ἀλλὰ καθ' ὑπερβατόν “ἀμφότεροι ἐν Τροίῃ, σὺ μὲν Πριάμου ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσι.” τρίτη δ' ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Λελέγων, καὶ αὕτη Τρωική, Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει. οὗ τῇ θυγατρὶ συνελθὼν Πρίαμος γεννᾷ τὸν Λυκάονα καὶ Πολύδωρον. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ ταττόμενοι λέγονται Τρῶες Τρωσὶ μὲν ἡγεμόνευε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ. εἶθ' οἱ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ Δαρδανίων αὖτ' ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσα καὶ οὗτοι Τρῶες· φησὶ γοῦν Αἰνεία, Τρώων βουληφόρε. εἶθ' οἱ ὑπὸ Πανδάρῳ Λύκιοι, οὓς καὶ αὐτοὺς καλεῖ Τρῶας· οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης, Ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο, Τρῶες· τῶν αὖτ' ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός, Πάνδαρος. ἕκτη δ' αὕτη δυναστεία. καὶ μὴν οἵ γε μεταξὺ τοῦ Αἰσήπου καὶ Ἀβύδου Τρῶες· ὑπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ἐστὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄβυδον οἳ δ' ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο, καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην, τῶν αὖθ' Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχ' Ἄσιος. ἀλλ' ἐν Ἀβύδῳ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ Πριάμου διέτριβεν, ἵππους νέμων, πατρῴας δηλονότι ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο νόθον βάλε Δημοκόωντα, ὅς οἱ Ἀβυδόθεν ἦλθε παρ' ἵππων ὠκειάων. ἐν δὲ Περκώτῃ υἱὸς Ἱκετάονος ἐβουνόμει οὐκ ἀλλοτρίας οὐδ' οὗτος βοῦς πρῶτον δ' Ἱκεταονίδην ἐνένιπεν, ἴφθιμον Μελάνιππον· ὁ δ' ὄφρα μὲν εἰλίποδας βοῦς βόσκ' ἐν Περκώτῃ. ὥστε καὶ αὕτη ἂν εἴη Τρῳὰς καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ἕως Ἀδραστείας· ἦρχον γὰρ αὐτῆς υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου. πάντες μὲν δὴ Τρῶες οἱ ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Ἀδραστείας, δίχα μέντοι διῃρημένοι, οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀσίῳ οἱ δ' ὑπὸ τοῖς Μεροπίδαις· καθάπερ καὶ ἡ τῶν Κιλίκων διττή, ἡ μὲν Θηβαϊκὴ ἡ δὲ Λυρνησσίς· ἐν αὐτῇ δ' ἂν λεχθείη ἡ ὑπὸ Εὐρυπύλῳ ἐφεξῆς οὖσα τῇ Λυρνησσίδι. ὅτι δὲ τούτων ἁπάντων ἦρχεν ὁ Πρίαμος οἱ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως λόγοι πρὸς τὸν Πρίαμον σαφῶς ἐμφανίζουσι καί σε, γέρον, τὸ πρὶν μὲν ἀκούομεν ὄλβιον εἶναι, ὅσσον Λέσβος ἄνω Μάκαρος πόλις ἐντὸς ἐέργει, καὶ Φρυγίη καθύπερθε καὶ Ἑλλήσποντος ἀπείρων. |
Now as for Homer's statements, those who have studied the subject more carefully {21} conjecture from them that the whole of this coast became subject to the Trojans, and, though divided into nine dynasties, was under the sway of Priam at the time of the Trojan War and was called Troy. And this is clear from his detailed statements. For instance, Achilles and his army, seeing at the outset that the inhabitants of Ilium were enclosed by walls, tried to carry on the war outside and, by making raids all round, to take away from them all the surrounding places:Twelve cities of men I have laid waste with my ships, and eleven, I declare, by land throughout the fertile land of Troy. {22} For by "Troy" he means the part of the mainland that was sacked by him; and, along with other places, Achilles also sacked the country opposite Lesbos in the neighborhood of Thebe and Lyrnessus and Pedasus, {23} which last belonged to the Leleges, and also the country of Eurypylus the son of Telephus.But what a man was that son of Telephus who was slain by him with the bronze, {24} that is, the hero Eurypylus, slain by Neoptolemus. Now the poet says that these places were sacked, including Lesbos itself:when he himself took well-built Lesbos; {25} andhe sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus; {26} andwhen he laid waste Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe. {27} It was at Lyrnessus that Briseïs was taken captive,whom he carried away from Lyrnessus; {28} and it was at her capture, according to the poet, that Mynes and Epistrophus fell, as is shown by the lament of Briseïs over Patroclus:thou wouldst not even, not even, let me weep when swift Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of divine Mynes; {29} for in calling Lyrnessus "the city of divine Mynes" the poet indicates that Mynes was dynast over it and that he fell in battle there. But it was at Thebe that Chryseïs was taken captive:We went into Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion; {30} and the poet says that Chryseïs was part of the spoil brought from that place. {31} Thence, too, came Andromache:Andromache, daughter of great hearted Eëtion; Eëtion who dwelt 'neath wooded Placus in Thebe Hypoplacia, {32} and was lord over the men of Cilicia. {33} This is the second Trojan dynasty after that of Mynes. And consistently with these facts writers think that the following statement of Andromache,Hector, woe is me! surely to one doom we were born, both of us--thou in Troy in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae, {34} should not be interpreted strictly, I mean the words "thou in Troy, but I at Thebae" (or Thebe), but as a case of hyperbaton, meaning "both of us in Troy--thou in the house of Priam, but I at Thebae." The third dynasty was that of the Leleges, which was also Trojan:Of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges, {35} by whose daughter Priam begot Lycaon and Polydorus. And indeed those who are placed under Hector in the Catalogue are called Trojans:The Trojans were led by great Hector of the flashing helmet. {36} And then come those under Aeneias:The Dardanians in turn were commanded by the valiant son of Anchises {37} and these, too, were Trojans; at any rate, the poet says,Aeneias, counsellor of the Trojans. {38} And then come the Lycians under Pandarus, and these also he calls Trojans:And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneiï, {39} who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus, the glorious son of Lycaon. {40} And this was the sixth dynasty. And indeed those who lived between the Aesepus River and Abydus were Trojans; for not only were the parts round Abydus subject to Asius,and they who dwelt about Percote and Practius {41} and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe {42} --these in turn were commanded by Asius the son of Hyrtacus, {43} but a son of Priam lived at Abydus, pasturing mares, clearly his father's:But he smote Democoön, the bastard son of Priam, who had come at Priam's bidding from his swift mares; {44} while in Percote a son of Hicetaon was pasturing kine, he likewise pasturing kine that belonged to no other: {45} And first he rebuked mighty Melanippus the son of Hicetaon, who until this time had been wont to feed the kine of shambling gait in Percote; {46} so that this country would be a part of the Troad, as also the next country after it as far as Adrasteia, for the leaders of the latter werethe two sons of Merops of Percote. {47} Accordingly, the people from Abydus to Adrasteia were all Trojans, although they were divided into two groups, one under Asius and the other under the sons of Merops, just as Cilicia {48} also was divided into two parts, the Theban Cilicia and the Lyrnessian; {49} but one might include in the Lyrnessian Cilicia the territory subject to Eurypylus, which lay next to the Lyrnessian Cilicia. {50} But that Priam was ruler of these countries, one and all, is clearly indicated by Achilles' words to Priam:And of thee, old sire, we hear that formerly thou wast blest; how of all that is enclosed by Lesbos, out at sea, city of Macar, and by Phrygia in the upland, and by the boundless Hellespont. {51}
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21. Strabo refers to Demetrius of Scepsis and his followers. 22. Hom. Il. 9.328 23. Hom. Il. 20.92. 24. Hom. Od. 11.518 25. Hom. Il. 9.129 26. Hom. Il. 20.92 27. Hom. Il. 2.691 28. Hom. Il. 2.690 29. Hom. Il. 19.295 30. Hom. Il. 1.366 31. Hom. Il. 1.369. 32. The epithet means "'neath Placus." 33. Hom. Il. 6.395 34. Hom. Il. 22.477 35. Hom. Il. 21.86 36. Hom. Il. 2.816 37. Hom. Il. 2.819 38. Hom. Il. 20.83 39. Aphneiï is now taken merely as an adjective, meaning "wealthy" men, but Strabo seems to concur in the belief that the people in question were named "Aphneiï" after Lake "Aphnitis" (see 13. 1. 9). 40. Hom. Il. 2.824 41. Whether city or river (see 13. 1. 21). 42. On Arisbe, see Leaf, Troy, 193 ff. 43. Hom. Il. 2.835 44. Hom. Il. 4.499 45. i.e., the kine belonged to Priam. This son of Hicetaon, a kinsman of Hector (Hom. Il. 15.545), "dwelt in the house of Priam, who honored him equally with his own children" (Hom. Il. 15.551). 46. Hom. Il. 15.546 47. Hom. Il. 2.831 48. The Trojan Cilicia (see 13. 1. 70). 49. See 13. 1. 60-61. 50. The eight dynasties were (1) that of Mynes, (2) that of Eëtion, (3) that of Altes, (4) that of Hector, (5) that of Aeneias, (6) that of Pandarus, (7) that of Asius, and (8) that of the two sons of Merops. If, however, there were nine dynasties (see 13. 1. 2), we may assume that the ninth was that of Eurypylus (see 13. 1. 70), unless, as Choiseul-Gouffier (Voyage Pittoresque de Ia Grèce, vol. ii, cited by Gossellin think, it was that of the island of Lesbos. 51. Hom. Il. 24.534. The quotation is incomplete without the following words of Homer: "o'er all these, old sire, thou wast preeminent, they say, because of thy wealth and thy sons.
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τότε μὲν οὖν τοιαῦτα ὑπῆρχεν, ὕστερον δὲ ἠκολούθησαν μεταβολαὶ παντοῖαι. τὰ μὲν γὰρ περὶ Κύζικον Φρύγες ἐπῴκησαν ἕως Πρακτίου, τὰ δὲ περὶ Ἄβυδον Θρᾷκες· ἔτι δὲ πρότερον τούτων ἀμφοῖν Βέβρυκες καὶ Δρύοπες· τὰ δ' ἑξῆς Τρῆρες, καὶ οὗτοι Θρᾷκες· τὸ δὲ Θήβης πεδίον Λυδοί, οἱ τότε Μῄονες, καὶ Μυσῶν οἱ περιγενόμενοι τῶν ὑπὸ Τηλέφῳ πρότερον καὶ Τεύθραντι. οὕτω δὴ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τὴν Αἰολίδα καὶ τὴν Τροίαν εἰς ἓν συντιθέντος, καὶ τῶν Αἰολέων τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου πᾶσαν μέχρι τῆς κατὰ Κύζικον παραλίας κατασχόντων καὶ πόλεις κτισάντων, οὐδ' ἂν ἡμεῖς ἀτόπως περιοδεύσαιμεν, εἰς ταὐτὸ συντιθέντες τήν τε Αἰολίδα νῦν ἰδίως λεγομένην τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου μέχρι Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὴν ἐφεξῆς μέχρι τοῦ Αἰσήπου. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς καθ' ἕκαστα διακρινοῦμεν πάλιν, παρατιθέντες ἅμα τοῖς νῦν οὖσι τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων λεγόμενα. |
Now such were the conditions at the time of the Trojan War, but all kinds of changes followed later; for the parts round Cyzicus as far as the Practius were colonized by Phrygians, and those round Abydus by Thracians; and still before these two by Bebryces and Dryopes. {52} And the country that lies next was colonized by the Treres, themselves also Thracians; and the Plain of Thebe by Lydians, then called Maeonians, and by the survivors of the Mysians who had formerly been subject to Telephus and Teuthras. So then, since the poet combines Aeolis and Troy, and since the Aeolians held possession of all the country from the Hermus River {53} to the seaboard at Cyzicus, and founded their cities there, I too might not be guilty of describing them wrongly if I combined Aeolis, now properly so called, extending from the Hermus River to Lectum, and the country next after it, extending to the Aesepus River; for in my detailed treatment of the two, I shall distinguish them again, setting forth, along with the facts as they now are, the statements of Homer and others.
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52. Leaf (Strabo on the Troad, p. 61 makes a strong case for emending "Dryopes" to "Doliones," but leaves the Greek text (p. 7) unchanged. 53. See 13. 1. 1, and p. 40 of Leaf's article cited in footnote there.
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ἔστιν οὖν μετὰ τὴν τῶν Κυζικηνῶν πόλιν καὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον ἀρχὴ τῆς Τρῳάδος καθ' Ὅμηρον. λέγει δ' ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὕτω περὶ αὐτῆς οἳ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης Ἀφνειοί, πίνοντες ὕδωρ μέλαν Αἰσήποιο, Τρῶες· τῶν αὖθ' ἦρχε Λυκάονος ἀγλαὸς υἱός, Πάνδαρος. τούτους δὲ ἐκάλει καὶ Λυκίους· Ἀφνειοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀφνίτιδος νομίζουσι λίμνης· καὶ γὰρ οὕτω καλεῖται ἡ Δασκυλῖτις. |
According to Homer, then, the Troad begins after the city of the Cyziceni and the Aesepus River. And he so speaks of it:And those who dwelt in Zeleia beneath the nethermost foot of Ida, Aphneii, {54} who drink the dark water of the Aesepus, Trojans; these in turn were commanded by Pandarus the glorious son of Lycaon. {55} These he also calls Lycians. {56} And they are thought to have been called "Aphneii" after Lake "Aphnitis," for Lake Dascylitis is also called by that name.
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54. See footnote on Aphneii in 13. 1. 7. 55. Hom. Il. 2.824 56. See 13. 1. 7.
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ἡ μὲν δὴ Ζέλεια ἐν τῇ παρωρείᾳ τῇ ὑστάτῃ τῆς Ἴδης ἔστιν, ἀπέχουσα Κυζίκου μὲν σταδίους ἐνενήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, τῆς δ' ἐγγυτάτω θαλάττης καθ' ἣν ἐκδίδωσιν Αἴσηπος ὅσον ὀγδοήκοντα. ἐπιμερίζει δὲ συνεχῶς τὰ κατὰ τὴν μετὰ τὸν Αἴσηπον οἳ δ' Ἀδρήστειάν τ' εἶχον καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ, καὶ Πιτύαν εἶχον καὶ Τηρείης ὄρος αἰπύ, τῶν ἦρχ' Ἄδρηστός τε καὶ Ἄμφιος λινοθώρηξ, υἷε δύω Μέροπος Περκωσίου. ταῦτα δὲ τὰ χωρία τῇ Ζελείᾳ μὲν ὑποπέπτωκεν, ἔχουσι δὲ Κυζικηνοί τε καὶ Πριαπηνοὶ μέχρι καὶ τῆς παραλίας. περὶ μὲν οὖν τὴν Ζέλειαν ὁ Τάρσιος ἔστι ποταμός, εἴκοσιν ἔχων διαβάσεις τῇ αὐτῇ ὁδῷ, καθάπερ ὁ Ἑπτάπορος, ὅν φησιν ὁ ποιητής. |
Now Zeleia {57} is situated on the farthermost foothill of Mt. Ida, being one hundred and ninety stadia distant from Cyzicus and about eighty stadia from the nearest part of the sea, where the Aesepus empties. And the poet mentions severally, in continuous order, the places that lie along the coast after the Aesepus River:And they who held Adrasteia and the land of Apaesus, and held Pityeia and the steep mountain of Tereia--these were led by Adrastus and Amphius of the linen corslet, the two sons of Merops of Percote. {58} These places lie below Zeleia, {59} but they are occupied by Cyziceni and Priapeni even as far as the coast. Now near Zeleia is the Tarsius River, {60} which is crossed twenty times by the same road, like the Heptaporus River, {61} .which is mentioned by the poet. {62} And the river that flows from Nicomedeia into Nicaea is crossed twenty-four times, and the river that flows from Pholoe into the Eleian country {63} is crossed many times . . . Scarthon twenty-five times, {64} and the river that flows from the country of the Coscinii into Alabanda is crossed many times, and the river that flows from Tyana into Soli through the Taurus is crossed seventy-five times.
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57. On the site of Zeleia, see Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 66. 58. Hom. Il. 2.828 59. The places in question appear to have belonged to Zeleia. Leaf (op. cit., p. 65 translates: "are commanded by Zeleia"; but the present translator is sure that, up to the present passage, Strabo has always used ὑποπίπτω in a purely geographical sense (e.g., cf. 9. 1. 15, and especially 12. 4. 6, where Strabo makes substantially the same statement concerning Zeleia as in the present passage). But see Leaf's note (op. cit.), p. 67. 60. On this river see Leaf, work last cited p. 67. 61. Strabo does not mean that the Heptaporus was crossed twenty times. The name itself means the river of "seven fords" (or ferries). 62. Hom. Il. 12. 20. 63. i.e., Elis, in the Peloponnesus. 64. The text is corrupt; and "Scarthon," whether it applies to a river or a people, is otherwise unknown. However, this whole passage, "And the river that flows from Nicomedeia . . . crossed seventy-five times," appears to be a gloss, and is ejected from the text by Kramer and Meineke (see Leaf's Strabo and the Troad, p. 65, note 4).
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ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Αἰσήπου σχεδόν τι ... σταδίοις κολωνὸς ἔστιν, ἐφ' ᾧ τάφος δείκνυται Μέμνονος τοῦ Τιθωνοῦ· πλησίον δ' ἔστι καὶ ἡ Μέμνονος κώμη. τοῦ δὲ Αἰσήπου καὶ τοῦ Πριάπου μεταξὺ ὁ Γράνικος ῥεῖ τὰ πολλὰ δι' Ἀδραστείας πεδίου, ἐφ' ᾧ Ἀλέξανδρος τοὺς Δαρείου σατράπας ἀνὰ κράτος ἐνίκησε συμβαλών, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου παρέλαβεν. ἐπὶ δὲ Γρανίκῳ πόλις ἦν Σιδήνη χώραν ἔχουσα πολλὴν ὁμώνυμον, κατέσπασται δὲ νῦν. ἐν δὲ τῇ μεθορίᾳ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς καὶ τῆς Πριαπηνῆς ἔστι τὰ Ἁρπάγια τόπος, ἐξ οὗ τὸν Γανυμήδην μυθεύουσιν ἡρπάχθαι· ἄλλοι δὲ περὶ Δαρδάνιον ἄκραν πλησίον Δαρδάνου. |
About . . . {65} stadia above the outlet of the Aesepus River is a hill, where is shown the tomb of Memnon, son of Tithonus; and near by is the village of Memnon. The Granicus River flows between the Aesepus River and Priapus, mostly through the plain of Adrasteia, {66} where Alexander utterly defeated the satraps of Dareius in battle, and gained the whole of the country inside the Taurus and the Euphrates River. And on the Granicus was situated the city Sidene, with a large territory of the same name; but it is now in ruins. On the boundary between the territory of Cyzicus and that of Priapus is a place called Harpagia, {67} from which, according to some writers of myths, Ganymede was snatched, though others say that he was snatched in the neighborhood of the Dardanian Promontory, near Dardanus.
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65. The number of stadia has fallen out of the MSS. 66. See Leaf, work last cited, p. 70. 67. The root "harpag-" means "snatch away."
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Πρίαπος δ' ἔστι πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ καὶ λιμήν· κτίσμα δ' οἱ μὲν Μιλησίων φασίν, οἵπερ καὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Προκόννησον συνῴκισαν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν, οἱ δὲ Κυζικηνῶν· ἐπώνυμος δ' ἐστὶ τοῦ Πριάπου τιμωμένου παρ' αὐτοῖς, εἴτ' ἐξ Ὀρνεῶν τῶν περὶ Κόρινθον μετενηνεγμένου τοῦ ἱεροῦ, εἴτε τῷ λέγεσθαι Διονύσου καὶ νύμφης τὸν θεὸν ὁρμησάντων ἐπὶ τὸ τιμᾶν αὐτὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπειδὴ σφόδρα εὐάμπελός ἐστιν ἡ χώρα καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἦ ἐφεξῆς ὅμορος, ἥ τε τῶν Παριανῶν καὶ ἡ τῶν Λαμψακηνῶν· ὁ γοῦν Ξέρξης τῷ Θεμιστοκλεῖ εἰς οἶνον ἔδωκε τὴν Λάμψακον. ἀπεδείχθη δὲ θεὸς οὗτος ὑπὸ τῶν νεωτέρων· οὐδὲ γὰρ Ἡσίοδος οἶδε Πρίαπον, ἀλλ' ἔοικε τοῖς Ἀττικοῖς Ὀρθάνῃ καὶ Κονισάλῳ καὶ Τύχωνι καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις. |
Priapus {68} is a city on the sea, and also a harbor. Some say that it was founded by Milesians, who at the same time also colonized Abydus and Proconnesus, whereas others say that it was founded by Cyziceni. It was named after Priapus, who was worshipped there; then his worship was transferred thither from Orneae near Corinth, or else the inhabitants felt an impulse to worship the god because he was called the son of Dionysus and a nymph; for their country is abundantly supplied with the vine, both theirs and the countries which border next upon it, I mean those of the Pariani and the Lampsaceni. At any rate, Xerxes gave Lampsacus to Themistocles to supply him with wine. But it was by people of later times that Priapus was declared a god, for even Hesiod does not know of him; and he resembles the Attic deities Orthane, Conisalus, Tychon, and others like them.
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68. On the site of Priapus, see Leaf, p. 73.
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ἐκαλεῖτο δ' ἡ χώρα αὕτη Ἀδράστεια καὶ Ἀδραστείας πεδίον, κατὰ ἔθος τι οὕτω λεγόντων τὸ αὐτὸ χωρίον διττῶς, ὡς καὶ Θήβην καὶ Θήβης πεδίον, καὶ Μυγδονίαν καὶ Μυγδονίας πεδίον. φησὶ δὲ Καλλισθένης ἀπὸ Ἀδράστου βασιλέως, ὃς πρῶτος Νεμέσεως ἱερὸν ἱδρύσατο, καλεῖσθαι Ἀδράστειαν. ἡ μὲν οὖν πόλις μεταξὺ Πριάπου καὶ Παρίου, ἔχουσα ὑποκείμενον πεδίον ὁμώνυμον, ἐν ᾧ καὶ μαντεῖον ἦν Ἀπόλλωνος Ἀκταίου καὶ Ἀρτέμιδος κατὰ τὴν . . . εἰς δὲ Πάριον μετηνέχθη πᾶσα ἡ κατασκευὴ καὶ λιθεία κατασπασθέντος τοῦ ἱεροῦ, καὶ ᾠκοδομήθη ἐν τῷ Παρίῳ βωμὸς, Ἑρμοκρέοντος ἔργον, πολλῆς μνήμης ἄξιον κατά τε μέγεθος καὶ κάλλος· τὸ δὲ μαντεῖον ἐξελείφθη, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἐν Ζελείᾳ. ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν οὐδὲν ἱερὸν Ἀδραστείας δείκνυται, οὐδὲ δὴ Νεμέσεως, περὶ δὲ Κύζικον ἔστιν Ἀδραστείας ἱερόν. Ἀντίμαχος δ' οὕτω φησίν ἔστι δέ τις Νέμεσις μεγάλη θεὸς, ἣ τάδε πάντα πρὸς μακάρων ἔλαχεν· βωμὸν δέ οἱ εἵσατο πρῶτος Ἄδρηστος, ποταμοῖο παρὰ ῥόον Αἰσήποιο, ἔνθα τετίμηταί τε καὶ Ἀδρήστεια καλεῖται. |
This country was called "Adrasteia" {69} and "Plain of Adrasteia," in accordance with a custom whereby people gave two names to the same place, as "Thebe" and "Plain of Thebe," and "Mygdonia" and "Plain of Mygdonia." According to Callisthenes, among others, Adrasteia was named after King Adrastus, who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis. Now the city is situated between Priapus and Parium; and it has below it a plain that is named after it, in which there was an oracle of Apollo Actaeus and Artemis. . . . {70} But when the temple was torn down, the whole of its furnishings and stonework were transported to Parium, where was built an altar, {71} the work of Hermocreon, very remarkable for its size and beauty; but the oracle was abolished like that at Zeleia. Here, however, there is no temple of Adrasteia, nor yet of Nemesis, to be seen, although there is a temple of Adrasteia near Cyzicus. Antimachus says as follows:There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has obtained as her portion all these things from the Blessed. {72} Adrestus {73} was the first to build an altar to her beside the stream of the Aesepus River, where she is worshipped under the name of Adresteia.
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69. On the site of Adrasteia, see Leaf, p. 77. 70. Three words in the Greek text here are corrupt. Strabo may have said that this temple was "on the shore," or "in the direction of Pityeia" (the same as Pitya; see section 15 following), or "in the direction of Pactye". 71. This altar was a stadium (about 600 feet) in length (10. 5. 7). 72. A not uncommon appellation of the gods. 73. Note the variant spelling of the name.
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ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ Πάριον πόλις ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, λιμένα ἔχουσα μείζω τῆς Πριάπου καὶ ηὐξημένη γε ἐκ ταύτης· θεραπεύοντες γὰρ οἱ Παριανοὶ τοὺς Ἀτταλικοὺς ὑφ' οἷς ἐτέτακτο ἡ Πριαπηνή, πολλὴν αὐτῆς ἀπετέμοντο ἐπιτρεπόντων ἐκείνων. ἐνταῦθα μυθεύουσι τοὺς Ὀφιογενεῖς συγγένειάν τινα ἔχειν πρὸς τοὺς ὄφεις· φασὶ δ' αὐτῶν τοὺς ἄρρενας τοῖς ἐχεοδήκτοις ἄκος εἶναι συνεχῶς ἐφαπτομένους ὥσπερ τοὺς ἐπῳδούς, πρῶτον μὲν τὸ πελίωμα εἰς ἑαυτοὺς μεταφέροντας, εἶτα καὶ τὴν φλεγμονὴν παύοντας καὶ τὸν πόνον. μυθεύουσι δὲ τὸν ἀρχηγέτην τοῦ γένους ἥρωά τινα ἐξ ὄφεως μεταβαλεῖν· τάχα δὲ τῶν Ψύλλων τις ἦν τῶν Λιβυκῶν, εἰς δὲ τὸ γένος διέτεινεν ἡ δύναμις μέχρι ποσοῦ. κτίσμα δ' ἐστὶ τὸ Πάριον Μιλησίων καὶ Ἐρυθραίων καὶ Παρίων. |
The city Parium is situated on the sea; it has a larger harbor than Priapus, and its territory has been increased at the expense of Priapus; for the Parians curried favor with the Attalic kings, to whom the territory of Priapus was subject, and by their permission cut off for themselves a large part of that territory. Here is told the mythical story that the Ophiogeneis {74} are akin to the serpent tribe: {75} and they say that the males of the Ophiogeneis cure snake-bitten people by continuous stroking, after the manner of enchanters, first transferring the livid color to their own bodies and then stopping both the inflammation and the pain. According to the myth, the original founder of the tribe, a certain hero, changed from a serpent into a man. Perhaps he was one of the Libyan Psylli, {76} whose power persisted in his tribe for a certain time. {77} Parium was founded by Milesians and Erythraeans and Parians.
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74. "Serpent-born." 75. See Leaf, work last cited, p. 85. 76. See 17. 1. 44. 77. See Fraser, Totemism and Exogamy, 1. 20, 2. 54 and 4. 178.
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Πιτύα δ' ἐστὶν ἐν Πιτυοῦντι τῆς Παριανῆς ὑπερκείμενον ἔχουσα πιτυῶδες ὄρος· μεταξὺ δὲ κεῖται Παρίου καὶ Πριάπου κατὰ Λίνον χωρίον ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ, ὅπου οἱ Λινούσιοι κοχλίαι ἄριστοι τῶν πάντων ἁλίσκονται. |
Pitya {78} is in Pityus in the territory of Parium, lying below a pine covered mountain; {79} and it lies between Parium and Priapus in the direction of Linum, a place on the seashore, where are caught the Linusian snails, the best in the world.
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78. According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (1933), cited by Leaf (Troy, p. 187, "Lampsacus was formerly called Pityeia, or, as others spell it, Pitya. Some say that Phrixus stored his treasure there and that the city was named after the treasure, for the Thracian word for treasure is 'pitye'" (but cf. the Greek word "pitys," "pine tree"). Strabo, however, places Pitya to the east of Parium, whereas Lampsacus lies to the west (see Leaf, l.c., pp. 185 ff.; and his Strabo on the Troad, p. 87). In section 18 (following) Strabo says that "Lampsacus was formerly called Pityussa." 79. Leaf (l.c.) translates, "hill shaped like a pine tree," adding (p. 187) that "the resemblance to a pine tree, so far as my personal observation went, means no more than that the hill slopes gently up to a rounded top." However, the Greek adjective probably means in the present passage "pine covered" (cf. the use of the same adjective in 8. 6. 22, where it applies to a sacred precinct on the Isthmus of Corinth).
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ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τῷ ἀπὸ Παρίου εἰς Πρίαπον ἥ τε παλαιὰ Προκόννησός ἐστι καὶ ἡ νῦν Προκόννησος, πόλιν ἔχουσα καὶ μέταλλον μέγα λευκοῦ λίθου σφόδρα ἐπαινούμενον· τὰ γοῦν κάλλιστα τῶν ταύτῃ πόλεων ἔργα, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρῶτα τὰ ἐν Κυζίκῳ ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς λίθου. ἐντεῦθέν ἐστιν Ἀριστέας ὁ ποιητὴς τῶν Ἀριμασπείων καλουμένων ἐπῶν, ἀνὴρ γόης εἴ τις ἄλλος. |
On the coasting voyage from Parium to Priapus lie both the old Proconnesus and the present Proconnesus, the latter having a city and also a great quarry of white marble that is very highly commended; at any rate, the most beautiful works of art {80} in the cities of that part of the world, and especially those in Cyzicus, are made of this marble. Aristeas was a Proconnesian--the author of the Arimaspian Epic, as it is called--a charlatan if ever there was one. {81}
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80. i.e., buildings, statues, and other marble structures (see 5. 2. 5 and 5. 3. 8, and the footnotes on "works of art"). 81. See 1. 2. 10, and Hdt. 4.13.
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τὸ δὲ Τηρείης ὄρος οἱ μὲν τὰ ἐν Πειρωσσῷ ὄρη φασὶν ἃ ἔχουσιν οἱ Κυζικηνοὶ τῇ Ζελείᾳ προσεχῆ, ἐν οἷς βασιλικὴ θήρα κατεσκεύαστο τοῖς Λυδοῖς, καὶ Πέρσαις ὕστερον· οἱ δ' ἀπὸ τετταράκοντα σταδίων Λαμψάκου δεικνύουσι λόφον, ἐφ' ᾧ μητρὸς θεῶν ἱερόν ἐστιν ἅγιον Τηρείης ἐπικαλούμενον. |
As for "the mountain of Tereia," {82} some say that it is the range of mountains in Peirossus which are occupied by the Cyziceni and are adjacent to Zeleia, where a royal hunting ground was arranged by the Lydians, and later by the Persians; {83} but others point out a hill forty stadia from Lampsacus, on which there is a temple sacred to the mother of the gods, entitled "Tereia's" temple.
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82. The mountain mentioned in the Hom. Il. 2.829. 83. Xen. Hell. 4.1.15 speaks of royal hunting grounds, "some in enclosed parks, others in open regions."
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καὶ ἡ Λάμψακος δ' ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πόλις ἐστὶν εὐλίμενος καὶ ἀξιόλογος, συμμένουσα καλῶς, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος· διέχει δ' αὐτῆς ὅσον ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατὸν σταδίους· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ πρότερον Πιτυοῦσσα, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Χίον φασίν· ἐν δὲ τῇ περαίᾳ τῆς Χερρονήσου πολίχνιόν ἐστι Καλλίπολις· κεῖται δ' ἐπ' ἀκτῆς ἐκκειμένη πολὺ πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατὰ τὴν Λαμψακηνῶν πόλιν, ὥστε τὸ δίαρμα μὴ πλέον εἶναι τετταράκοντα σταδίων. |
Lampsacus, {84} a!so, is a city on the sea, a notable city with a good harbor, and still flourishing, like Abydus. It is about one hundred and seventy stadia distant from Abydus; and it was formerly called Pityussa, as also, it is said, was Chios. On the opposite shore of the Chersonesus is Callipolis, a small town. It is on the headland and runs far out towards Asia in the direction of the city of the Lampsaceni, so that the passage across to Asia from it is no more than forty stadia.
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84. Now Lapsaki. On the site, see Leaf, p. 92.
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ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ Λαμψάκου καὶ Παρίου Παισὸς ἦν πόλις καὶ ποταμός· κατέσπασται δ' ἡ πόλις, οἱ δὲ Παισηνοὶ μετῴκησαν εἰς Λάμψακον, Μιλησίων ὄντες ἄποικοι καὶ αὐτοί, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Λαμψακηνοί. ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς εἴρηκεν ἀμφοτέρως, καὶ προσθεὶς τὴν πρώτην συλλαβήν καὶ δῆμον Ἀπαισοῦ, καὶ ἀφελών ὅς ῥ' ἐνὶ Παισῷ ναῖε πολυκτήμων καὶ ὁ ποταμὸς νῦν οὕτω καλεῖται. Μιλησίων δ' εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ Κολωναὶ αἱ ὑπὲρ Λαμψάκου ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῆς Λαμψακηνῆς· ἄλλαι δ' εἰσὶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἐκτὸς Ἑλλησποντίᾳ θαλάττῃ, Ἰλίου διέχουσαι σταδίους τετταράκοντα πρὸς τοῖς ἑκατόν· ἐξ ὧν τὸν Κύκνον φασίν. Ἀναξιμένης δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἐρυθραίᾳ φησὶ λέγεσθαι Κολωνὰς καὶ ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι καὶ ἐν Θετταλίᾳ· ἐν δὲ τῇ Παριανῇ ἔστιν Ἰλιοκολώνη. ἐν δὲ τῇ Λαμψακηνῇ τόπος εὐάμπελος Γεργίθιον· ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις Γέργιθα ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθων· ἦν γὰρ κἀκεῖ πόλις πληθυντικῶς καὶ θηλυκῶς λεγομένη αἱ Γέργιθες, ὅθενπερ ὁ Γεργίθιος ἦν Κεφάλων· καὶ νῦν ἔτι δείκνυται τόπος ἐν τῇ Κυμαίᾳ Γεργίθιον πρὸς Λαρίσῃ. ἐκ Παρίου μὲν οὖν ὁ γλωσσογράφος κληθεὶς ἦν Νεοπτόλεμος μνήμης ἄξιος, ἐκ Λαμψάκου δὲ Χάρων τε ὁ συγγραφεὺς καὶ Ἀδείμαντος καὶ Ἀναξιμένης ὁ ῥήτωρ καὶ Μητρόδωρος ὁ τοῦ Ἐπικούρου ἑταῖρος· καὶ αὐτὸς δ' Ἐπίκουρος τρόπον τινὰ Λαμψακηνὸς ὑπῆρξε, διατρίψας ἐν Λαμψάκῳ καὶ φίλοις χρησάμενος τοῖς ἀρίστοις τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ, τοῖς περὶ Ἰδομενέα καὶ Λεοντέα. ἐντεῦθεν δὲ μετήνεγκεν Ἀγρίππας τὸν πεπτωκότα λέοντα, Λυσίππου ἔργον· ἀνέθηκε δὲ ἐν τῷ ἄλσει τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς λίμνης καὶ τοῦ εὐρίπου. |
In the interval between Lampsacus and Parium lay a city and river called Paesus; but the city is in ruins. The Paeseni changed their abode to Lampsacus, they too being colonists from the Milesians, like the Lampsaceni. But the poet refers to the place in two ways, at one time adding the first syllable,and the land of Apaesus, {85} and at another omitting it,a man of many possessions, who dwelt in Paesus. {86} And the river is now spelled in the latter way. Colonae, {87} which lies above Lampsacus in the interior of Lampsacene, is also a colony of the Milesians; and there is another Colonae on the outer Hellespontine sea, which is one hundred and forty stadia distant from Ilium and is said to be the birthplace of Cycnus. {88} Anaximenes says that there are also places in the Erythraean territory and in Phocis and in Thessaly that are called Colonae. And there is an Iliocolone in the territory of Parium. In the territory of Lampsacus is a place called Gergithium {89} which is rich in vines; and there was also a city called Gergitha from Gergithes in the territory of Cyme, for here too there was a city called Gergithes, in the feminine plural, the birthplace of Cephalon the Gergithian. And still today a place called Gergithium is pointed out in the territory of Cyme near Larissa. Now Neoptolemus, {90} called the Glossographer, a notable man, was from Parium; and Charon the historian {91} and Adeimantus {92} and Anaximenes the rhetorician {93} and Metrodorus the comrade of Epicurus were from Lampsacus; and Epicurus himself was in a sense a Lampsacenian, having lived in Lampsacus and having been on intimate terms with the ablest men of that city, Idomeneus and Leonteus and their followers. It was from here that Agrippa transported the Fallen Lion, a work of Lysippus; and he dedicated it in the sacred precinct between the Lake and the Euripus. {94}
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85. Hom. Il. 2.828 86. Hom. Il. 5.612 87. On the site of Colonae, see Leaf (Strabo on the Troad), p. 101. 88. King of Colonae, slain by Achilles in the Trojan War. 89. On Gergithium, see Leaf, p. 102. 90. Fl. in the Alexandrian period; author of works entitled Glosses and On Epigrams. 91. Early historian; author of Persian History and Annals of the Lampsaceni. 92. Known only as courtier of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 93. See Frazer's note on Paus. 6.18.2. 94. "The Lake" seems surely to be the Stagnum Agrippae mentioned by Tac. Ann. 15.37, i.e., the Nemus Caesarum on the right bank of the Tiber (see A. Häbler, Hermes 19 (1884), p. 235). "The Stagnum Agrippae was apparently a pond constructed by Agrippa in connection with the Aqua Virgo and the canal called Euripus in the neighborhood of the Pantheon" (C. G. Ramsay, Annals of Tacitus, 15.37), or, as Leaf (op. cit., p. 108 puts it, "The Euripus is the channel filled with water set up by Caesar round the arena of the Circus Maximus at Rome to protect the spectators from the wild beasts."
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μετὰ δὲ Λάμψακον ἔστιν Ἄβυδος καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ χωρία, περὶ ὧν οὕτως εἴρηκε συλλαβὼν ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ τὴν Λαμψακηνὴν καὶ τῆς Παριανῆς τινα οὔπω γὰρ ἦσαν αὗται αἱ πόλεις κατὰ τὰ Τρωικά οἳ δ' ἄρα Περκώτην καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο, καὶ Σηστὸν καὶ Ἄβυδον ἔχον καὶ δῖαν Ἀρίσβην· τῶν αὖθ' Ὑρτακίδης ἦρχ' Ἄσιος φησίν ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. οὕτω δ' εἰπὼν ἔοικε τὸ βασίλειον ἀποφαίνειν τοῦ Ἀσίου τὴν Ἀρίσβην, ὅθεν ἥκειν αὐτόν φησιν ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος. οὕτω δ' ἀφανῆ τὰ χωρία ταῦτά ἐστιν ὥστε οὐδ' ὁμολογοῦσι περὶ αὐτῶν οἱ ἱστοροῦντες, πλὴν ὅτι περὶ Ἄβυδον καὶ Λάμψακόν ἐστι καὶ Πάριον, καὶ ὅτι ἡ πάλαι Περκώτη μετωνομάσθη ὁ τόπος. |
After Lampsacus come Abydus and the intervening places of which the poet, who comprises with them the territory of Lampsacus and part of the territory of Parium (for these two cities were not yet in existence in the Trojan times), speaks as follows:And those who dwelt about Percote and Practius, and held Sestus and Abydus and goodly Arisbe--these in turn were led by Asius, the son of Hyrtacus, . . . who was brought by his sorrel horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis. {95} In speaking thus, the poet seems to set forth Arisbe, whence he says Asius came, as the royal residence of Asius:who was brought by his horses from Arisbe, from the River Sellëeis.But these places {96} are so obscure that even investigators do not agree about them, except that they are in the neighborhood of Abydus and Lampsacus and Parium, and that the old Percote, {97} the site, underwent a change of name.
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95. Hom. Il. 2.835 96. i.e., Arisbe, Percote, and the Sellëeis. Strabo himself locates the Practius (13.1. 4, 7, 8, 21). On the sites of these places, see Leaf's Troy, pp. 188 ff., his note in Jour. Hellenic Studies, XXXVII (1917), p. 26, and his Strabo on the Troad, pp. 108 ff. 97. Homer's Percote, on the sea.
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τῶν δὲ ποταμῶν τὸν μὲν Σελλήεντά φησιν ὁ ποιητὴς πρὸς τῇ Ἀρίσβῃ ῥεῖν, εἴπερ ὁ Ἄσιος Ἀρίσβηθέν τε ἧκε καὶ ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος· ὁ δὲ Πράκτιος ποταμὸς μὲν ἔστι, πόλις δ' οὐχ εὑρίσκεται, ὥς τινες ἐνόμισαν· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος μεταξὺ Ἀβύδου καὶ Λαμψάκου· τὸ οὖν καὶ Πράκτιον ἀμφενέμοντο οὕτω δεκτέον ὡς περὶ ποταμοῦ, καθάπερ κἀκεῖνα οἵ τ' ἄρα πὰρ ποταμὸν Κηφισὸν δῖον ἔναιον, καὶ ἀμφί τε Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ ἔργ' ἐνέμοντο. ἦν δὲ καὶ ἐν Λέσβῳ πόλις Ἀρίσβα, ἧς τὴν χώραν ἔχουσι Μηθυμναῖοι· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς Ἄρισβος ἐν Θρᾴκῃ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τούτου πλησίον οἱ Κεβρήνιοι Θρᾷκες. πολλαὶ δ' ὁμωνυμίαι Θρᾳξὶ καὶ Τρωσίν, οἷον Σκαιοὶ Θρᾷκές τινες καὶ Σκαιὸς ποταμὸς καὶ Σκαιὸν τεῖχος καὶ ἐν Τροίᾳ Σκαιαὶ πύλαι· Ξάνθιοι Θρᾷκες, Ξάνθος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ἄρισβος ὁ ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Ἕβρον, Ἀρίσβη ἐν Τροίᾳ· Ῥῆσος ποταμὸς ἐν Τροίᾳ, Ῥῆσος δὲ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Θρᾳκῶν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῷ Ἀσίῳ ὁμώνυμος ἕτερος παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ Ἄσιος ὃς μήτρως ἦν Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο, αὐτοκασίγνητος Ἑκάβης, υἱὸς δὲ Δύμαντος, ὃς Φρυγίην ναίεσκε ῥοῇς ἐπὶ Σαγγαρίοιο. |
Of the rivers, the Sellëeis flows near Arisbe, as the poet says, if it be true that Asius came both from Arisbe and from the Sellëeis River. The River Practius is indeed in existence, but no city of that name is to be found, as some have wrongly thought. This river also {98} flows between Abydus and Lampsacus. Accordingly, the words,and dwelt about Practius,should be interpreted as applying to a river, as should also those other words,and those who dwelt beside the goodly Cephisus River, {99} andthose who had their famed estates about the Parthenius River. {100} There was also a city Arisba in Lesbos, whose territory is occupied by the Methymnaeans. And there is an Arisbus River in Thrace, as I have said before, {101} near which are situated the Thracian Cebrenians. There are many names common to the Thracians and the Trojans; for example, there are Thracians called Scaeans, and a river Scaeus, and a Scaean Wall, and at Troy the Scaean Gates. And there are Thracian Xanthians, and in Troy-land a river Xanthus. And in Troy-land there is a river Arisbus which empties into the Hebrus, as also a city Arisbe. And there was a river Rhesus in Troy-land; and there was a Rhesus who was the king of the Thracians. And there is also, of the same name as this Asius, another Asius in Homer,who was maternal uncle to horse-taming Hector, and own brother to Hecabe, but son of Dymas, who dwelt in Phrygia by the streams of the Sangarius. {102}
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98. i.e., as well as the Sellëeis. 99. Hom. Il. 2.522 100. Hom. Il. 2.854 101. Obviously in the lost portion of Book VII. 102. Hom. Il. 16.717
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Ἄβυδος δὲ Μιλησίων ἐστὶ κτίσμα ἐπιτρέψαντος Γύγου τοῦ Λυδῶν βασιλέως· ἦν γὰρ ἐπ' ἐκείνῳ τὰ χωρία καὶ ἡ Τρῳὰς ἅπασα, ὀνομάζεται δὲ καὶ ἀκρωτήριόν τι πρὸς Δαρδάνῳ Γύγας· ἐπίκειται δὲ τῷ στόματι τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου, διέχει δὲ τὸ ἴσον Λαμψάκου καὶ Ἰλίου, σταδίους περὶ ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν. ἐνταῦθα δ' ἔστι τὸ ἑπταστάδιον ὅπερ ἔζευξε Ξέρξης, τὸ διορίζον τὴν Εὐρώπην καὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν. καλεῖται δ' ἡ ἄκρα τῆς Εὐρώπης Χερρόνησος διὰ τὸ σχῆμα, ἡ ποιοῦσα τὰ στενὰ τὰ κατὰ τὸ ζεῦγμα· ἀντίκειται δὲ τὸ ζεῦγμα τῇ Ἀβύδῳ. Σηστὸς δὲ ἀρίστη τῶν ἐν Χερρονήσῳ πόλεων· διὰ δὲ τὴν γειτοσύνην ὑπὸ τῷ αὐτῷ ἡγεμόνι καὶ αὕτη ἐτέτακτο, οὔπω ταῖς ἠπείροις διοριζόντων τῶν τότε τὰς ἡγεμονίας. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἄβυδος καὶ ἡ Σηστὸς διέχουσιν ἀλλήλων τριάκοντά που σταδίους ἐκ λιμένος εἰς λιμένα, τὸ δὲ ζεῦγμά ἐστι μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων παραλλάξαντι ἐξ Ἀβύδου μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκ δὲ Σηστοῦ εἰς τοὐναντίον· ὀνομάζεται δὲ πρὸς τῇ Σηστῷ τόπος Ἀποβάθρα, καθ' ὃν ἐζεύγνυτο ἡ σχεδία. ἔστι δὲ ἡ Σηστὸς ἐνδοτέρω κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα ὑπερδέξιος τοῦ ῥοῦ τοῦ ἐξ αὐτῆς· διὸ καὶ εὐπετέστερον ἐκ τῆς Σηστοῦ διαίρουσι παραλεξάμενοι μικρὸν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς Ἡροῦς πύργον, κἀκεῖθεν ἀφιέντες τὰ πλοῖα συμπράττοντος τοῦ ῥοῦ πρὸς τὴν περαίωσιν· τοῖς δ' ἐξ Ἀβύδου περαιουμένοις παραλεκτέον ἐστὶν εἰς τἀναντία ὀκτώ που σταδίους ἐπὶ πύργον τινὰ κατ' ἀντικρὺ τῆς Σηστοῦ, ἔπειτα διαίρειν πλάγιον καὶ μὴ τελέως ἐναντίον ἔχουσι τὸν ῥοῦν. ᾤκουν δὲ τὴν Ἄβυδον μετὰ τὰ Τρωικὰ Θρᾷκες, εἶτα Μιλήσιοι. τῶν δὲ πόλεων ἐμπρησθεισῶν ὑπὸ Δαρείου τοῦ Ξέρξου πατρὸς τῶν κατὰ τὴν Προποντίδα, ἐκοινώνησε καὶ ἡ Ἄβυδος τῆς αὐτῆς συμφορᾶς· ἐνέπρησε δὲ πυθόμενος μετὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σκυθῶν ἐπάνοδον τοὺς νομάδας παρασκευάζεσθαι διαβαίνειν ἐπ' αὐτὸν κατὰ τιμωρίαν ὧν ἔπαθον, δεδιὼς μὴ αἱ πόλεις πορθμεῖα παράσχοιεν τῇ στρατιᾷ. συνέβη δὲ πρὸς ταῖς ἄλλαις μεταβολαῖς καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ καὶ τοῦτο αἴτιον τῆς συγχύσεως τῶν τόπων. περὶ δὲ Σηστοῦ καὶ τῆς ὅλης Χερρονήσου προείπομεν ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῆς Θρᾴκης τόποις. φησὶ δὲ τὴν Σηστὸν Θεόπομπος βραχεῖαν μὲν εὐερκῆ δέ, καὶ σκέλει διπλέθρῳ συνάπτειν πρὸς τὸν λιμένα, καὶ διὰ ταῦτ' οὖν καὶ διὰ τὸν ῥοῦν κυρίαν εἶναι τῶν παρόδων. |
Abydus was founded by Milesians, being founded by permission of Gyges, king of the Lydians; for this district and the whole of the Troad were under his sway; and there is a promontory named Gygas near Dardanus. Abydus lies at the mouth of the Propontis and the Hellespont; and it is equidistant from Lampsacus and Ilium, about one hundred and seventy stadia. {103} Here, separating Europe and Asia, is the Heptastadium, {104} which was bridged by Xerxes. The European promontory that forms the narrows at the place of the bridge is called the Chersonesus {105} because of its shape. And the place of the bridge lies opposite Abydus. Sestus {106} is the best of the cities in the Chersonesus; and, on account of its proximity to Abydus, it was assigned to the same governor as Abydus in the times when governorships had not yet been delimited by continents. Now although Abydus and Sestus are about thirty stadia distant from one another from harbor to harbor, yet the line of the bridge across the strait is short, being drawn at an angle to that between the two cities, that is, from a point nearer than Abydus to the Propontis on the Abydus side to a point farther away from the Propontis on the Sestus side. Near Sestus is a place named Apobathra, {107} where the pontoon-bridge was attached to the shore. Sestus lies farther in towards the Propontis, farther up the stream that flows out of the Propontis. It is therefore easier to cross over from Sestus, first coasting a short distance to the Tower of Hero and then letting the ships make the passage across by the help of the current. But those who cross over from Abydus must first follow the coast in the opposite direction about eight stadia to a tower opposite Sestus, and then sail across obliquely and thus not have to meet the full force of the current. After the Trojan War Abydus was the home of Thracians, and then of Milesians. But when the cities were burned by Dareius, father of Xerxes, I mean the cities on the Propontis, Abydus shared in the same misfortune. He burned them because he had learned after his return from his attack upon the Scythians that the nomads were making preparations to cross the strait and attack him to avenge their sufferings, and was afraid that the cities would provide means for the passage of their army. And this too, in addition to the other changes and to the lapse of time, is a cause of the confusion into which the topography of the country has fallen. As for Sestus and the Chersonesus in general, I have already spoken of them in my description of the region of Thrace. {108} Theopompus says that Sestus is small but well fortified, and that it is connected with its harbor by a double wall of two plethra, {109} and that for this reason, as also on account of the current, it is mistress of the passage.
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103. On the site of Abydus, see Leaf, Strabo on the Troad, p. 117. 104. i.e., "Strait of seven stadia." 105. i.e., "Land-island" or "Peninsula." 106. On its site, see Leaf, work last cited, p. 119. 107. i.e., "Place of Disembarkation." 108. See Book 7 Frags. 51, 55b, and 51a, 52, and 53. 109. i.e., about 200 feet (in breadth).
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ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῆς τῶν Ἀβυδηνῶν χώρας ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι τὰ Ἄστυρα, ἃ νῦν μὲν Ἀβυδηνῶν ἔστι, κατεσκαμμένη πόλις, πρότερον δὲ ἦν καθ' αὑτά, χρυσεῖα ἔχοντα ἃ νῦν σπάνιά ἐστιν, ἐξαναλωμένα, καθάπερ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τμώλῳ τὰ περὶ τὸν Πακτωλόν. ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου δ' ἐπὶ Αἴσηπον περὶ ἑπτακοσίους φασὶ σταδίους, εὐθυπλοίᾳ δὲ ἐλάττους. |
Above the territory of the Abydeni, in the Troad, lies Astyra. This city, which is in ruins, now belongs to the Abydeni, but in earlier times it was independent and had gold mines. These mines are now scant, being used up, like those on Mt. Tmolus in the neighborhood of the Pactolus River. From Abydus to the Aesepus the distance is said to be about seven hundred stadia, but less by straight sailing. {110}
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110. According to Leaf (l.c., p. 135, the shortest course of a vessel between Abydus and the mouth of the Aesepus measures just about 700 stadia. Hence Strabo's authorities for his statement are in error if, as usual, the longer voyage is a coasting voyage, following the sinuosities of the gulfs, as against the shorter, or more direct, voyage. Leaf, however, forces the phrase "by straight sailing" to mean "a straight course wholly over the land," adding that "the meaning must be that it would be shorter if one would sail straight," and that "the expression is singularly infelicitous as applied to a journey by land in contrast to one by sea."
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ἔξω δὲ Ἀβύδου τὰ περὶ τὸ Ἴλιον ἔστι, τά τε παράλια ἕως Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πεδίῳ καὶ τὰ παρώρεια τῆς Ἴδης τὰ ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ. διττῶς δὲ ταῦτ' ὀνομάζει ὁ ποιητής, τοτὲ μὲν οὕτω λέγων Δαρδανίων αὖτ' ἦρχεν ἐὺς πάις Ἀγχίσαο, Δαρδανίους καλῶν, τοτὲ δὲ Δαρδάνους Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι ἀγχιμαχηταί. εἰκὸς δ' ἐνταῦθα ἱδρῦσθαι τὸ παλαιὸν τὴν λεγομένην ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Δαρδανίαν Δάρδανον αὖ πρῶτον τέκετο νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς, κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην. νῦν μὲν γὰρ οὐδ' ἴχνος πόλεως σώζεται αὐτόθι. |
Outside Abydus lies the territory of Ilium--the parts on the shore extending to Lectum, and the places in the Trojan Plain, and the parts on the side of Mt. Ida that were subject to Aeneias. The poet names these last parts in two ways, at one time saying as follows:The Dardanii in turn were led by the valiant son of Anchises, {111} calling the inhabitants "Dardanii"; and at another time, "Dardani":The Trojans and Lycians and Dardani that fight in close combat. {112} And it is reasonable to suppose that this was in ancient times.the site of the Dardania mentioned by the poet when he says,At first Dardanus was begotten by Zeus the cloud-gatherer, and he founded Dardania; {113} for at the present time there is not so much as a trace of a city preserved in that territory. {114}
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111. Hom. Il. 2.819 112. Hom. Il. 8.173 113. Hom. Il. 20.215 114. On the boundaries of Dardania, see Leaf (l.c., p.137).
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εἰκάζει δὲ Πλάτων μετὰ τοὺς κατακλυσμοὺς τρία πολιτείας εἴδη συνίστασθαι· πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας ἁπλοῦν τι καὶ ἄγριον, δεδιότων τὰ ὕδατα ἐπιπολάζοντα ἀκμὴν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις· δεύτερον δὲ τὸ ἐν ταῖς ὑπωρείαις, θαρρούντων ἤδη κατὰ μικρόν, ἅτε δὴ καὶ τῶν πεδίων ἀρχομένων ἀναψύχεσθαι· τρίτον δὲ τὸ ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. λέγοι δ' ἄν τις καὶ τέταρτον καὶ πέμπτον ἴσως καὶ πλείω, ὕστατον δὲ τὸ ἐν τῇ παραλίᾳ καὶ ἐν ταῖς νήσοις, λελυμένου παντὸς τοῦ τοιούτου φόβου. τὸ γὰρ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον θαρρεῖν πλησιάζειν τῇ θαλάττῃ πλείους ἂν ὑπογράφοι διαφορὰς πολιτειῶν καὶ ἠθῶν, καθάπερ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τε καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἔτι πως ἐπὶ τὸ ἥμερον τῶν δευτέρων ὑποβεβηκότων. ἔστι δέ τις διαφορὰ καὶ παρὰ τούτοις τῶν ἀγροίκων καὶ μεσαγροίκων καὶ πολιτικῶν· ἀφ' ὧν ἤδη καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἀστεῖον καὶ ἄριστον ἦθος ἐτελεύτησεν ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων κατ' ὀλίγον μετάληψις, κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἠθῶν ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον μετάστασιν, παρὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων καὶ τῶν βίων μεταβολάς. ταύτας δὴ τὰς διαφορὰς ὑπογράφειν φησὶ τὸν ποιητὴν ὁ Πλάτων, τῆς μὲν πρώτης πολιτείας παράδειγμα τιθέντα τὸν τῶν Κυκλώπων βίον, αὐτοφυεῖς νεμομένων καρποὺς καὶ τὰς ἀκρωρείας κατεχόντων ἐν σπηλαίοις τισίν· ἀλλὰ τά γ' ἄσπαρτα καὶ ἀνήροτα πάντα φύονται, φησίν, αὐτοῖς· τοῖσιν δ' οὐκ ἀγοραὶ βουληφόροι, οὔτε θέμιστες· ἀλλ' οἵ γ' ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων ναίουσι κάρηνα ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι, θεμιστεύει δὲ ἕκαστος παίδων ἠδ' ἀλόχων. τοῦ δὲ δευτέρου τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ Δαρδάνου κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην, ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο, πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ἔθ' ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπιδάκου Ἴδης τοῦ δὲ τρίτου ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἴλου τὸν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις. τοῦτον γὰρ παραδιδόασι τοῦ Ἰλίου κτίστην, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν λαβεῖν τὴν πόλιν· εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐν μέσῳ τῷ πεδίῳ τεθάφθαι αὐτόν, ὅτι πρῶτος ἐθάρρησεν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις θέσθαι τὴν κατοικίαν οἱ δὲ παρ' Ἴλου σῆμα παλαιοῦ Δαρδανίδαο μέσσον κὰπ πεδίον παρ' ἐρινεὸν ἐσσεύοντο. οὐδ' οὗτος δὲ τελέως ἐθάρρησεν· οὐ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυσε τὴν πόλιν ὅπου νῦν ἔστιν, ἀλλὰ σχεδόν τι τριάκοντα σταδίοις ἀνωτέρω πρὸς ἕω καὶ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην καὶ τὴν Δαρδανίαν κατὰ τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Ἰλιέων κώμην. οἱ δὲ νῦν Ἰλιεῖς φιλοδοξοῦντες καὶ θέλοντες εἶναι ταύτην τὴν παλαιὰν παρεσχήκασι λόγον τοῖς ἐκ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως τεκμαιρομένοις· οὐ γὰρ ἔοικεν αὕτη εἶναι ἡ καθ' Ὅμηρον. καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ ἱστοροῦσι πλείους μεταβεβληκέναι τόπους τὴν πόλιν, ὕστατα δ' ἐνταῦθα συμμεῖναι κατὰ Κροῖσον μάλιστα. τὰς δὴ τοιαύτας μεταβάσεις εἰς τὰ κάτω μέρη τὰς τότε συμβαινούσας ὑπολαμβάνω καὶ βίων καὶ πολιτειῶν ὑπογράφειν διαφοράς. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν καὶ ἄλλοτε ἐπισκεπτέον. |
Plato {115} conjectures, however, that after the time of the floods three kinds of civilization were formed: the first, that on the mountain tops, which was simple and wild, when men were in fear of the waters which still deeply covered the plains; the second, that on the foothills, when men were now gradually taking courage because the plains were beginning to be relieved of the waters; and the third, that in the plains. One might speak equally of a fourth and fifth, or even more, but last of all that on the seacoast and in the islands, when men had been finally released from all such fear; for the greater or less courage they took in approaching the sea would indicate several different stages of civilization and manners, first as in the case of the qualities of goodness and wildness, which in some way further served as a foundation for the milder qualities in the second stage. But in the second stage also there is a difference to be noted, I mean between the rustic and semi-rustic and civilized qualities; and, beginning with these last qualities, the gradual assumption of new names ended in the polite and highest culture, in accordance with the change of manners for the better along with the changes in places of abode and in modes of life. Now these differences, according to Plato, {116} are suggested by the poet, who sets forth as an example of the first stage of civilization the life of the Cyclopes, who lived on uncultivated fruits and occupied the mountain tops, living in caves: “but all these things,” he says, “grow unsown and unploughed” for them. . . . And they have no assemblies for council, nor appointed laws, but they dwell on the tops of high mountains in hollow caves, and each is lawgiver to his children and his wives. {117} And as an example of the second stage, the life in the time of Dardanus, whofounded Dardania; for not yet had sacred Ilios been builded to be a city of mortal men, but they were living on the foothills of many-fountained Ida. {118} And of the third stage, the life in the plains in the time of Ilus; {119} for he is the traditional founder of Ilium, and it was from him that the city took its name. And it is reasonable to suppose, also, that he was buried in the middle of the plain for this reason--that he was the first to take up his abode in the plains:And they sped past the tomb of ancient Ilus, son of Dardanus, through the middle of the plain past the wild fig tree. {120} Yet even Ilus did not have full courage, for he did not found the city at the place where it now is, but about thirty stadia higher up towards the east, and towards Mt. Ida and Dardania, at the place now called "Village of the Ilians." {121} But the people of the present Ilium, being fond of glory and wishing to show that their Ilium was the ancient city, have offered a troublesome argument to those who base their evidence on the poetry of Homer, for their Ilium does not appear to have been the Homeric city. Other inquirers also find that the city changed its site several times, but at last settled permanently where it now is at about the time of Croesus. {122} I take for granted, then, that such removals into the parts lower down, which took place in those times, indicate different stages in modes of life and civilization; but this must be further investigated at another time.
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115. Plat. Laws 677-679. 116. Plat. Laws 3.680. 117. Hom. Od. 9.109-114 (quoted by Plato in Plat. Laws 3.680). 118. Hom. Il. 20.216 (quoted by Plat. Laws 3.681). 119. Plat. Laws 3.682. 120. Hom. Il. 11.166 121. Schliemann's excavations, however, identify Hissarlik as the site of Homer's Troy. Hence "the site of Homer's Troy at 'the village of Ilians' is a mere figment" (Leaf, l.c., p. 141). 122. King of Lydia, 560-546 B.C.
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τὴν δὲ τῶν Ἰλιέων πόλιν τῶν νῦν τέως μὲν κώμην εἶναί φασι τὸ ἱερὸν ἔχουσαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς μικρὸν καὶ εὐτελές, Ἀλέξανδρον δὲ ἀναβάντα μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Γρανίκῳ νίκην ἀναθήμασί τε κοσμῆσαι τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ προσαγορεῦσαι πόλιν καὶ οἰκοδομίαις ἀναλαβεῖν προστάξαι τοῖς ἐπιμεληταῖς ἐλευθέραν τε κρῖναι καὶ ἄφορον· ὕστερον δὲ μετὰ τὴν κατάλυσιν τῶν Περσῶν ἐπιστολὴν καταπέμψαι φιλάνθρωπον, ὑπισχνούμενον πόλιν τε ποιῆσαι μεγάλην καὶ ἱερὸν ἐπισημότατον καὶ ἀγῶνα ἀποδείξειν ἱερόν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκείνου τελευτὴν Λυσίμαχος μάλιστα τῆς πόλεως ἐπεμελήθη καὶ νεὼν κατεσκεύασε καὶ τεῖχος περιεβάλετο ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίων, συνῴκισέ τε εἰς αὐτὴν τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἤδη κεκακωμένας, ὅτε καὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἤδη ἐπεμελήθη, συνῳκισμένης μὲν ἤδη ὑπ' Ἀντιγόνου καὶ προσηγορευμένης Ἀντιγονείας, μεταβαλούσης δὲ τοὔνομα· ἔδοξε γὰρ εὐσεβὲς εἶναι τοὺς Ἀλέξανδρον διαδεξαμένους ἐκείνου πρότερον κτίζειν ἐπωνύμους πόλεις, εἶθ' ἑαυτῶν· καὶ δὴ καὶ συνέμεινε καὶ αὔξησιν ἔσχε, νῦν δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται καὶ ἔστι τῶν ἐλλογίμων πόλεων. |
It is said that the city of the present Ilians was for a time a mere village, having its temple of Athena, a small and cheap temple, but that when Alexander went up there after his victory at the Granicus {123} River he adorned the temple with votive offerings, gave the village the title of city, and ordered those in charge to improve it with buildings, and that he adjudged it free and exempt from tribute; and that later, after the overthrow of the Persians, he sent down a kindly letter to the place, promising to make a great city of it, and to build a magnificent sanctuary, and to proclaim sacred games. {124} But after his death Lysimachus {125} devoted special attention to the city, and built a temple there and surrounded the city with a wall about forty stadia in circuit, and also incorporated into it the surrounding cities, which were now old and in bad plight. At that time he had already devoted attention to Alexandreia, which had indeed already been founded by Antigonus and called Antigonia, but had changed its name, for it was thought to be a pious thing for the successors of Alexander to found cities bearing his name before they founded cities bearing their own. And indeed the city endured and grew, and at present it not only has received a colony of Romans but is one of the notable cities of the world.
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123. The first of the three battles by which he overthrew the Persian empire (334 B.C.). 124. e.g., like the Olympic Games. But his untimely death prevented the fulfillment of this promise. 125. Either Strabo, or his authority, Demetrius of Scepsis, or the Greek text as it now stands, seems guilty of inconsistency in the passage "devoted especial attention to the city . . . and then cities bearing their own." Grote (Vol. I, chapter xv rearranges the Greek text in the following order: "devoted especial attention to Alexandreia" (not Ilium), "which had indeed already been founded by Antigonus and called Antigonia, but changed its name (for it was thought to be . . . then cities bearing their own name), and he built a temple . . . forty stadia in circuit." He omits "at that time he had already devoted attention to Alexandreia," and so does Leaf (op. cit., p. 142; but the latter, instead of rearranging the text, simply inserts "Alexandreia" after "city" in the first clause of the passage. Leaf (p. 143) adds the following important argument to those of Grote: "There is no trace whatever of any great wall at Ilium, though remains of one 40 stades in length could hardly have escaped notice. But there is at Alexandreia such a wall which is exactly the length mentioned by Strabo, and which is clearly referred to."
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καὶ τὸ Ἴλιον δ' ὃ νῦν ἔστι κωμόπολίς τις ἦν, ὅτε πρῶτον Ῥωμαῖοι τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπέβησαν καὶ ἐξέβαλον Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν ἐκ τῆς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. φησὶ γοῦν Δημήτριος ὁ Σκήψιος, μειράκιον ἐπιδημήσας εἰς τὴν πόλιν κατ' ἐκείνους τοὺς καιρούς, οὕτως ὠλιγωρημένην ἰδεῖν τὴν κατοικίαν ὥστε μηδὲ κεραμωτὰς ἔχειν τὰς στέγας· Ἡγησιάναξ δὲ τοὺς Γαλάτας περαιωθέντας ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης ἀναβῆναι μὲν εἰς τὴν πόλιν δεομένους ἐρύματος, παρὰ χρῆμα δ' ἐκλιπεῖν διὰ τὸ ἀτείχιστον· ὕστερον δ' ἐπανόρθωσιν ἔσχε πολλήν. εἶτ' ἐκάκωσαν αὐτὴν πάλιν οἱ μετὰ Φιμβρίου Ῥωμαῖοι λαβόντες ἐκ πολιορκίας ἐν τῷ Μιθριδατικῷ πολέμῳ. συνεπέμφθη δὲ ὁ Φιμβρίας ὑπάτῳ Ὀυαλερίῳ Φλάκκῳ ταμίας προχειρισθέντι ἐπὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην· καταστασιάσας δὲ καὶ ἀνελὼν τὸν ὕπατον κατὰ Βιθυνίαν αὐτὸς κατεστάθη κύριος τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ προελθὼν εἰς Ἴλιον, οὐ δεχομένων αὐτὸν τῶν Ἰλιέων ὡς λῃστήν, βίαν τε προσφέρει καὶ δεκαταίους αἱρεῖ· καυχωμένου δ' ὅτι ἣν Ἀγαμέμνων πόλιν δεκάτῳ ἔτει μόλις εἷλε τὸν χιλιόναυν στόλον ἔχων καὶ τὴν σύμπασαν Ἑλλάδα συστρατεύουσαν, ταύτην αὐτὸς δεκάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ χειρώσαιτο, εἶπέ τις τῶν Ἰλιέων “οὐ γὰρ ἦν Ἕκτωρ ὁ ὑπερμαχῶν τῆς πόλεως.” τοῦτον μὲν οὖν ἐπελθὼν Σύλλας κατέλυσε, καὶ τὸν Μιθριδάτην κατὰ συμβάσεις εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπέπεμψε, τοὺς δ' Ἰλιέας παρεμυθήσατο πολλοῖς ἐπανορθώμασι. καθ' ἡμᾶς μέντοι Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς πολὺ πλέον αὐτῶν προὐνόησε ζηλώσας ἅμα καὶ Ἀλέξανδρον· ἐκεῖνος γὰρ κατὰ συγγενείας ἀνανέωσιν ὥρμησε προνοεῖν αὐτῶν, ἅμα καὶ φιλόμηρος ὤν· φέρεται γοῦν τις διόρθωσις τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως, ἡ ἐκ τοῦ νάρθηκος λεγομένη, τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου μετὰ τῶν περὶ Καλλισθένη καὶ Ἀνάξαρχον ἐπελθόντος καὶ σημειωσαμένου τινά, ἔπειτα καταθέντος εἰς νάρθηκα ὃν ηὗρεν ἐν τῇ Περσικῇ γάζῃ πολυτελῶς κατεσκευασμένον. κατά τε δὴ τὸν τοῦ ποιητοῦ ζῆλον καὶ κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Αἰακιδῶν τῶν ἐν Μολοττοῖς βασιλευσάντων, παρ' οἷς καὶ τὴν Ἀνδρομάχην ἱστοροῦσι βασιλεῦσαι τὴν Ἕκτορος γενομένην γυναῖκα, ἐφιλοφρονεῖτο πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος· ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ καὶ φιλαλέξανδρος ὢν καὶ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Ἰλιέας συγγενείας γνωριμώτερα ἔχων τεκμήρια, ἐπερρώσθη πρὸς τὴν εὐεργεσίαν νεανικῶς· γνωριμώτερα δέ, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι Ῥωμαῖος, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν Αἰνείαν ἀρχηγέτην ἡγοῦνται, ἔπειτα ὅτι Ἰούλιος ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τινὸς τῶν προγόνων· ἐκεῖνος δ' ἀπὸ Ἰούλου τὴν προσωνυμίαν ἔσχε ταύτην, τῶν ἀπογόνων εἷς ὢν τῶν ἀπὸ Αἰνείου. χώραν τε δὴ προσένειμεν αὐτοῖς καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν καὶ τὴν ἀλειτουργησίαν αὐτοῖς συνεφύλαξε καὶ μέχρι νῦν συμμένουσιν ἐν τούτοις. ὅτι δ' οὐκ ἐνταῦθα ἵδρυται τὸ παλαιὸν Ἴλιον καθ' Ὅμηρον σκοποῦσιν, ἐκ τῶν τοιῶνδε τεκμαίρονται. πρότερον δὲ ὑπογραπτέον τοὺς τόπους ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ἀρξαμένους ἀφ' ἧσπερ ἐλίπομεν. |
Also the Ilium of today was a kind of village-city when the Romans first set foot on Asia and expelled Antiochus the Great from the country this side of Taurus. At any rate, Demetrius of Scepsis says that, when as a lad he visited the city about that time, he found the settlement so neglected that the buildings did not so much as have tiled roofs. And Hegesianax says that when the Galatae crossed over from Europe they needed a stronghold and went up into the city for that reason, but left it at once because of its lack of walls. But later it was greatly improved. And then it was ruined again by the Romans under Fimbria, who took it by siege in the course of the Mithridatic war. Fimbria had been sent as quaestor with Valerius Flaccus the consul when the latter was appointed {126} to the command against Mithridates; but Fimbria raised a mutiny and slew the consul in the neighborhood of Bithynia, and was himself set up as lord of the army; and when he advanced to Ilium, the llians would not admit him, as being a brigand, and therefore he applied force and captured the place on the eleventh day. And when he boasted that he himself had overpowered on the eleventh day the city which Agamemnon had only with difficulty captured in the tenth year, although the latter had with him on his expedition the fleet of a thousand vessels and the whole of Greece, one of the Ilians said: "Yes, for the city's champion was no Hector." Now Sulla came over and overthrew Fimbria, and on terms of agreement sent Mithridates away to his homeland, but he also consoled the Ilians by numerous improvements. In my time, however, the deified Caesar {127} was far more thoughtful of them, at the same time also emulating the example of Alexander; for Alexander set out to provide for them on the basis of a renewal of ancient kinship, and also because at the same time he was fond of Homer; at any rate, we are told of a recension of the poetry of Homer, the Recension of the Casket, as it is called, which Alexander, along with Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, perused and to a certain extent annotated, and then deposited in a richly wrought casket which he had found amongst the Persian treasures. {128} Accordingly, it was due both to his zeal for the poet and to his descent from the Aeacidae who reigned as kings of the Molossians--where, as we are also told, Andromache, who had been the wife of Hector, reigned as queen--that Alexander was kindly disposed towards the Ilians. But Caesar, not only being fond of Alexander, but also having better known evidences of kinship with the llians, felt encouraged to bestow kindness upon them with all the zest of youth: better known evidences, first, because he was a Roman, and because the Romans believe Aeneias to have been their original founder; and secondly, because the name Iulius was derived from that of a certain Iulus who was one of his ancestors, {129} and this Iulus got his appellation from the Iulus who was one of the descendants of Aeneas. Caesar therefore allotted territory to them end also helped them to preserve their freedom and their immunity from taxation; and to this day they remain in possession of these favors. But that this is not the site of the ancient Ilium, if one considers the matter in accordance with Homer's account, is inferred from the following considerations. But first I must give a general description of the region in question, beginning at that point on the coast where I left off.
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126. i.e., in 86 B.C. by Cinna the consul, the leader of the popular party at Rome. 127. Julius Caesar. 128. According to Plut. Alexander 8, "Alexander took with him Aristotle's recension of the poem, called the Iliad of the Casket, and always kept it lying beside his dagger under his pillow, as Onesicritus informs us"; and "the casket was the most precious of the treasures of Dareius" (ibid. 26). 129. i.e., of the Julians gens.
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ἔστι τοίνυν μετ' Ἄβυδον ἥ τε Δαρδανὶς ἄκρα, ἧς μικρὸν πρότερον ἐμνήσθημεν, καὶ ἡ πόλις ἡ Δάρδανος, διέχουσα τῆς Ἀβύδου ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους. μεταξύ τε ὁ Ῥοδίος ἐκπίπτει ποταμός, καθ' ὃν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Κυνὸς σῆμά ἐστιν, ὅ φασιν Ἑκάβης εἶναι τάφον· οἱ δὲ τὸν Ῥοδίον εἰς τὸν Αἴσηπον ἐμβάλλειν φασίν· εἷς δ' ἐστὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένων καὶ οὗτος Ῥῆσός θ' Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε. ἡ δὲ Δάρδανος κτίσμα ἀρχαῖον, οὕτω δ' εὐκαταφρόνητον ὥστε πολλάκις οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ μὲν μετῴκιζον αὐτὴν εἰς Ἄβυδον οἱ δὲ ἀνῴκιζον πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον κτίσμα. ἐνταῦθα δὲ συνῆλθον Σύλλας τε Κορνήλιος ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμὼν καὶ Μιθριδάτης ὁ κληθεὶς Εὐπάτωρ, καὶ συνέβησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ πολέμου. |
After Abydus, then, comes the Dardanian Promontory, which I mentioned a little while ago, {130} and also the city Dardanus, which is seventy stadia distant from Abydus. Between the two places empties the Rhodius River, opposite which, in the Chersonesus, is Cynos-Sema, {131} which is said to be the tomb of Hecabe. But some say that the Rhodius empties into the Aesepus. This too is one of the rivers mentioned by the poet:Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius. {132} Dardanus was an ancient settlement, but it was held in such contempt that it was oftentimes transplanted by some of the kings to Abydus and then resettled again by others on the ancient site. It was here that Cornelius Sulla, the Roman commander, and Mithridates surnamed Eupator met and arranged the terms for the conclusion of the war.
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130. 13. 1. 11. 131. See "Cyno-Sema." 132. Hom. Il. 12.20
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πλησίον δ' ἐστὶ τὸ Ὀφρύνιον, ἐφ' ᾧ τὸ τοῦ Ἕκτορος ἄλσος ἐν περιφανεῖ τόπῳ· καὶ ἐφεξῆς λίμνη Πτελεώς. |
Near by is Ophrynium, near which, in a conspicuous place, is the sacred precinct of Hector. {133} And next comes the Lake {134} of Pteleos.
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133. On the site of Ophrynium, see Leaf, p. 153. 134. Leaf, p. 154, following Calvert, emends "Lake" to "Harbor."
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εἶτα Ῥοίτειον πόλις ἐπὶ λόφῳ κειμένη καὶ τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ συνεχὴς ᾐὼν ἁλιτενής, ἐφ' ᾖ μνῆμα καὶ ἱερὸν Αἴαντος καὶ ἀνδριάς, ὃν ἄραντος Ἀντωνίου κομισθέντα εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἀπέδωκε τοῖς Ῥοιτειεῦσι πάλιν, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλοις ἄλλους, ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ. τὰ γὰρ κάλλιστα ἀναθήματα ἐκ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ἱερῶν ὁ μὲν ἦρε τῇ Αἰγυπτίᾳ χαριζόμενος, ὁ δὲ θεοῖς ἀπέδωκε. |
Then come Rhoeteium, a city situated on a hill, and, adjacent to Rhoeteium, a low-lying shore, on which are a tomb and temple of Aias, and also a statue of him, which was taken up by Antony and carried of to Aegypt; but Augustus Caesar gave it back again to the Rhoeteians, just as he gave back other statues to their owners. For Antony took away the finest dedications from the most famous temples, to gratify the Egyptian woman, {135} but Augustus gave them back to the gods.
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135. Cleopatra.
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μετὰ δὲ τὸ Ῥοίτειον ἔστι τὸ Σίγειον, κατεσπασμένη πόλις, καὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον καὶ ὁ Ἀχαιῶν λιμὴν καὶ τὸ Ἀχαϊκὸν στρατόπεδον καὶ ἡ στομαλίμνη καλουμένη καὶ αἱ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου ἐκβολαί. συμπεσόντες γὰρ ὅ τε Σιμόεις καὶ ὁ Σκάμανδρος ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ πολλὴν καταφέροντες ἰλὺν προσχοῦσι τὴν παραλίαν καὶ τυφλὸν στόμα τε καὶ λιμνοθαλάττας καὶ ἕλη ποιοῦσι. κατὰ δὲ τὴν Σιγειάδα ἄκραν ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ Χερρονήσῳ τὸ Πρωτεσιλάειον καὶ ἡ Ἐλαιοῦσσα, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν ἐν τοῖς Θρᾳκίοις. |
After Rhoeteium come Sigeium, a destroyed city, and the Naval Station and the Harbor of the Achaeans and the Achaean Camp and Stomalimne, {136} as it is called, and the outlets of the Scamander; for after the Simoeis and the Scamander meet in the plain, they carry down great quantities of alluvium, silt up the coat, and form a blind mouth, lagoons, and marshes. Opposite the Sigeian Promontory on the Chersonesus are Eleussa {137} and the temple of Protesilaüs, both of which I have mentioned in my description of Thrace. {138}
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136. "Mouth-of-the-marsh." 137. "Eleussa" appears to be an error for "Eleus." 138. Book 7, Fr. 51, 54, 55.
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ἔστι δὲ τὸ μῆκος τῆς παραλίας ταύτης ἀπὸ τοῦ Ῥοιτείου μέχρι Σιγείου καὶ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως μνήματος εὐθυπλοούντων ἑξήκοντα σταδίων· ὑποπέπτωκε δὲ τῷ Ἰλίῳ πᾶσα, τῷ μὲν νῦν κατὰ τὸν Ἀχαιῶν λιμένα ὅσον δώδεκα σταδίους διέχουσα, τῷ δὲ προτέρῳ τριάκοντα ἄλλοις σταδίοις ἀνωτέρῳ κατὰ τὸ πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην μέρος. τοῦ μὲν οὖν Ἀχιλλέως καὶ ἱερόν ἐστι καὶ μνῆμα πρὸς τῷ Σιγείῳ, Πατρόκλου δὲ καὶ Ἀντιλόχου μνήματα, καὶ ἐναγίζουσιν οἱ Ἰλιεῖς πᾶσι καὶ τούτοις καὶ τῷ Αἴαντι. Ἡρακλέα δ' οὐ τιμῶσιν αἰτιώμενοι τὴν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ πόρθησιν. ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος μέν, φαίη τις ἄν, οὕτως ἐπόρθησεν ὥστ' ἀπολιπεῖν τοῖς ὕστερον ἐκπορθήσουσι κεκακωμένην μέν, πόλιν δέ· διὸ καὶ οὕτως εἴρηκεν ὁ ποιητής Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν, χήρωσε δ' ἀγυιάς. ἡ γὰρ χηρεία λιπανδρία τίς ἐστιν, οὐκ ἀφανισμὸς τέλειος· οὗτοι δ' ἠφάνισαν τελέως, οἷς ἐναγίζειν ἀξιοῦσι καὶ τιμᾶν ὡς θεούς· εἰ μὴ τοῦτ' αἰτιάσαιντο διότι οὗτοι μὲν δίκαιον πόλεμον ἐξήνεγκαν, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἄδικον “ἕνεχ' ἵππων Λαομέδοντος.” πρὸς τοῦτο δὲ πάλιν ἀντιτίθεται μῦθος· οὐ γὰρ ἕνεκα ἵππων, ἀλλὰ μισθοῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἡσιόνης καὶ τοῦ κήτους. ἀλλ' ἐάσωμεν ταῦτα· εἰς γὰρ μύθων ἀνασκευὰς ἐκπίπτει· τάχα δὲ λανθάνουσί τινες ἡμᾶς αἰτίαι πιστότεραι δι' ἃς τοῖς Ἰλιεῦσιν ἐπῆλθε τοὺς μὲν τιμᾶν τοὺς δὲ μή. ἔοικε δὲ ὁ ποιητὴς μικρὰν ἀποφαίνειν τὴν πόλιν ἐν τῷ περὶ Ἡρακλέους λόγῳ, εἴπερ ἓξ οἴῃς σὺν νηυσὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισιν Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν. καὶ φαίνεται ὁ Πρίαμος τῷ τοιούτῳ λόγῳ μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ γεγονὼς καὶ βασιλεὺς βασιλέων, ὡς ἔφαμεν. μικρὸν δὲ προελθοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῆς παραλίας ταύτης ἐστὶ τὸ Ἀχαίιον ἤδη τῆς Τενεδίων περαίας ὑπάρχον. |
The length of this coast, I mean on a straight voyage from Rhoeteium to Sigeium, and the monument of Achilles, is sixty stadia; and the whole of it lies below Ilium, not only the present Ilium, from which, at the Harbor of the Achaeans, it is about twelve stadia distant, but also the earlier Ilium, which lies thirty stadia farther inland in the direction of Mt. Ida. Now there are a temple and a monument of Achilles near Sigeium, as also monuments of Patroclus and Antilochus; and the Ilians offer sacrifices to all four heroes, both to these and to Aias. But they do not honor Heracles, giving as their reason his sacking of the city. But one might say that, although Heracles did sack it, yet he sacked it in such a way as still to leave it a city, even though damaged, for those who were later to sack it utterly; and for this reason the poet states it thus:He sacked the city of Ilios and widowed her streets; {139} for "widowed" means a loss of the male population, not a complete annihilation. But the others, whom they think fit to worship with sacrifices and to honor as gods, completely annihilated the city. Perhaps they might give as their reason for this that these waged a just war, whereas Heracles waged an unjust one "on account of the horses of Laomedon." {140} But writers set over against this reason the myth that it was not on account of the horses but of the reward offered for Hesione and the sea-monster. {141} But let us disregard these reasons, for they end merely in controversies about myths. And perhaps we fail to notice certain more credible reasons why it occurred to the Ilians to honor some and not others. And it appears that the poet, in what he says about Heracles, represents the city as small, if it be true thatwith only six ships and fewer men he sacked the city of Ilium. {142} And it is clearly shown by this statement that Priam became great and king of kings from a small beginning, as I have said before. {143} Advancing a little farther along this shore, one comes to the Achaeïum, where begins the part of the mainland that belongs to Tenedos.
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139. Hom. Il. 5.642 140. Hom. Il. 5. 640. 141. To appease the anger of Poseidon, Laomedon exposed his daughter Hesione on the promontory Agameia (see Stephanus s.v.) to be devoted by a sea-monster. Heracles promised to kill the monster and save Hesione if Laomedon would give him his immortal horses. Laomedon agreed. Heracles fulfilled his promise, but Laomedon refused to give up the horses, and hence the war. 142. Hom. Il. 5.641 143. 12. 8. 7, 13. 1. 7.
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τοιούτων δὲ τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τόπων ὄντων ὑπέρκειται τούτων τὸ Τρωικὸν πεδίον μέχρι τῆς Ἴδης ἀνῆκον ἐπὶ πολλοὺς σταδίους κατὰ τὸ πρὸς ἕω μέρος. τούτου δ' ἡ μὲν παρώρειός ἐστι στενή, τῇ μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν τεταμένη μέχρι τῶν κατὰ Σκῆψιν τόπων, τῇ δ' ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους μέχρι τῶν κατὰ Ζέλειαν Λυκίων. ταύτην δ' ὁ ποιητὴς ὑπ' Αἰνείᾳ τάττει καὶ τοῖς Ἀντηνορίδαις, καλεῖ δὲ Δαρδανίαν. ὑπὸ δὲ ταύτῃ Κεβρηνία, πεδιὰς ἡ πλείστη, παράλληλός πως τῇ Δαρδανίᾳ· ἦν δὲ καὶ πόλις ποτὲ Κεβρήνη. ὑπονοεῖ δ' ὁ Δημήτριος μέχρι δεῦρο διατείνειν τὴν περὶ τὸ Ἴλιον χώραν τὴν ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι, ἀνήκουσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ ναυστάθμου μέχρι Κεβρηνίας· τάφον τε γὰρ Ἀλεξάνδρου δείκνυσθαί φησιν αὐτόθι καὶ Οἰνώνης, ἣν ἱστοροῦσι γυναῖκα γεγονέναι τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου πρὶν Ἑλένην ἁρπάσαι· λέγειν τε τὸν ποιητήν Κεβριόνην νόθον υἱὸν ἀγακλῆος Πριάμοιο, ὃν εἰκὸς εἶναι ἐπώνυμον τῆς χώρας ἢ καὶ πόλεως, ὅπερ πιθανώτερον· τὴν δὲ Κεβρηνίαν διήκειν μέχρι τῆς Σκηψίας, ὅριον δ' εἶναι τὸν Σκάμανδρον μέσον αὐτῶν ῥέοντα· ἔχθραν δ' ἀεὶ καὶ πόλεμον εἶναι τοῖς τε Κεβρηνοῖς καὶ τοῖς Σκηψίοις, ἕως Ἀντίγονος αὐτοὺς συνῴκισεν εἰς τὴν τότε μὲν Ἀντιγόνειαν νῦν δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρειαν· τοὺς μὲν οὖν Κεβρηνιέας συμμεῖναι τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐν τῇ Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ, τοὺς δὲ Σκηψίους ἐπανελθεῖν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἐπιτρέψαντος Λυσιμάχου. |
Such, are the places on the sea. Above these lies the Trojan Plain, which extends inland for many stadia in the direction of the east as far as Mt. Ida. The part of this plain alongside the mountain is narrow, extending on one side towards the south as far as the region of Scepsis, and on the other towards the north as far as the Lycians of Zeleia. This is the country which the poet makes subject to Aeneias and the sons of Antenor, calling it Dardania; and below this is Cebrenia, which is level for the most part and lies approximately parallel to Dardania; and in it there was once a city called Cebrene. {144} Demetrius suspects that the territory of Ilium subject to Hector extended inland from the naval station as far a Cebrenia, for he says that the tomb of Alexander {145} is pointed out there, as also that of Oenone, who, according to historians, had been the wife of Alexander before he carried off Helen. And, he continues, the poet mentionsCebriones, bastard son of glorious Priam, {146} after whom, as one may suppose, the country was named--or the city too, which is more plausible; and Cebrenia extends as far as the territory of Scepsis; and the Scamander, which flows between, is the boundary; and the Cebreni and Scepsians were always hostile to one another and at war until Antigonus settled both peoples together in Antigonia, as it was then called, or Alexandreia, as it is now called; now the Cebreni, he adds, remained with the rest in Alexandreia, but the Scepsians, by permission of Lysimachus, went back to their homeland.
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144. So the name is spelled in section 47, but "Cebren" in section 52. 145. Paris. 146. Hom. Il. 16.738
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ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς κατὰ τούτους τοὺς τόπους Ἰδαίας ὀρεινῆς δύο φησὶν ἀγκῶνας ἐκτείνεσθαι πρὸς θάλατταν, τὸν μὲν εὐθὺ Ῥοιτείου τὸν δὲ Σιγείου, ποιοῦντας ἐξ ἀμφοῖν γραμμὴν ἡμικυκλιώδη· τελευτᾶν δ' ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ, τοσοῦτον ἀπέχοντας τῆς θαλάττης ὅσον τὸ νῦν Ἴλιον. τοῦτο μὲν δὴ μεταξὺ τῆς τελευτῆς τῶν λεχθέντων ἀγκώνων εἶναι, τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν κτίσμα μεταξὺ τῆς ἀρχῆς· ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι δ' ἐντὸς τό τε Σιμοείσιον πεδίον δι' οὗ ὁ Σιμόεις φέρεται, καὶ τὸ Σκαμάνδριον δι' οὗ Σκάμανδρος ῥεῖ. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἰδίως Τρωικὸν λέγεται, καὶ τοὺς πλείστους ἀγῶνας ὁ ποιητὴς ἐνταῦθα ἀποδίδωσι· πλατύτερον γάρ ἐστι, καὶ τοὺς ὀνομαζομένους τόπους ἐνταῦθα δεικνυμένους ὁρῶμεν, τὸν ἐρινεόν, τὸν τοῦ Αἰσυήτου τάφον, τὴν Βατίειαν, τὸ τοῦ Ἴλου σῆμα. οἱ δὲ ποταμοὶ ὅ τε Σκάμανδρος καὶ ὁ Σιμόεις, ὁ μὲν τῷ Σιγείῳ πλησιάσας ὁ δὲ τῷ Ῥοιτείῳ, μικρὸν ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου συμβάλλουσιν, εἶτ' ἐπὶ τὸ Σίγειον ἐκδιδόασι καὶ ποιοῦσι τὴν στομαλίμνην καλουμένην. διείργει δ' ἑκάτερον τῶν λεχθέντων πεδίων ἀπὸ θατέρου μέγας τις αὐχὴν τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγκώνων ἐπ' εὐθείας, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχων συμφυὴς αὐτῷ, τεινόμενος δ' ἕως τῆς Κεβρηνίας καὶ ἀποτελῶν τὸ Ε γράμμα πρὸς τοὺς ἑκατέρωθεν ἀγκῶνας. |
From the mountain range of Ida in this region, according to Demetrius, two spurs extend to the sea, one straight to Rhoeteium and the other straight to Sigeium, forming together a semicircular line, and they end in the plain at the same distance from the sea as the present Ilium; this Ilium, accordingly, lies between the ends of the two spurs mentioned, whereas the old settlement lies between their beginnings; and, he adds, the spurs include both the Simoeisian Plain, through which the Simoeis runs, and the Scamandrian Plain, through which the Scamander flows. This is called the Trojan Plain in the special sense of the term; and here it is that the poet represents most of the fights as taking place, for it is wider; and here it is that we see pointed out the places named by the poet Erineus, {147} the tomb of Aesyetes, {148} Batieia, {149} and the monument of Ilus. {150} The Scamander and Simoeis Rivers, after running near to Sigeium and Rhoeteium respectively, meet a little in front of the present Ilium, and then issue towards Sigeium and form Stomalimne, {151} as it is called. The two plains above mentioned are separated from each other by a great neck of land which runs in a straight line between the aforesaid spurs, starting from the present Ilium, with which it is connected, and stretches as far as Cebrenia and, along with the spur's on either side, {152} forms a complete letter . {153}
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147. "Fig-tree." Hom. Il. 6.433. 148. Hom. Il. 2.793. 149. Hom. Il. 2.813. 150. Hom. Il. 10.415. 151. See 13. 1. 31 and footnote. 152. These spurs forming a semi-circular line, as stated above. 153. i.e., the uncial letter written backwards. See Leaf's diagram, p. 175.
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ὑπὲρ δὲ τούτου μικρὸν ἡ τῶν Ἰλιέων κώμη ἐστίν, ἐν ᾖ νομίζεται τὸ παλαιὸν Ἴλιον ἱδρῦσθαι πρότερον, τριάκοντα σταδίους διέχον ἀπὸ τῆς νῦν πόλεως. ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς Ἰλιέων κώμης δέκα σταδίοις ἐστὶν ἡ Καλλικολώνη, λόφος τις, παρ' ὃν ὁ Σιμόεις ῥεῖ πενταστάδιον διέχων· γίνεται οὖν εὔλογον πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἄρεος ὦρτο δ' Ἄρης ἑτέρωθεν ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσος, ὀξὺ κατ' ἀκροτάτης πόλιος Τρώεσσι κελεύων, ἄλλοτε πὰρ Σιμόεντι θέων ἐπὶ Καλλικολώνῃ. τῆς γὰρ μάχης ἐπὶ τῷ Σκαμανδρίῳ πεδίῳ συντελουμένης πιθανῶς ἂν ὁ Ἄρης ἄλλοτε μὲν τὴν ἐγκέλευσιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ποιοῖτο, ἄλλοτε δ' ἐκ τῶν πλησίον τόπων τοῦ τε Σιμόεντος καὶ τῆς Καλλικολώνης, μέχρι οὗ εἰκὸς καὶ τὴν μάχην παρατετάσθαι· τετταράκοντα δὲ σταδίους διεχούσης τῆς Καλλικολώνης ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν Ἰλίου, τί χρήσιμον ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον μεταλαμβάνεσθαι τοὺς τόπους ἐφ' ὅσον ἡ διάταξις οὐ διέτεινε; τό τε πρὸς Θύμβρης δ' ἔλαχον Λύκιο οἰκειότερόν ἐστι τῷ παλαιῷ κτίσματι· πλησίον γάρ ἐστι τὸ πεδίον ἡ Θύμβρα καὶ ὁ δι' αὐτοῦ ῥέων ποταμὸς Θύμβριος, ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Σκάμανδρον κατὰ τὸ Θυμβραίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν, τοῦ δὲ νῦν Ἰλίου καὶ πεντήκοντα σταδίους διέχει. ὅ τε ἐρινεός, τραχύς τις τόπος καὶ ἐρινεώδης, τῷ μὲν ἀρχαίῳ κτίσματι ὑποπέπτωκεν, ὥστε τὸ λαὸν δὲ στῆσον παρ' ἐρινεόν, ἔνθα μάλιστα ἀμβατός ἐστι πόλις καὶ ἐπίδρομον ἔπλετο τεῖχος οἰκείως ἂν λέγοι ἡ Ἀνδρομάχη· τῆς δὲ νῦν πόλεως πάμπολυ ἀφέστηκε· καὶ ὁ φηγὸς δὲ μικρὸν κατωτέρω ἐστὶ τοῦ ἐρινεοῦ, ἐφ' οὗ φησιν ὁ Ἀχιλλεύς ὄφρα δ' ἐγὼ μετ' Ἀχαιοῖσιν πολέμιζον, οὐκ ἐθέλεσκε μάχην ἀπὸ τείχεος ὀρνύμεν Ἕκτωρ, ἀλλ' ὅσον ἐς Σκαιάς τε πύλας καὶ φηγὸν ἵκανεν. |
A little above this {154} is the Village of the Ilians, where the ancient Ilium is thought to have been situated in earlier times, at a distance of thirty stadia from the present city. And ten stadia above the Village of the Ilians is Callicolone, a hill, past which, at a distance of five stadia, flows the Simoeis. It therefore becomes easy to understand, first, the reference to Ares:And over against her leaped Ares, like unto a dreadful whirlwind, in shrill tones cheering the Trojans from the topmost part of the city, and now again as he sped alongside Simoeis o'er Callicolone; {155} for if the battle was fought on the Scamandrian Plain, it is plausible that Ares should at one time shout his cheers from the acropolis and at another from the region near the Simoeis and Callicolone, up to which, in all probability, the battle would have extended. But since Callicolone is forty stadia distant from the present llium, for what useful purpose would the poet have taken in places so far away that the line of battle could not have reached them? Again, the words,And towards Thymbra fell the lot of the Lycians, {156} are more suitable to the ancient settlement, for the plain of Thymbra is near it, as also the Thymbrius River, which flows through the plain and empties into the Scamander at the temple of the Thymbraean Apollo, but Thymbra is actually fifty stadia distant from the present Ilium, And again, Erineus, {157} a place that is rugged and full of wild fig trees, lies at the foot of the ancient site, so that Andromache might appropriately say, Stay thy host beside Erineus, where best the city can be approached and the wall scaled, {158} but Erineus stands at a considerable distance from the present Ilium. Further, a little below Erineus is Phegus, {159} in reference to which Achilles says,But so long as I was carrying on war amid the Achaeans, Hector was unwilling to rouse battle away from the wall, but would come only as far as the Scaean Gates and Phegus. {160}
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154. i.e., a little further inland than the country which has the shape of the letter in question. 155. Hom. Il. 20.51 156. Hom. Il. 10.430 157. See footnote on "Erineus," section 34 above. 158. Hom. Il. 6.433 159. Oak tree. 160. Hom. Il. 9.352
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καὶ μὴν τό γε ναύσταθμον τὸ νῦν ἔτι λεγόμενον πλησίον οὕτως ἐστὶ τῆς νῦν πόλεως, ὥστε θαυμάζειν εἰκότως ἄν τινα τῶν μὲν τῆς ἀπονοίας τῶν δὲ τοὐναντίον τῆς ἀψυχίας· ἀπονοίας μέν, εἰ τοσοῦτον χρόνον ἀτείχιστον αὐτὸ εἶχον, πλησίον οὔσης τῆς πόλεως καὶ τοσούτου πλήθους τοῦ τ' ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τοῦ ἐπικουρικοῦ· νεωστὶ γὰρ γεγονέναι φησὶ τὸ τεῖχος ἢ οὐδ' ἐγένετο, ὁ δὲ πλάσας ποιητὴς ἠφάνισεν, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης φησίν · ἀψυχίας δέ, εἰ γενομένου τοῦ τείχους ἐτειχομάχουν καὶ εἰσέπεσον εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ ναύσταθμον καὶ προσεμάχοντο ταῖς ναυσίν, ἀτείχιστον δὲ ἔχοντες οὐκ ἐθάρρουν προσιόντες πολιορκεῖν μικροῦ τοῦ διαστήματος ὄντος· ἔστι γὰρ τὸ ναύσταθμον πρὸς Σιγείῳ, πλησίον δὲ καὶ ὁ Σκάμανδρος ἐκδίδωσι διέχων τοῦ Ἰλίου σταδίους εἴκοσιν. εἰ δὲ φήσει τις τὸν νῦν λεγόμενον Ἀχαιῶν λιμένα εἶναι τὸ ναύσταθμον, ἐγγυτέρω τινὰ λέξει τόπον ὅσον δώδεκα σταδίους διεστῶτα τῆς πόλεως, τὀ ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πεδίον συμπροστιθείς . . . διότι τοῦτο πᾶν πρόχωμα τῶν ποταμῶν ἐστι τὸ πρὸ τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πεδίον, ὥστε εἰ δωδεκαστάδιόν ἐστι νῦν τὸ μεταξύ, τότε καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει ἔλαττον ὑπῆρχε. καὶ ἡ διήγησις δ' ἡ πρὸς τὸν Εὔμαιον ὑπὸ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως διασκευασθεῖσα μέγα ἐμφαίνει τὸ διάστημα τὸ μέχρι τῆς πόλεως ἀπὸ τοῦ ναυστάθμου ὡς ὅθ' ὑπὸ Τροίῃ λόχον ἤγομεν. φησὶ γὰρ ὑποβάς λίην γὰρ νηῶν ἑκὰς ἤλθομεν. ἐπί τε τὴν κατασκοπὴν πέμπονται γνωσόμενοι, πότερον μενοῦσι παρὰ νηυσὶν ἀπόπροθεν πολὺ ἀπεσπασμένοι τοῦ οἰκείου τείχους ἠὲ πόλινδε ἂψ ἀναχωρήσουσι. καὶ ὁ Πολυδάμας ἀμφὶ μάλα φράζεσθε, φίλοι· κέλομαι γὰρ ἔγωγε ἄστυδε νῦν ἰέναι φησίν ἑκὰς δ' ἀπὸ τείχεός εἰμεν. παρατίθησι δ' ὁ Δημήτριος καὶ τὴν Ἀλεξανδρίνην Ἑστίαιαν μάρτυρα, τὴν συγγράψασαν περὶ τῆς Ὁμήρου Ἰλιάδος, πυνθανομένην εἰ περὶ τὴν νῦν πόλιν ὁ πόλεμος συνέστη, καὶ . . . τὸ Τρωικὸν πεδίον, ὃ μεταξὺ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὁ ποιητὴς φράζει· τὸ μὲν γὰρ πρὸ τῆς νῦν πόλεως ὁρώμενον πρόχωμα εἶναι τῶν ποταμῶν ὕστερον γεγονός. |
However, the Naval Station, still now so called, is so near the present Ilium that one might reasonably wonder at the witlessness of the Greeks and the faintheartedness of the Trojans; witlessness, if the Greeks kept the Naval Station unwalled for so long a time, when they were near to the city and to so great a multitude, both that in the city and that of the allies; for Homer says that the wall had only recently been built (or else it was not built at all, but fabricated and then abolished by the poet, as Aristotle says); and faintheartedness, if the Trojans, when the wall was built, could besiege it and break into the Naval Station itself and attack the ships, yet did not have the courage to march up and besiege the station when it was still unwalled and only a slight distance away; for it is near Sigeium, and the Scamander empties near it, at a distance of only twenty stadia from Ilium. But if one shall say that the Harbor of Achaeans, as it is now called, is the Naval Station, he will be speaking of a place that is still closer, only about twelve stadia distant from the city, even if one includes the plain by the sea, because the whole of this plain is a deposit of the rivers--I mean the plain by the sea in front of the city; so that, if the distance between the sea and the city is now twelve stadia, it must have been no more than half as great at that time. Further, the feigned story told by Odysseus to Eumaeus clearly indicates that the distance from the Naval Station to the city is great, for after saying,as when we led our ambush beneath the walls of Troy, {161} he adds a little below,for we went very far from the ships. {162} And spies are sent forth to find whether the Trojans will stay by the ships "far away," far separated from their own walls,or will withdraw again to the city. {163} And Polydamas says,on both sides, friends, bethink ye well, for I, on my own part, bid you now to go to the city; afar from the walls are we. {164} Demetrius cites also Hestiaea of Alexandreia as a witness, a woman who wrote a work on Homer's Iliad and inquired whether the war took place round the present Ilium and the Trojan Plain, which latter the poet places between the city and the sea; for, she says, the plain now to be seen in front of the present Ilium is a later deposit of the rivers.
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161. Hom. Od. 14.469 162. Hom. Od. 14.496 163. Hom. Il. 10.209 164. Hom. Il. 18.254
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ὅ τε Πολίτης ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἷζε ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθώς, τύμβῳ ἐπ' ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος, μάταιος ἦν. καὶ γὰρ εἰ ἐπ' ἀκροτάτῳ, ὅμως ἆπὀ πολὺ ἂν μείζονος ὕψους τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἐσκόπευεν ἐξ ἴσου σχεδόν τι διαστήματος, μὴ δεόμενος μηδὲν τῆς ποδωκείας τοῦ ἀσφαλοῦς χάριν· πέντε γὰρ διέχει σταδίους ὁ νῦν δεικνύμενος τοῦ Αἰσυήτου τάφος κατὰ τὴν εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν ὁδόν. οὐδ' ἡ τοῦ Ἕκτορος δὲ περιδρομὴ ἡ περὶ τὴν πόλιν ἔχει τι εὔλογον· οὐ γάρ ἐστι περίδρομος ἡ νῦν διὰ τὴν συνεχῆ ῥάχιν· ἡ δὲ παλαιὰ ἔχει περιδρομήν. |
Again, Polites,who was wont to sit as a sentinel of the Trojans, trusting in his fleetness of foot, on the topmost part of the barrow of aged Aesyetes, {165} was doing a foolish thing, for even though he sat on the topmost part of it, still he might have kept watch from the much greater height of the acropolis, at approximately the same distance, with no need of fleetness of foot for safety; for the barrow of Aesyetes now pointed out is five stadia distant on the road to Alexandreia. Neither is the "clear running space" {166} of Hector round the city easy to understand, for the present Ilium has no "clear running space," on account of the ridge that joins it. The ancient city, however, has a "clear running space" round it.
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165. Hom. Il. 2.792 166. See Hom. Il. 2.812.
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οὐδὲν δ' ἴχνος σώζεται τῆς ἀρχαίας πόλεως. εἰκότως· ἅτε γὰρ ἐκπεπορθημένων τῶν κύκλῳ πόλεων, οὐ τελέως δὲ κατεσπασμένων, ταύτης δ' ἐκ βάθρων ἀνατετραμμένης, οἱ λίθοι πάντες εἰς τὴν ἐκείνων ἀνάληψιν μετηνέχθησαν. Ἀρχαιάνακτα γοῦν φασι τὸν Μιτυληναῖον ἐκ τῶν ἐκεῖθεν λίθων τὸ Σίγειον τειχίσαι. τοῦτο δὲ κατέσχον μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι Φρύνωνα τὸν ὀλυμπιονίκην πέμψαντες, Λεσβίων ἐπιδικαζομένων σχεδόν τι τῆς συμπάσης Τρῳάδος· ὧν δὴ καὶ κτίσματά εἰσιν αἱ πλεῖσται τῶν κατοικιῶν, αἱ μὲν συμμένουσαι καὶ νῦν αἱ δ' ἠφανισμέναι. Πιττακὸς δ' ὁ Μιτυληναῖος, εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν λεγομένων, πλεύσας ἐπὶ τὸν Φρύνωνα στρατηγὸν διεπολέμει τέως διατιθεὶς καὶ πάσχων κακῶς, ὕστερον δ' ἐκ μονομαχίας, προκαλεσαμένου τοῦ Φρύνωνος, ἁλιευτικὴν ἀναλαβὼν σκευὴν συνέδραμε, καὶ τῷ μὲν ἀμφιβλήστρῳ περιέβαλε τῇ τριαίνῃ δὲ καὶ τῷ ξιφιδίῳ ἔπειρε καὶ ἀνεῖλε. μένοντος δ' ἔτι τοῦ πολέμου Περίανδρος διαιτητὴς αἱρεθεὶς ὑπὸ ἀμφοῖν ἔλυσε τὸν πόλεμον. |
But no trace of the ancient city survives; and naturally so, for while the cities all round it were sacked, but not completely destroyed, yet that city was so utterly demolished that all the stones were taken from it to rebuild the others. At any rate, Archaeanax of Mitylene is said to have built a wall round Sigeium with stones taken from there. Sigeium was seized by Athenians under Phrynon the Olympian victor, although the Lesbians laid claim to almost the whole of the Troad. Most of the settlements in the Troad belong, in fact, to the Lesbians, and some endure to this day, while others have disappeared. Pittacus of Mitylene, one of the Seven Wise Men, as they are called, sailed against Phrynon the general {167} and for a time carried on the war, but with poor management and ill consequences. It was at this time that the poet Alcaeus says that he himself, being sorely pressed in a certain battle, threw away his arms. He addresses his account of it to a certain herald, whom he had bidden to report to the people at home that "Alcaeus is safe, but his arms have been hung up as an offering to Ares by the Attic army in the temple of Athena Glaucopis." {168} But later, on being challenged to single combat by Phrynon, he took up his fishing-tackle, ran to meet him, entangled him in his fishing net, and stabbed and slew him with trident and dagger. But since the war still went on, Periander was chosen by both sides as arbiter and ended it.
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167. The Athenian general. 168. Only this fragment (Bergk.) of Alcaeus' poem, addressed to Melanippus (see Hdt. 5.95), is preserved. But the text has been so badly mutilated by the copyists that none of the conjectural restorations can with certainty be adopted; and hence the translator can give only the general sense of the passage. However, the whole reference to Alcaeus appears to be merely a note that has crept into the text from the margin (Meineke and Leaf omit the whole passage).
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Τίμαιον δὲ ψεύσασθαί φησιν ὁ Δημήτριος ἱστοροῦντα ἐκ τῶν λίθων τῶν ἐξ Ἰλίου Περίανδρον ἐπιτειχίσαι τὸ Ἀχίλλειον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις, βοηθοῦντα τοῖς περὶ Πιττακόν· ἐπιτειχισθῆναι μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν Μιτυληναίων τὸν τόπον τοῦτον τῷ Σιγείῳ, οὐ μὴν ἐκ λίθων τοιούτων οὐδ' ὑπὸ τοῦ Περιάνδρου. πῶς γὰρ ἂν αἱρεθῆναι διαιτητὴν τὸν προσπολεμοῦντα; Ἀχίλλειον δ' ἔστιν ὁ τόπος ἐν ᾧ τὸ Ἀχιλλέως μνῆμα, κατοικία μικρά. κατέσκαπται δὲ καὶ τὸ Σίγειον ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰλιέων ἀπειθοῦν· ὑπ' ἐκείνοις γὰρ ἦν ὕστερον ἡ παραλία πᾶσα ἡ μέχρι Δαρδάνου, καὶ νῦν ὑπ' ἐκείνοις ἐστί. τὸ δὲ παλαιὸν ὑπὸ τοῖς Αἰολεῦσιν ἦν τὰ πλεῖστα, ὥστε Ἔφορος οὐκ ὀκνεῖ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀπὸ Ἀβύδου μέχρι Κύμης καλεῖν Αἰολίδα. Θουκυδίδης δέ φησιν ἀφαιρεθῆναι τὴν Τροίαν ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων τοὺς Μιτυληναίους ἐν τῷ Πελοποννησιακῷ πολέμῳ τῷ Παχητείῳ. |
Demetrius says that Timaeus falsifies when he informs us that Periander fortified Achilleium against the Athenians with stones from Ilium, to help the army of Pittacus; for this place, he says, was indeed fortified by the Mitylenaeans against Sigeium, though not with such stones as those, nor yet by Periander. For how could the opponent of the Athenians have been chosen as arbiter? Achilleium is the place where stands the monument of Achilles and is only a small settlement. Sigeium, also, has been razed to the ground by the Ilians, because of its disobedience; for the whole of the coast as far as Dardanus was later subject to the Ilians and is now subject to them. In ancient times the most of it was subject to the Aeolians, so that Ephorus does not hesitate to apply the name Aeolis to the whole of the coast from Abydus to Cyme. {169} Thucydides says that Troy was taken away from the Mitylenaeans by the Athenians in the Pachetian part {170} of the Peloponnesian War.
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169. See 13. 1. 4. 170. i.e., the campaign of Paches, the Athenian general, who in 427 B.C. captured Mitylene (see Thuc. 3.18-49).
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λέγουσι δ' οἱ νῦν Ἰλιεῖς καὶ τοῦτο ὡς οὐδὲ τελέως ἠφανίσθαι συνέβαινεν τὴν πόλιν κατὰ τὴν ἅλωσιν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν, οὐδ' ἐξελείφθη οὐδέποτε. αἱ γοῦν Λοκρίδες παρθένοι μικρὸν ὕστερον ἀρξάμεναι ἐπέμποντο κατ' ἔτος· καὶ ταῦτα δ' οὐχ Ὁμηρικά· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς Κασάνδρας φθορὰν οἶδεν Ὅμηρος, ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν παρθένος ἦν ὑπ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον λέγει πέφνε γὰρ Ὀθρυονῆα, Καβησόθεν ἔνδον ἐόντα, ὅς ῥα νέον πτολέμοιο μετὰ κλέος εἰληλούθει. ᾔτεε δὲ Πριάμοιο θυγατρῶν εἶδος ἀρίστην, Κασσάνδρην, ἀνάεδνον. βίας δὲ οὐδὲ μέμνηται, οὐδ' ὅτι ἡ φθορὰ τοῦ Αἴαντος ἐν τῇ ναυαγίᾳ κατὰ μῆνιν Ἀθηνᾶς συνέβη ἢ κατὰ τοιαύτην αἰτίαν, ἀλλ' ἀπεχθανόμενον μὲν τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ κατὰ τὸ κοινὸν εἴρηκεν ἁπάντων γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀσεβησάντων ἅπασιν ἐμήνιεν , ἀπολέσθαι δὲ ὑπὸ Ποσειδῶνος μεγαλορρημονήσαντα· τὰς δὲ Λοκρίδας πεμφθῆναι Περσῶν ἤδη κρατούντων συνέβη. |
The present Ilians further tell us that the city was, in fact, not completely wiped out at its capture by the Achaeans and that it was never even deserted. At any rate the Locrian maidens, beginning a little later, were sent every year. {171} But this too is non-Homeric, for Homer knows not of the violation of Cassandra, but he says that she was a maiden at about that time,for he {172} slew Othryoneus, a sojourner in Troy from Cabesus, who had but recently come, following after the rumor of war, {173} and he was asking Cassandra in marriage, the comeliest of the daughters of Priam, without gifts of wooing, {174} and yet he does not so much as mention any violation of her or say that the destruction of Aias in the shipwreck took place because of the wrath of Athena or any such cause; instead, he speaks of Aias as "hated by Athena," {175} in accordance with her general hatred (for since they one and all committed sacrilege against her temple, she was angry at them all), but says that he was destroyed by Poseidon because of his boastful speech. {176} But the fact is that the Locrian maidens were first sent when the Persians were already in power.
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171. To appease the wrath of Athena, caused after the Trojan War by the sacrilege of Aias the Locrian in her temple (he dragged Cassandra away from the altar of the Palladium), the Locrians were instructed by an oracle from Delphi to send to her temple (as temple slaves) at Ilium two maidens every year for a thousand years. It appears that the servitude of the maidens lasted for only one year, each pair being released at the end of the year when the next pair arrived, but that upon their return home they were forced to remain unmarried (see Leaf, Annual of the British School at Athens, XXI, p. 148-154). 172. Idomeneus, son of Minos and King of Crete; one of the bravest heroes of the war. 173. Or perhaps "in quest of war's renown" (Leaf). 174. Hom. Il. 13.363. Homer mentions Cassandra in only two other places, Hom. Il. 24. 699 and Odyssey 11. 422. 175. Hom. Od. 4.502. 176. Hom. Od. 4.500 ff.
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οὕτω μὲν δὴ λέγουσιν οἱ Ἰλιεῖς, Ὅμηρος δὲ ῥητῶς τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς πόλεως εἴρηκεν ἔσσεται ἦμαρ ὅταν ποτ' ὀλώλῃ Ἴλιος ἱρή. ἦ γὰρ καὶ Πριάμοιο πόλιν διεπέρσαμεν αἰπήν. βουλῇ καὶ μύθοισι. πέρθετο δὲ Πριάμοιο πόλις δεκάτῳ ἐνιαυτ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα δὲ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τίθενται τεκμήρια, οἷον ὅτι τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ξόανον νῦν μὲν ἑστηκὸς ὁρᾶται, Ὅμηρος δὲ καθήμενον ἐμφαίνει· πέπλον γὰρ κελεύει θεῖναι Ἀθηναίης ἐπὶ γούνασιν. ὡς καί, μή ποτε γούνασιν οἷσιν ἐφέζεσθαι φίλον υἱόν. βέλτιον γὰρ οὕτως ἢ ὡς τινὲς δέχονται ἀντὶ τοῦ “παρὰ τοῖς γόνασι θεῖνα” παρατιθέντες τὸ ἡ δ' ἧσται ἐπ' ἐσχάρῃ ἐν πυρὸς αὐγ ἀντὶ τοῦ “παρ' ἐσχάρῃ.” τίς γὰρ ἂν νοηθείη πέπλου ἀνάθεσις παρὰ τοῖς γόνασι; καὶ οἱ τὴν προσῳδίαν δὲ διαστρέφοντες, “γουνάσιν” ὡς θυιάσιν, ὁποτέρως ἂν δέξωνται, ἀπεραντολογοῦσιν, εἴθ' ἱκετἑίας ἑρμηνἐύοντες ἑἶτε φρένας. πολλὰ δὲ τῶν ἀρχαίων τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ξοάνων καθήμενα δείκνυται, καθάπερ ἐν Φωκαίᾳ Μασσαλίᾳ Ῥώμῃ Χίῳ ἄλλαις πλείοσιν. ὁμολογοῦσι δὲ καὶ οἱ νεώτεροι τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῆς πόλεως, ὧν ἔστι καὶ Λυκοῦργος ὁ ῥήτωρ· μνησθεὶς γὰρ τῆς Ἰλιέων πόλεως φησί τίς οὐκ ἀκήκοεν, ὡς ἅπαξ ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κατεσκάφθη, ἀοίκητον οὖσαν; |
So the Ilians tell us, but Homer expressly states that the city was wiped out:The day shall come when sacred Ilios shall perish; {177} andsurely we have utterly destroyed the steep city of Priam, {178} by means of counsels and persuasiveness; {179} and in the tenth year the city of Priam was destroyed. {180} And other such evidences of the same thing are set forth; for example, that the wooden image of Athena now to be seen stands upright, whereas Homer clearly indicates that it was sitting, for orders are given to "put" the robeupon Athena's knees {181} Hom. Il. 6.273(comparethat never should there sit upon his knees a dear child). {182} For it is better to interpret it {183} in this way than, as some do, to interpret it as meaning "to put the robe 'beside' her knees," comparing the wordsand she sits upon the hearth in the light of the fire, {184} which they take to mean "beside" the hearth. For how could one conceive of the dedication of a robe "beside" the knees? Moreover, others, changing the accent on γούνασιν {185} accenting it γουνάσιν, {186} like θυιάσιν {187} (in whichever of two ways they interpret it), talk on endlessly. . . There are to be seen many of the ancient wooden images of Athena in a sitting posture, as, for example, in Phocaea, Massalia, Rome, Chios, and several other places. Also the more recent writers agree that the city was wiped out, among whom is the orator Lycurgus, who, in mentioning the city of the Ilians, says:Who has not heard that once for all it was razed to the ground by the Greeks, and is uninhabited? {188}
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177. Hom. Il. 6.448 178. Hom. Od. 3.130 179. This phrase is not found in the Iliad or Odyssey, but once before (1. 2. 4) Strabo has ascribed it to Homer. 180. Hom. Il. 12.15 181. Hom. Il. 6.92 182. Hom. Il. 9.455 183. i.e., the Greek preposition ἐπί, which more naturally means "upon" rather than "beside." 184. Hom. Od. 6.305 185. "Knees." 186. They obviously took γουνάσιν, if there ever was such a word, to mean "female suppliants." 187. "Maenads." 188. Lyc. 34
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εἰκάζουσι δὲ τοὺς ὕστερον ἀνακτίσαι διανοουμένους οἰωνίσασθαι τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον, εἴτε διὰ τὰς συμφορὰς εἴτε καὶ καταρασαμένου τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος κατὰ παλαιὸν ἔθος, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Κροῖσος ἐξελὼν τὴν Σιδήνην, εἰς ἣν ὁ τύραννος κατέφυγε Γλαυκίας, ἀρὰς ἔθετο κατὰ τῶν τειχιούντων πάλιν τὸν τόπον. ἐκείνου μὲν οὖν ἀποστῆναι τοῦ χωρίου, ἕτερον δὲ τειχίσαι. πρῶτοι μὲν οὖν Ἀστυπαλαιεῖς οἱ τὸ Ῥοίτειον κατασχόντες συνῴκισαν πρὸς τῷ Σιμόεντι Πόλιον, ὃ νῦν καλεῖται Πόλισμα, οὐκ ἐν εὐερκεῖ τόπῳ· διὸ κατεσπάσθη ταχέως. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν Λυδῶν ἡ νῦν ἐκτίσθη κατοικία καὶ τὸ ἱερόν· οὐ μὴν πόλις γε ἦν, ἀλλὰ πολλοῖς χρόνοις ὕστερον καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον, ὡς εἴρηται, τὴν αὔξησιν ἔσχεν. Ἑλλάνικος δὲ χαριζόμενος τοῖς Ἰλιεῦσιν, οἷος ἐκείνου θυμός, συνηγορεῖ τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι πόλιν τὴν νῦν τῇ τότε. τὴν δὲ χώραν ἀφανισθείσης τῆς πόλεως οἱ τὸ Σίγειον καὶ τὸ Ῥοίτειον ἔχοντες διενείμαντο καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἕκαστοι τῶν πλησιοχώρων, ἀπέδοσαν δ' ἀνοικισθείσης. |
It is surmised that those who later thought of refounding the city regarded that site as ill-omened, either on account of its misfortune or also because, in accordance with an ancient custom, a curse had been laid upon it by Agamemnon, just as Croesus, after he destroyed Sidene, whither the tyrant Glaucias had fled for refuge, put a curse on any persons who should re-fortify the site; and that they therefore avoided that place and fortified another. Now the Astypalaeans who held possession of Rhoeteium were the first to settle Polium, now called Polisma, on the Simoeis River, but not on a well protected site; and therefore it was soon demolished. It was in the time of the Lydians that the present settlement {189} was founded, as also the temple. It was not a city, however, and it was only after many ages, and gradually, as I have said, {190} that it increased. But Hellanicus, to gratify the Ilians, "such is the spirit of that man," {191} agrees with them that the present Ilium is the same as the ancient. When the city was wiped out, its territory was divided up between the inhabitants of Sigeium and Rhoeteium and several other neighboring peoples, but the territory was given back when the place was refounded.
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189. i.e., of Ilium. 190. 13. 1. 26. 191. A quotation from Hom. Il. 15.94.
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πολυπίδακον δὲ τὴν Ἴδην ἰδίως οἴονται λέγεσθαι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς ῥεόντων ποταμῶν καθ' ἃ μάλιστα ἡ Δαρδανικὴ ὑποπέπτωκεν αὐτῇ καὶ μέχρι Σκήψεως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον. ἔμπειρος δ' ὢν τῶν τόπων ὡς ἂν ἐπιχώριος ἀνὴρ ὁ Δημήτριος τοτὲ μὲν οὕτως λέγει περὶ αὐτῶν· ἔστι γὰρ λόφος τις τῆς Ἴδης Κότυλος· ὑπέρκειται δ' οὗτος ἑκατόν που καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίοις Σκήψεως, ἐξ οὗ ὅ τε Σκάμανδρος ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Γράνικος καὶ Αἴσηπος, οἱ μὲν πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ τὴν Προποντίδα ἐκ πλειόνων πηγῶν συλλειβόμενοι, ὁ δὲ Σκάμανδρος ἐπὶ δύσιν ἐκ μιᾶς πηγῆς· πᾶσαι δ' ἀλλήλαις πλησιάζουσιν ἐν εἴκοσι σταδίων περιεχόμεναι διαστήματι· πλεῖστον δ' ἀφέστηκεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸ τοῦ Αἰσήπου τέλος, σχεδόν τι καὶ πεντακοσίους σταδίους. παρέχει δὲ λόγον πῶς φησὶν ὁ ποιητής κρουνὼ δ' ἵκανον καλλιρρόω, ἔνθα δὲ πηγαὶ δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος· ἡ μὲν γάρ θ' ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει, ὅ ἐστι θερμῷ· ἐπιφέρει δέ ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡσεὶ πυρός. ἡ δ' ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει εἰκυῖα χαλάζῃ ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ. οὔτε γὰρ θερμὰ νῦν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ εὑρίσκεται, οὔθ' ἡ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου πηγὴ ἐνταῦθα ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ ὄρει, καὶ μία, ἀλλ' οὐ δύο. τὰ μὲν οὖν θερμὰ ἐκλελεῖφθαι εἰκός, τὸ δὲ ψυχρὸν κατὰ διάδυσιν ὑπεκρέον ἐκ τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου κατὰ τοῦτ' ἀνατέλλειν τὸ χωρίον, ἢ καὶ διὰ τὸ πλησίον εἶναι τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ὕδωρ λέγεσθαι τοῦ Σκαμάνδρου πηγήν· οὕτω γὰρ λέγονται πλείους πηγαὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ποταμοῦ. |
The epithet "many fountained" {192} is thought to be especially applied to Mt. Ida because of the great number of rivers that flow from it, particularly in those parts below it where lie the territory of Dardanus--even as far as Scepsis--and the region of Ilium. Demetrius, who as a native was acquainted with the topography of the country, says in one place as follows: There is a hill of Ida called Cotylus; and this hill lies about one hundred and twenty stadia above Scepsis; and from it flow the Scamander, the Granicus, and the Aesepus, the two latter flowing towards the north and the Propontis and constituting a collection of streams from several sources, while the Scamander flows towards the west from only one source; and all the sources lie close together, being comprised within a distance of twenty stadia; but the end of the Aesepus stands farthest away from its beginning, approximately five hundred stadia. But it is a matter of argument what the poet means when he says:And they came to the two fair-flowing streams, where well up the two springs of eddying Scamander; for the one flows with soft water {193} (that is, with "hot water"), and the poet adds,and round about a smoke arises from it as if from a blazing fire, whereas the other even in summer flows forth cold as hail or chill snow. {194} But, in the first place, no hot waters are now to be found at the site, {195} and, secondly, the source of the Scamander is not to be found there, but in the mountain; and it has only one source, not two. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that the hot spring has given out, and that the cold one is evacuated from the Scamander through an underground passage and rises to the surface here, or else that because of the nearness of the Scamander this water is called a source of the Scamander; for people are wont to ascribe several sources to one and the same river in this way.
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192. Cf. 13. 1. 5. 193. Hom. Il. 22.147 194. Hom. Il. 22.149 195. i.e., of Troy.
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συμπίπτει δ' εἰς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἄνδιρος ἀπὸ τῆς Καρησηνῆς, ὀρεινῆς τινος πολλαῖς κώμαις συνοικουμένης καὶ γεωργουμένης καλῶς, παρακειμένης τῇ Δαρδανικῇ μέχρι τῶν περὶ Ζέλειαν καὶ Πιτύειαν τόπων· ὠνομάσθαι δὲ τὴν χώραν φασὶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καρήσου ποταμοῦ, ὃν ὠνόμακεν ὁ ποιητής Ῥῆσός θ' Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε· τὴν δὲ πόλιν κατεσπάσθαι τὴν ὁμώνυμον τῷ ποταμῷ. Πάλιν δ' οὕτως φησίν “ὁ μὲν Ῥῆσος ποταμὸς νῦν καλεῖται Ῥοείτης, εἰ μὴ ἄρα ὁ εἰς τὸν Γράνικον ἐμβάλλων Ῥῆσός ἐστιν. Ἑπτάπορος δέ, ὃν καὶ Πολύπορον λέγουσιν, ἑπτάκις διαβαινόμενος ἐκ τῶν περὶ τὴν καλὴν πεύκην χωρίων ἐπὶ Μελαινὰς κώμην ἰοῦσι καὶ τὸ Ἀσκληπίειον, ἵδρυμα Λυσιμάχου. περὶ δὲ τῆς καλῆς πεύκης Ἄτταλος ὁ πρῶτος βασιλεύσας οὕτως γράφει· τὴν μὲν περίμετρον εἶναί φησι ποδῶν τεττάρων καὶ εἴκοσι, τὸ δὲ ὕψος ἀπὸ μὲν ῥίζης ἀνιέναι ἐπὶ ἑξήκοντα καὶ ἑπτὰ πόδας, εἶτ' εἰς τρία σχιζομένην ἴσον ἀλλήλων διέχοντα, εἶτα πάλιν συναγομένην εἰς μίαν κορυφήν, ἀποτελοῦσαν τὸ πᾶν ὕψος δυεῖν πλέθρων καὶ πεντεκαίδεκα πηχῶν· Ἀδραμυττίου δὲ διέχει πρὸς ἄρκτον ἑκατὸν καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους. Κάρησος δ' ἀπὸ Μαλοῦντος ῥεῖ, τόπου τινὸς κειμένου μεταξὺ Παλαισκήψεως καὶ Ἀχαιίου τῆς Τενεδίων περαίας· ἐμβάλλει δὲ εἰς τὸν Αἴσηπον. Ῥοδίος δὲ ἀπὸ Κλεανδρίας καὶ Γόρδου, ἃ διέχει τῆς καλῆς πεύκης ἑξήκοντα σταδίους· ἐμβάλλει δ' εἰς τὸν Αἴνιον. |
The Scamander is joined by the Andirus, which flows from Caresene, a mountainous country settled with many villages and beautifully cultivated; it extends alongside Dardania as far as the regions of Zeleia and Pityeia. It is said that the country was named after the Caresus River, which is named by the poet,Rhesus, Heptaporus, Caresus, and Rhodius, {196} and that the city of the same name as the river was torn down. Again, Demetrius says as follows: "The Rhesus River is now called Rhoeites, unless it be that the river which empties into the Granicus is the Rhesus. The Heptaporus, also called Polyporus, is crossed seven times by one travelling from the region of the Beautiful Pine to the village called Melaenae and the Asclepieium that was founded by Lysimachus. Concerning the Beautiful Pine, King Attalus the First writes as follows: "Its circumference is twenty-four feet; and its trunk rises to a height of sixty-seven feet from the root and then splits into three forks equidistant from one another, and then contracts again into one head, thus completing a total height of two plethra and fifteen cubits." {197} It is one hundred and eighty stadia distant from Adramyttium, to the north of it. The Caresus flows from Malus, a place situated between Palaescepsis and the Achaeïum, the part of the mainland that belongs to the Tenedians; {198} and it empties into the Aesepus. The Rhodius flows from Cleandria and Gordus, which are sixty stadia distant from the Beautiful Pine; and it empties into the Aenius. {199}
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196. Hom. Il. 12.20 197. About 225 feet. 198. See end of section 32. 199. "Aenius" appears to be an error for "Aesepus," as suggested by Kramer. See Leaf, p. 207.
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τοῦ δ' αὐλῶνος τοῦ περὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τῆς ῥύσεως αὐτοῦ πρῶτον ἔστι Πολίχνα τειχῆρες χωρίον, εἶθ' ἡ Παλαίσκηψις, εἶτ' Ἀλαζόνιον. τοῦτ' ἤδη πεπλασμένον πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ἁλιζώνων ὑπόθεσιν, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν. εἶτα Κάρησος ἐρήμη καὶ ἡ Καρησηνὴ καὶ ὁμώνυμος ποταμός, ποιῶν καὶ αὐτὸς αὐλῶνα ἀξιόλογον, ἐλάττω δὲ τοῦ περὶ τὸν Αἴσηπον. τὰ δ' ἑξῆς ἤδη τὰ τῆς Ζελείας ἐστὶ πεδία καὶ ὀροπέδια καλῶς γεωργούμενα· ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ τοῦ Αἰσήπου μεταξὺ Πολίχνας τε καὶ Παλαισκήψεως ἡ Νέα κώμη καὶ Ἀργυρία. καὶ τοῦτο πάλιν πλάσμα πρὸς τὴν αὐτὴν ὑπόθεσιν, ὅπως σωθείη τὸ ὅθεν ἀργύρου ἐστὶ γενέθλη. ἡ οὖν Ἀλύβη ποῦ ἢ Ἀλόπη ἢ ὅπως βούλονται παρονομάζειν; ἐχρῆν γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο πλάσαι παρατριψαμένους τὸ μέτωπον, καὶ μὴ χωλὸν ἐᾶν καὶ ἕτοιμον πρὸς ἔλεγχον ἅπαξ ἤδη ἀποτετολμηκότας. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἔνστασιν ἔχει τοιαύτην, τἆλλα δὲ ὑπολαμβάνομεν, ἢ τά γε πλεῖστα, δεῖν προσέχειν ὡς ἀνδρὶ ἐμπείρῳ καὶ ἐντοπίῳ, φροντίσαντί τε τοσοῦτον περὶ τούτων ὥστε τριάκοντα βίβλους συγγράψαι στίχων ἐξήγησιν μικρῷ πλειόνων ἑξήκοντα, τοῦ καταλόγου τῶν Τρώων. φησὶ δ' οὖν τὴν Παλαίσκηψιν τῆς μὲν Νέας διέχειν πεντήκοντα σταδίους, τοῦ δὲ ποταμοῦ τοῦ Αἰσήπου τριάκοντα· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Παλαισκήψεως ταύτης διατεῖναι τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν καὶ εἰς ἄλλους πλείους τόπους. ἐπάνιμεν δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν παραλίαν ὅθενπερ ἀπελίπομεν. |
In the dale of the Aesepus, on the left of the stream, one comes first to Polichna, a place enclosed by walls; and then to Palaescepsis; and then to Alizonium (this last name having been fabricated {200} to support the hypothesis about the Halizones, whom I have already discussed); {201} and then to Caresus, which is deserted, and Caresene, and the river of the same name, {202} which also forms a notable dale, though smaller than that of the Aesepus; and next follow the plains and plateaux of Zeleia, which are beautifully cultivated. On the right of the Aesepus, between Polichna and Palaescepsis, one comes to Nea {203} Come and Argyria, {204} and this again is a name fabricated to support the same hypothesis, in order to save the words,where is the birthplace of silver. {205} Now where is Alybe, or Alope, or however they wish to alter the spelling of the name? {206} For having once made their bold venture, they should have rubbed their faces {207} and fabricated this name too, instead of leaving it lame and readily subject to detection. Now these things are open to objections of this kind, but, in the case of the others, or at least most of them, I take it for granted that we must give heed to him {208} as a man who was acquainted with the region and a native of it, who gave enough thought to this subject to write thirty books of commentary on a little more than sixty lines of Homer, that is, on the Catalogue of the Trojans. {209} He says, at any rate, that Palaescepsis is fifty stadia distant from Aenea and thirty from the Aesepus River, and that from this Palaescepsis {210} the same name was extended to several other sites. But I shall return to the coast at the point where I left off.
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200. i.e., by Demetrius. 201. 12. 3. 20-27. 202. The Caresus, of course. 203. Leaf emends "Nea" ("New") to "Aenea". 204. Silvertown. 205. Hom. Il. 2.857 206. See 12. 3. 21. 207. i.e., to make them red and thus conceal their blushes of shame. 208. i.e., Demetrius of Scepsis. 209. Hom. Il. 2.816-877. 210. "Old Scepsis".
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ἔστι δὴ μετὰ τὴν Σιγειάδα ἄκραν καὶ τὸ Ἀχίλλειον ἡ Τενεδίων περαία τὸ Ἀχαίιον καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Τένεδος, οὐ πλείους τῶν τετταράκοντα σταδίων διέχουσα τῆς ἠπείρου· ἔχει δὲ τὴν περίμετρον ὅσον ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίων καὶ πόλιν Αἰολίδα καὶ λιμένας δύο καὶ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς μαρτυρεῖ Τενέδοιό τε ἶφι ἀνάσσεις, Σμινθεῦ. περίκειται δ' αὐτῇ νησία πλείω, καὶ δὴ καὶ δύο ἃ καλοῦσι Καλύδνας, κειμένας κατὰ τὸν ἐπὶ Λεκτὸν πλοῦν· καὶ αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν Τένεδον Κάλυδναν τινὲς εἶπον, ἄλλοι δὲ Λεύκοφρυν. μυθεύουσι δ' ἐν αὐτῇ τὰ περὶ τὸν Τέννη ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τοὔνομα τῇ νήσῳ, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Κύκνον, Θρᾷκα τὸ γένος, πατέρα δ', ὥς τινες, τοῦ Τέννου, βασιλέα δὲ Κολωνῶν. |
After the Sigeian Promontory and the Achilleium one comes to the Achaeïum, the part of the mainland that belongs to the Tenedians; {211} and to Tenedos itself, which is not more than forty stadia distant from the mainland. It is about eighty stadia in circumference, and has an Aeolian city and two harbors and a temple of Sminthian Apollo, as the poet testifies:And dost rule mightily over Tenedos, O Sminthian. {212} Round it lie several small islands, in particular two, which are called the Calydnae and are situated on the voyage to Lectum. And some give the name Calydna to Tenedos itself, while others call it Leucophrys. In it is laid the scene of the myth of Tennes, {213} after whom the island was named, as also that of Cycnus, a Thracian by birth and, according to some, father of Tennes and king of Colonae. {214}
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211. See end of section 32. 212. Hom. Il. 1.38 213. For this myth, see Paus. 10.14.1. 214. On the myth of Cycnus, see Leaf, p. 219.
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ἦν δὲ τῷ Ἀχαιίῳ συνεχὴς ἥ τε Λάρισα καὶ Κολωναί, τῆς Τενεδίων πεῤαίας οὖσαι πρότερον, καὶ ἡ νῦν Χρῦσα, ἐφ' ὕψους τινὸς πετρώδους ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἱδρυμένη, καὶ ἡ Ἁμαξιτὸς ἡ τῷ Λεκτῷ ὑποκειμένη συνεχής· νῦν δ' ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια συνεχής ἐστι τῷ Ἀχαιίῳ· τὰ δὲ πολίσματα ἐκεῖνα συνῳκισμένα τυγχάνει, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα πλείω τῶν φρουρίων, εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, ὧν καὶ Κεβρήνη καὶ Νεανδρία ἐστὶ καὶ τὴν χώραν ἔχουσιν ἐκεῖνοι· ὁ δὲ τόπος ἐν ᾧ νῦν κεῖται ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια Σιγία ἐκαλεῖτο. |
Both Larisa and Colonae used to be adjacent to the Achaeïum, formerly being on the part of the mainland that belonged to the Tenedians; and then one comes to the present Chrysa, which was founded on a rocky height above the sea, and to Hamaxitus, which lies below Lectum and adjacent to it. At the present time Alexandreia is adjacent to the Achaeïum; and those other towns, like several others of the strongholds, have been incorporated with Alexandreia, among them Cebrene and Neandria; and Alexandreia holds their territory. But the site on which Alexandreia now lies used to be called Sigia.
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ἐν δὲ τῇ Χρύσῃ ταύτῃ καὶ τὸ τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνός ἐστιν ἱερόν, καὶ τὸ σύμβολον τὸ τὴν ἐτυμότητα τοῦ ὀνόματος σῶζον, ὁ μῦς, ὑπόκειται τῷ ποδὶ τοῦ ξοάνου· Σκόπα δ' ἐστὶν ἔργα τοῦ Παρίου· συνοικειοῦσι δὲ καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν εἴτε μῦθον τούτῳ τῷ τόπῳ τὴν περὶ τῶν μυῶν. τοῖς γὰρ ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης ἀφιγμένοις Τεύκροις οὓς πρῶτος παρέδωκε Καλλῖνος ὁ τῆς ἐλεγείας ποιητής, ἠκολούθησαν δὲ πολλοί χρησμὸς ἦν, αὐτόθι ποιήσασθαι τὴν μονὴν ὅπου ἂν οἱ γηγενεῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιθῶνται· συμβῆναι δὲ τοῦτ' αὐτοῖς φασι περὶ Ἁμαξιτόν· νύκτωρ γὰρ πολὺ πλῆθος ἀρουραίων μυῶν ἐξανθῆσαν διαφαγεῖν ὅσα σκύτινα τῶν τε ὅπλων καὶ τῶν χρηστηρίων· τοὺς δὲ αὐτόθι μεῖναι· τούτους δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἴδην ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν Κρήτῃ προσονομάσαι. Ἡρακλείδης δ' ὁ Ποντικὸς πληθύοντάς φησι τοὺς μύας περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν νομισθῆναί τε ἱεροὺς καὶ τὸ ξόανον οὕτω κατασκευασθῆναι βεβηκὸς ἐπὶ τῷ μυΐ. ἄλλοι δ' ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀφῖχθαί τινα Τεῦκρόν φασιν ἐκ δήμου Τρώων, ὃς νῦν οἱ Ξυπετεῶνες λέγεται, Τεύκρους δὲ μηδένας ἐλθεῖν ἐκ τῆς Κρήτης. τῆς δὲ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀττικοὺς ἐπιπλοκῆς τῶν Τρώων τιθέασι σημεῖον καὶ τὸ παρ' ἀμφοτέροις Ἐριχθόνιόν τινα γενέσθαι τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν. λέγουσι μὲν οὖν οὕτως οἱ νεώτεροι, τοῖς δ' Ὁμήρου μᾶλλον ἔπεσι συμφωνεῖ τὰ ἐν τῷ Θήβης πεδίῳ καὶ τῇ αὐτόθι Χρύσῃ ἱδρυμένῃ ποτὲ δεικνύμενα ἴχνη, περὶ ὧν αὐτίκα ἐροῦμεν. πολλαχοῦ δ' ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ Σμινθέως ὄνομα· καὶ γὰρ περὶ αὐτὴν τὴν Ἁμαξιτὸν χωρὶς τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἱερὸν Σμινθίου δύο τόποι καλοῦνται Σμίνθια· καὶ ἄλλοι δ' ἐν τῇ πλησίον Λαρισαίᾳ· καὶ ἐν τῇ Παριανῇ δ' ἔστι χωρίον τὰ Σμίνθια καλούμενον, καὶ ἐν Ῥόδῳ καὶ ἐν Λίνδῳ, καὶ ἄλλοθι δὲ πολλαχοῦ· καλοῦσι δὲ νῦν τὸ ἱερὸν Σμίνθιον. χωρὶς γοῦν καὶ τὸ Ἁλήσιον πεδίον οὐ μέγα ἐντὸς τοῦ Λεκτοῦ καὶ τὸ Τραγασαῖον ἁλοπήγιον αὐτόματον τοῖς ἐτησίαις πηγνύμενον πρὸς Ἁμαξιτῷ. ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ Λεκτῷ βωμὸς τῶν δώδεκα θεῶν δείκνυται, καλοῦσι δ' Ἀγαμέμνονος ἵδρυμα· ἐν ἐπόψει δὲ τῷ Ἰλίῳ ἐστὶ τὰ χωρία ταῦτα, ὡς ἐν διακοσίοις σταδίοις ἢ μικρῷ πλείοσιν· ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄβυδον ἐκ θατέρου μέρους, μικρὸν δ' ὅμως ἐγγυτέρω ἡ Ἄβυδος. |
In this Chrysa is also the temple of Sminthian Apollo; and the symbol which preserves the etymology of the name, {215} I mean the mouse, lies beneath the foot of his image. These are the works of Scopas of Paros; and also the history, or myth, about the mice is associated with this place: When the Teucrians arrived from Crete (Callinus the elegiac poet was the first to hand down an account of these people, and many have followed him), they had an oracle which bade them to "stay on the spot where the earth-born should attack them"; and, he says the attack took place round Hamaxitus, for by night a great multitude of field-mice swarmed out of the ground and ate up all the leather in their arms and equipment; and the Teucrians remained there; and it was they who gave its name to Mt. Ida, naming it after the mountain in Crete. Heracleides of Pontus says that the mice which swarmed round the temple were regarded as sacred, and that for this reason the image was designed with its foot upon the mouse. Others say that a certain Teucer came from the deme of Troes, now called Xypeteones, in Attica, but that no Teucrians came from Crete. As a further sign of the close relationship of the Trojans with the people of Attica they record the fact the Erichthonius was one of the original founders on both tribes. Now this is the account of the more recent writer; but more in agreement with Homer are the traces to be seen in the plane of Thebe and in the Chrysa which was once founded there, which I shall soon discuss. The name of Smintheus is used in many places, for in the neighborhood of Hamaxitus itself, apart from the Sminthium at the temple, there are two places called Sminthia; and there are others in the neighboring territory of Larisa. And also in the territory of Parium there is a place called Sminthia, as also in Rhodes and in Lindus and in many other places. And they now call the temple Sminthium. Apart, at any rate, {216} lie both the Halesian Plain, of no great size, and inland from Lectum, and the Tragasaean salt-pan near Hamaxitus, where salt is naturally caused to congeal by the Etesian winds. On Lectum is to be seen an altar of the twelve gods, said to have been founded by Agamemnon. These places are all in sight of Ilium, at a distance of about two hundred stadia or a little more; and the same is the case with the places round Abydus on the other side, although Abydus is a little closer.
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215. Sminthian means "Mouse-god." 216. The Greek for these four words seems to be corrupt.
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κάμψαντι δὲ τὸ Λεκτὸν ἐλλογιμώταται πόλεις τῶν Αἰολέων καὶ ὁ Ἀδραμυττηνὸς κόλπος ἐκδέχεται, ἐν ᾧ τοὺς πλείους τῶν Λελέγων κατοικίζων ὁ ποιητὴς φαίνεται καὶ τοὺς Κίλικας διττοὺς ὄντας. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ὁ τῶν Μιτυληναίων ἐστὶν αἰγιαλός, κώμας τινὰς ἔχων τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἤπειρον τῶν Μιτυληναίων. τὸν δὲ αὐτὸν κόλπον καὶ Ἰδαῖον λέγουσιν· ἡ γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεκτοῦ ῥάχις ἀνατείνουσα πρὸς τὴν Ἴδην ὑπέρκειται τῶν πρώτων τοῦ κόλπου μερῶν, ἐν οἷς πρῶτον τοὺς Λέλεγας ἱδρυμένους ὁ ποιητὴς πεποίηκεν. |
On doubling Lectum one comes next to the most notable cities of the Aeolians, and to the Gulf of Adramyttium, on which the poet obviously places the majority of the Leleges, as also the Cilicians, who were twofold. {217} Here too is the shore-land of the Mitylenaeans, with certain villages {218} belonging to the Mitylenaeans who live on the mainland. The same gulf is also called the Idaean Gulf, for the ridge which extends from Lectum to Mt. Ida lies above the first part of the gulf, where the poet represents the Leleges as first settled. {219}
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217. See 13. 1. 7, 60. 218. Coryphantis and Heracleia are named in section 51. 219. Hom. Il. 10.429.
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εἴρηται δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ πρότερον· καὶ νῦν δὲ προσληπτέον ὅτι Πήδασόν τινα λέγει πόλιν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ Ἄλτῃ τεταγμένην Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει, Πήδασον αἰπήεσσαν ἔχων ἐπὶ Σατνιόεντι. καὶ νῦν ὁ τόπος δείκνυται τῆς πόλεως ἔρημος. γράφουσι δέ τινες οὐκ εὖ “ὑπὸ Σατνιόεντι,” ὡς ὑπὸ ὄρει Σατνιόεντι κειμένης τῆς πόλεως· οὐδὲν δ' ἐστὶν ὄρος ἐνταῦθα Σατνιόεις προσαγορευόμενον, ἀλλὰ ποταμὸς ἐφ' ᾧ ἵδρυται ἡ πόλις· νῦν δ' ἐστὶν ἐρήμη. ὀνομάζει δὲ τὸν ποταμὸν ὁ ποιητής· Σάτνιον οὔτασε δουρὶ Οἰνοπίδην, ὃν ἄρα νύμφη τέκε Νηὶς ἀμύμων Οἴνοπι βουκολέοντι παρ' ὄχθαις Σατνιόεντος καὶ πάλιν ναῖε δὲ Σατνιόεντος ἐυρρείταο παρ' ὄχθαις Πήδασον αἰπεινήν. Σατνιόεντα δ' ὕστερον εἶπον, οἱ δὲ Σαφνιόεντα· ἔστι δὲ χείμαρρος μέγας· ἄξιον δὲ μνήμης πεποίηκεν ὀνομάζων ὁ ποιητὴς αὐτόν. οὗτοι δ' οἱ τόποι συνεχεῖς εἰσι τῇ Δαρδανίᾳ καὶ τῇ Σκηψίᾳ, ὥσπερ ἄλλη τις Δαρδανία, ταπεινοτέρα δέ. |
But I have already discussed these matters. {220} I must now add that Homer speaks of a Pedasus, a city of the Leleges, as subject to lord Altes:Of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges, who hold steep Pedasus on the Satnioeis. {221} And the site of the place, now deserted, is still to be seen. Some write, though wrongly, "at the foot of Satnioeis," {222} as though the city lay at the foot of a mountain called Satnioeis; but there is no mountain here called Satinoeis, but only a river of that name, on which the city is situated; but the city is now deserted. The poet names the river, for, according to him, he wounded Satnius with a thrust of his spear, even the son of Oenops, whom a peerless Naiad nymph bore unto Oenops, as he tended his herds by the banks of the Satnioeis; {223} and again:And he dwelt by the banks of the fair-flowing Satnioeis in steep Pedasus. {224} And in later times it was called Satnioeis, though some called it Saphnioeis. It is only a large winter torrent, but the naming of it by the poet has made it worthy of mention. These places are continuous with Dardania and Scepsia, and are, as it were, a second Dardania, but it is lower-lying.
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220. 13. 1. 7. 221. Hom. Il. 21.86 222. i.e., ὑπό for ἐπί in the Homeric passage quoted. 223. Hom. Il. 14.443 224. Hom. Il. 6.34
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Ἀσσίων δ' ἐστὶ νῦν καὶ Γαργαρέων ἕως τῆς κατὰ Λέσβον θαλάττης περιεχόμενα τῇ τε Ἀντανδρίᾳ καὶ τῇ Κεβρηνίων καὶ Νεανδριέων καὶ Ἁμαξιτέων. τῆς μὲν γὰρ Ἁμαξιτοῦ Νεανδριεῖς ὑπέρκεινται, καὶ αὐτοὶ ὄντες ἐντὸς Λεκτοῦ, μεσογειότεροι δὲ καὶ πλησιαίτεροι τῷ Ἰλίῳ· διέχουσι γὰρ ἑκατὸν καὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους. τούτων δὲ καθύπερθε Κεβρήνιοι, τούτων δὲ Δαρδάνιοι μέχρι Παλαισκήψεως καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς Σκήψεως. τὴν δὲ Ἄντανδρον Ἀλκαῖος μὲν καλεῖ Λελέγων πόλιν πρῶτα μὲν Ἄντανδρος Λελέγων πόλις. ὁ δὲ Σκήψιος ἐν ταῖς παρακειμέναις τίθησιν, ὥστ' ἐκπίπτοι ἂν εἰς τὴν τῶν Κιλίκων· οὗτοι γάρ εἰσι συνεχεῖς τοῖς Λέλεξι μᾶλλόν πως τὸ νότιον πλευρὸν τῆς Ἴδης ἀφορίζοντες· ταπεινοὶ δ' ὅμως καὶ οὗτοι καὶ τῇ παραλίᾳ συνάπτοντες μᾶλλον τῇ κατὰ Ἀδραμύττιον. μετὰ γὰρ τὸ Λεκτὸν τὸ Πολυμήδειον ἔστι χωρίον τι ἐν τετταράκοντα σταδίοις, εἶτ' ἐν ὀγδοήκοντα Ἄσσος μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης, εἶτ' ἐν ἑκατὸν καὶ τετταράκοντα Γάργαρα· κεῖται δὲ τὰ Γάργαρα ἐπ' ἄκρας ποιούσης τὸν ἰδίως Ἀδραμυττηνὸν καλούμενον κόλπον. λέγεται γὰρ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ μέχρι Κανῶν παραλία τῷ αὐτῷ τούτῳ ὀνόματι, ἐν ᾧ καὶ ὁ Ἐλαϊτικὸς περιλαμβάνεται· ἰδίως μέντοι τοῦτον φασὶν Ἀδραμυττηνόν, τὸν κλειόμενον ὑπὸ ταύτης τε τῆς ἄκρας ἐφ' ᾖ τὰ Γάργαρα, καὶ τῆς Πυρρᾶς ἄκρας προσαγορευομένης ἐφ' ᾖ καὶ ἀφροδίσιον ἵδρυται. πλάτος δὲ τοῦ στόματός ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄκρας ἐπὶ τὴν ἄκραν δίαρμα ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίων. ἐντὸς δὲ ἥ τε Ἄντανδρός ἐστιν ὑπερκείμενον ἔχουσα ὄρος ὃ καλοῦσιν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν, ὅπου τὰς θεὰς κριθῆναί φασιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πάριδος, καὶ ὁ Ἀσπανεὺς τὸ ὑλοτόμιον τῆς Ἰδαίας ὕλης· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ διατίθενται κατάγοντες τοῖς δεομένοις. εἶτ' Ἄστυρα, κώμη καὶ ἄλσος τῆς Ἀστυρηνῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἅγιον. πλησίον δ' εὐθὺς τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον, Ἀθηναίων ἄποικος πόλις ἔχουσα καὶ λιμένα καὶ ναύσταθμον· ἔξω δὲ τοῦ κόλπου καὶ τῆς Πυρρᾶς ἄκρας ἥ τε Κισθήνη ἐστὶ πόλις ἔρημος ἔχουσα λιμένα. ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς δ' ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τό τε τοῦ χαλκοῦ μέταλλον καὶ Περπερηνὴ καὶ Τράριον καὶ ἄλλαι τοιαῦται κατοικίαι. ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ τῇ ἐφεξῆς αἱ τῶν Μιτυληναίων κῶμαι Κορυφαντίς τε καὶ Ἡράκλεια, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Ἄττεα, εἶτ' Ἀταρνεὺς καὶ Πιτάνη καὶ αἱ τοῦ Καΐκου ἐκβολαί· ταῦτα δ' ἤδη τοῦ Ἐλαϊτῶν κόλπου· καὶ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ ἡ Ἐλαία καὶ ὁ λοιπὸς μέχρι Κανῶν κόλπος. λέγωμεν δὲ ἀναλαβόντες περὶ τῶν καθ' ἕκαστα πάλιν, εἴ τι παραλέλειπται μνήμης ἄξιον, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῆς Σκήψεως. |
To the Assians and the Gargarians now belong all the parts as far as the sea off Lesbos that are surrounded by the territory of Antandrus and that of the Cebrenians and Neandrians and Hamaxitans; for the Antandrians are situated above Hamaxitus, like it being situated inside Lectum, though farther inland and nearer to Ilium, for they are one hundred and thirty stadia distant from Ilium. Higher up than these are the Cebrenians, and still higher up than the latter are the Dardanians, who extend as far as Palaescepsis and Scepsis itself. Antandrus is called by Alcaeus "city of the Leleges":First, Antandrus, city of the Leleges {225} but it is placed by the Scepsian among the cities adjacent to their territory, {226} so that it would fall within the territory of the Cilicians; for the territory of the Cilicians is continuous with that of the Leleges, the former, rather than the latter, marking off the southern flank of Mt. Ida. But still the territory of the Cilicians also lies low and, rather than that of the Leleges, joins the part of the coast that is near Adramyttium. {227} For after Lectum one comes to a place called Polymedium, at a distance of forty stadia; then, at a distance of eighty, {228} to Assus, slightly above the sea; and then, at a distance of one hundred and twenty, {229} to Gargara, which lies on a promontory {230} that forms the Adramyttene Gulf, in the special sense of that term; for the whole of the coast from Lectum to Canae is also called by this same name, in which is also included the Elaïtic Gulf. In the special sense of the term, however, only that part of it is called Adramyttene which is enclosed by that promontory on which Gargara lies and the promontory called Pyrrha, on which the Aphrodisium {231} is situated. The breadth of the mouth across from promontory to promontory is a distance of one hundred and twenty stadia. Inside is Antandrus, above which lies a mountain called Alexandreia, where the Judgment of Paris is said to have taken place, as also Aspaneus, the market for the timber from Mt. Ida; for here people bring it down and sell it to those who want it. And then comes Astyra, a village with a precinct sacred to the Astyrene Artemis. And quite near Astyra is Adramyttium, a city colonized by the Athenians, which has both a harbor and a naval station. Outside the gulf and the promontory called Pyrrha lies Cisthene, a deserted city with a harbor. Above it, in the interior, lie the copper mine and Perperene and Trarium and other settlements like these two. On the next stretch of coast one comes to the villages of the Mitylenaeans, I mean Coryphantis and Heracleia; and after these places to Attea, and then to Atarneus and Pitane and the outlets of the Caïcus River; and here we have already reached the Elaïtic Gulf. On the far side of the river lie Elaea and the rest of the gulf as far as Canae. But let me go back and discuss in detail the several places, if anything worthy of mention has been passed over; and first of all, Scepsis.
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225. Alcaeus Fr. 65 (Bergk). Leaf translates: "Antandros, first city of the Leleges". 226. Leaf translates: "But Demetrios puts it in the district adjacent (to the Leleges), so that it would fall within the territory of the Kilikes"; and in his commentary (p. 255) he says: "as the words stand, Strabo says that 'Demetrios places Antandros (not at Antandros but) in the neighborhood of Antandros.' That is nonsense however we look at it." Yet the Greek cannot mean the Demetrius transfers Antandrus, "a fixed point," to "the adjacent district," as Leaf interprets, but that he includes it among the cities (ταῖς παρακειμέναις) which he enumerates as Cilician. 227. The interpretation of the Greek for this last sentence is somewhat doubtful. Cf. translation and commentary of Leaf (pp. 254-255, who regards the text as corrupt. 228. i.e., eighty stadia from Polymedium, not from Lectum, as thought by Thatcher Clark (American Journal of Archaeology, 4. 291 ff., quoted by Leaf. His interpretation, neither accepted nor definitely rejected by Leaf (p. 257, is not in accordance with Strabo's manner of enumerating distances, a fact apparently overlooked by both scholars. 229. See preceding footnote. 230. So Clark; or "on a height," as Leaf translates (see his note). 231. Temple of Aphrodite.
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ἔστι δ' ἡ μὲν Παλαίσκηψις ἐπάνω Κεβρῆνος κατὰ τὸ μετεωρότατον τῆς Ἴδης ἐγγὺς Πολίχνας· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τότε Σκῆψις, εἴτ' ἄλλως εἴτ' ἀπὸ τοῦ περίσκεπτον εἶναι τὸν τόπον, εἰ δεῖ τὰ παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις ἐν τῷ τότε ὀνόματα ταῖς Ἑλληνικαῖς ἐτυμολογεῖσθαι φωναῖς· ὕστερον δὲ κατωτέρω σταδίοις ἑξήκοντα εἰς τὴν νῦν Σκῆψιν μετῳκίσθησαν ὑπὸ Σκαμανδρίου τε τοῦ Ἕκτορος καὶ Ἀσκανίου τοῦ Αἰνείου παιδός· καὶ δύο γένη ταῦτα βασιλεῦσαι πολὺν χρόνον ἐν τῇ Σκήψει λέγεται· μετὰ ταῦτα δ' εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν μετέστησαν, εἶτα Μιλήσιοι συνεπολιτεύθησαν αὐτοῖς καὶ δημοκρατικῶς ᾤκουν· οἱ δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους οὐδὲν ἧττον ἐκαλοῦντο βασιλεῖς, ἔχοντές τινας τιμάς· εἶτ' εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν συνεπόλισε τοὺς Σκηψίους Ἀντίγονος, εἶτ' ἀπέλυσε Λυσίμαχος, καὶ ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν. |
Palaescepsis lies above Cebren near the highest part of Mt. Ida, near Polichna; and it was then called Scepsis (whether for another reason or from the fact that the place is visible all round, if it is right to derive from Greek words names then used by barbarians), {232} but later the inhabitants were removed sixty stadia {233} lower down to the present Scepsis by Scamandrius the son of Hector and Ascanius the son of Aeneias; and their two families are said to have held the kingship over Scepsis for a long time. After this they changed to an oligarchy, and then Milesians settled with them as fellow-citizens; {234} and they began to live under a democracy. But the heirs of the royal family none the less continued to be called kings and retained certain prerogatives. Then the Scepsians were incorporated into Alexandreia by Antigonus; and then they were released by Lysimachus and went back to their home-land.
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232. The Greek word "scepsis" means "a viewing," "an inspection." 233. Leaf emends to "two hundred and sixty stadia". 234. See 14. 1. 6.
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οἴεται δ' ὁ Σκήψιος καὶ βασίλειον τοῦ Αἰνείου γεγονέναι τὴν Σκῆψιν, μέσην οὖσαν τῆς τε ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ καὶ Λυρνησσοῦ, εἰς ἣν φυγεῖν εἴρηται διωκόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως· φησὶ γοῦν ὁ Ἀχιλλεύς ἢ οὐ μέμνῃ, ὅτε πέρ σε βοῶν ἄπο μοῦνον ἐόντα σεῦα κατ' Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ταχέεσσι πόδεσσι, κεῖθεν δ' ἐς Λυρνησσὸν ὑπέκφυγες· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τὴν πέρσα, μεθορμηθείς. οὐχ ὁμολογεῖ δὲ τῷ περὶ τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν τῆς Σκήψεως λόγῳ τῷ λεχθέντι νῦν τὰ περὶ τοῦ Αἰνείου θρυλούμενα. περιγενέσθαι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτόν φασιν ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου διὰ τὴν πρὸς Πρίαμον δυσμένειαν· ἀεὶ γὰρ Πριάμῳ ἐπεμήνιε δίῳ, οὕνεκ' ἄρ' ἐσθλὸν ἐόντα μετ' ἀνδράσιν οὔ τι τίεσκε, τοὺς δὲ συνάρχοντας Ἀντηνορίδας καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν Ἀντήνορα διὰ τὴν Μενελάου παρ' αὐτῷ ξενίαν. Σοφοκλῆς γοῦν ἐν τῇ ἁλώσει τοῦ Ἰλίου παρδαλέαν φησὶ πρὸ τῆς θύρας τοῦ Ἀντήνορος προτεθῆναι σύμβολον τοῦ ἀπόρθητον ἐαθῆναι τὴν οἰκίαν. τὸν μὲν οὖν Ἀντήνορα καὶ τοὺς παῖδας μετὰ τῶν περιγενομένων Ἑνετῶν εἰς τὴν Θρᾴκην περισωθῆναι κἀκεῖθεν διαπεσεῖν εἰς τὴν λεγομένην κατὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν Ἑνετικήν, τὸν δὲ Αἰνείαν μετ' Ἀγχίσου τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ παιδὸς Ἀσκανίου λαὸν ἀθροίσαντα πλεῦσαι· καὶ οἱ μὲν οἰκῆσαι περὶ τὸν Μακεδονικὸν Ὄλυμπον φασίν, οἱ δὲ περὶ Μαντίνειαν τῆς Ἀρκαδίας κτίσαι Καπύας, ἀπὸ Κάπυος θέμενον τοὔνομα τῷ πολίσματι, οἱ δ' εἰς Αἴγεσταν κατᾶραι τῆς Σικελίας σὺν Ἐλύμῳ Τρωὶ καὶ Ἔρυκα καὶ Λιλύβαιον κατασχεῖν, καὶ ποταμοὺς περὶ Αἴγεσταν προσαγορεῦσαι Σκάμανδρον καὶ Σιμόεντα· ἔνθεν δ' εἰς τὴν Λατίνην ἐλθόντα μεῖναι κατά τι λόγιον τὸ κελεῦον μένειν ὅπου ἂν τὴν τράπεζαν καταφάγῃ· συμβῆναι δὲ τῆς Λατίνης περὶ τὸ Λαουίνιον τοῦτο, ἄρτου μεγάλου τεθέντος ἀντὶ τραπέζης κατὰ ἀπορίαν καὶ ἅμα ἀναλωθέντος τοῖς ἐπ' αὐτῷ κρέασιν. Ὅμηρος μέντοι συνηγορεῖν οὐδετέροις ἔοικεν, οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ τῶν ἀρχηγετῶν τῆς Σκήψεως λεχθεῖσιν· ἐμφαίνει γὰρ μεμενηκότα τὸν Αἰνείαν ἐν τῇ Τροίᾳ καὶ διαδεδεγμένον τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ παραδεδωκότα παισὶ παίδων τὴν διαδοχὴν αὐτῆς, ἠφανισμένου τοῦ τῶν Πριαμιδῶν γένους· ἤδη γὰρ Πριάμου γενεὴν ἤχθηρε Κρονίων. νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται. οὕτω δ' οὐδ' ἡ τοῦ Σκαμανδρίου διαδοχὴ σώζοιτ' ἄν. πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον τοῖς ἑτέροις διαφωνεῖ τοῖς μέχρι καὶ Ἰταλίας αὐτοῦ τὴν πλάνην λέγουσι καὶ αὐτόθι ποιοῦσι τὴν καταστροφὴν τοῦ βίου. τινὲς δὲ γράφουσιν Αἰνείαο γένος πάντεσσιν ἀνάξει, καὶ παῖδες παίδων, τοὺς Ῥωμαίους λέγοντες. |
Demetrius thinks that Scepsis was also the royal residence of Aeneias, since it lies midway between the territory subject to Aeneias and Lyrnessus, to which latter he fled, according to Homer's statement, when he was being pursued by Achilles. At any rate, Achilles says:Dost thou not remember how from the kine, when thou wast all alone, I made thee run down the Idaean mountains with swift feet? And thence thou didst escape to Lyrnessus, but I rushed in pursuit of thee and sacked it. {235} However, the oft-repeated stories of Aeneias are not in agreement with the account which I have just given of the founders of Scepsis. For according to these stories he survived the war because of his enmity to Priam:For always he was wroth against goodly Priam, because, although he was brave amid warriors, Priam would not honor him at all; {236} and his fellow-rulers, the sons of Antenor and Antenor himself, survived because of the hospitality shown Menelaüs at Antenor's house. At any rate, Sophocles {237} says that at the capture of Troy a leopard's skin was put before the doors of Antenor as a sign that his house was to be left unpillaged; and Antenor and his children safely escaped to Thrace with the survivors of the Heneti, and from there got across to the Adriatic Henetice, {238} as it is called, whereas Aeneias collected a host of followers and set sail with his father Anchises and his son Ascanius; and some say that he took up his abode near the Macedonian Olympus, others that he founded Capyae near Mantineia in Arcadia, deriving the name he gave the settlement from Capys, and others say that he landed at Aegesta in Sicily with Elymus the Trojan and took possession of Eryx and Lilybaeum, and gave the names Scamander and Simoeis to rivers near Aegesta, and that thence he went into the Latin country and made it his abode, in accordance with an oracle which bade him abide where he should eat up his table, and that this took place in the Latin country in the neighborhood of Lavinium, where a large loaf of bread was put down for a table, for want of a better table, and eaten up along with the meats upon it. Homer, however, appears not to be in agreement with either of the two stories, nor yet with the above account of the founders of Scepsis; for he clearly indicates that Aeneias remained in Troy and succeeded to the empire and bequeathed the succession thereto to his sons' sons, the family of the Priamidae having been wiped out:For already the race of Priam was hated, by the son of Cronus; and now verily the mighty Aeneias will rule over the Trojans, and his sons' sons that are hereafter to be born. {239} And in this case one cannot even save from rejection the succession of Scamandrius. {240} And Homer is in far greater disagreement with those who speak of Aeneias as having wandered even as far as Italy and make him die there. Some write,the family of Aeneias will rule over all, {241} and his sons' sons,meaning the Romans.
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235. Hom. Il. 20.188 236. Hom. Il. 13.460 237. Soph. Fr. 10 (Nauck). 238. As distinguished from that in Paphlagonia (see 5. 1. 4). 239. Hom. Il. 20.306 240. The son of Hector, who, along with Ascanius, was said to have been king of Scepsis (section 52). 241. i.e., they emend "Trojans" (Τρώεσσιν to "all" (πάντεσσιν) in the Homeric passage.
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ἐκ δὲ τῆς Σκήψεως οἵ τε Σωκρατικοὶ γεγόνασιν Ἔραστος καὶ Κορίσκος καὶ ὁ τοῦ Κορίσκου υἱὸς Νηλεύς, ἀνὴρ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους ἠκροαμένος καὶ Θεοφράστου, διαδεδεγμένος δὲ τὴν βιβλιοθήκην τοῦ Θεοφράστου, ἐν ᾖ ἦν καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ἀριστοτέλους· ὁ γοῦν Ἀριστοτέλης τὴν ἑαυτοῦ Θεοφράστῳ παρέδωκεν, ᾧπερ καὶ τὴν σχολὴν ἀπέλιπε, πρῶτος ὧν ἴσμεν συναγαγὼν βιβλία καὶ διδάξας τοὺς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ βασιλέας βιβλιοθήκης σύνταξιν. Θεόφραστος δὲ Νηλεῖ παρέδωκεν· ὁ δ' εἰς Σκῆψιν κομίσας τοῖς μετ' αὐτὸν παρέδωκεν, ἰδιώταις ἀνθρώποις, οἳ κατάκλειστα εἶχον τὰ βιβλία οὐδ' ἐπιμελῶς κείμενα· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ᾔσθοντο τὴν σπουδὴν τῶν Ἀτταλικῶν βασιλέων ὑφ' οἷς ἦν ἡ πόλις, ζητούντων βιβλία εἰς τὴν κατασκευὴν τῆς ἐν Περγάμῳ βιβλιοθήκης, κατὰ γῆς ἔκρυψαν ἐν διώρυγί τινι· ὑπὸ δὲ νοτίας καὶ σητῶν κακωθέντα ὀψέ ποτε ἀπέδοντο οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ γένους Ἀπελλικῶντι τῷ Τηίῳ πολλῶν ἀργυρίων τά τε Ἀριστοτέλους καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοφράστου βιβλία· ἦν δὲ ὁ Ἀπελλικῶν φιλόβιβλος μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόσοφος· διὸ καὶ ζητῶν ἐπανόρθωσιν τῶν διαβρωμάτων εἰς ἀντίγραφα καινὰ μετήνεγκε τὴν γραφὴν ἀναπληρῶν οὐκ εὖ, καὶ ἐξέδωκεν ἁμαρτάδων πλήρη τὰ βιβλία. συνέβη δὲ τοῖς ἐκ τῶν περιπάτων τοῖς μὲν πάλαι τοῖς μετὰ Θεόφραστον οὐκ ἔχουσιν ὅλως τὰ βιβλία πλὴν ὀλίγων, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἐξωτερικῶν, μηδὲν ἔχειν φιλοσοφεῖν πραγματικῶς, ἀλλὰ θέσεις ληκυθίζειν· τοῖς δ' ὕστερον, ἀφ' οὗ τὰ βιβλία ταῦτα προῆλθεν, ἄμεινον μὲν ἐκείνων φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ ἀριστοτελίζειν, ἀναγκάζεσθαι μέντοι τὰ πολλὰ εἰκότα λέγειν διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν. πολὺ δὲ εἰς τοῦτο καὶ ἡ Ῥώμη προσελάβετο· εὐθὺς γὰρ μετὰ τὴν Ἀπελλικῶντος τελευτὴν Σύλλας ἦρε τὴν Ἀπελλικῶντος βιβλιοθήκην ὁ τὰς Ἀθήνας ἑλών, δεῦρο δὲ κομισθεῖσαν Τυραννίων τε ὁ γραμματικὸς διεχειρίσατο φιλαριστοτέλης ὤν, θεραπεύσας τὸν ἐπὶ τῆς βιβλιοθήκης, καὶ βιβλιοπῶλαί τινες γραφεῦσι φαύλοις χρώμενοι καὶ οὐκ ἀντιβάλλοντες, ὅπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμβαίνει τῶν εἰς πρᾶσιν γραφομένων βιβλίων καὶ ἐνθάδε καὶ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων ἀπόχρη. |
From Scepsis came the Socratic philosophers Erastus and Coriscus and Neleus the son of Coriscus, this last a man who not only was a pupil of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but also inherited the library of Theophrastus, which included that of Aristotle. At any rate, Aristotle bequeathed his own library to Theophrastus, to whom he also left his school; and he is the first man, so far as I know, to have collected books and to have taught the kings in Egypt how to arrange a library. Theophrastus bequeathed it to Neleus; and Neleus took it to Scepsis and bequeathed it to his heirs, ordinary people, who kept the books locked up and not even carefully stored. But when they heard bow zealously the Attalic kings {242} to whom the city was subject were searching for books to build up the library in Pergamum, they hid their books underground in a kind of trench. But much later, when the books had been damaged by moisture and moths, their descendants sold them to Apellicon {243} of Teos for a large sum of money, both the books of Aristotle and those of Theophrastus. But Apellicon was a bibliophile rather than a philosopher; and therefore, seeking a restoration of the parts that had been eaten through, he made new copies of the text, filling up the gaps incorrectly, and published the books full of errors. The result was that the earlier school of Peripatetics who came after Theophrastus had no books at all, with the exception of only a few, mostly exoteric works, and were therefore able to philosophize about nothing in a practical way, but only to talk bombast about commonplace propositions, whereas the later school, from the time the books in question appeared, though better able to philosophise and Aristotelise, were forced to call most of their statements probabilities, because of the large number of errors. {244} Rome also contributed much to this; for, immediately after the death of Apellicon, Sulla, who had captured Athens, carried off Apellicon's library to Rome, where Tyrannion the grammarian, who was fond of Aristotle, got it in his hands by paying court to the librarian, as did also certain booksellers who used bad copyists and would not collate the texts--a thing that also takes place in the case of the other books that are copied for selling, both here {245} and at Alexandria. However, this is enough about these men.
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242. Strabo refers to Eumenes II, who reigned 197-159 B.C. 243. Died about 84 B.C. 244. i.e., errors in the available texts of Aristotle. 245. i.e., at Rome.
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ἐκ δὲ τῆς Σκήψεως καὶ ὁ Δημήτριος ἔστιν οὗ μεμνήμεθα πολλάκις, ὁ τὸν Τρωικὸν διάκοσμον ἐξηγησάμενος γραμματικός, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον γεγονὼς Κράτητι καὶ Ἀριστάρχῳ· καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Μητρόδωρος, ἀνὴρ ἐκ τοῦ φιλοσόφου μεταβεβληκὼς ἐπὶ τὸν πολιτικὸν βίον καὶ ῥητορεύων τὸ πλέον ἐν τοῖς συγγράμμασιν· ἐχρήσατο δὲ φράσεώς τινι χαρακτῆρι καινῷ καὶ κατεπλήξατο πολλούς· διὰ δὲ τὴν δόξαν ἐν Χαλκηδόνι γάμου λαμπροῦ πένης ὢν ἔτυχε καὶ ἐχρημάτιζε Χαλκηδόνιος· Μιθριδάτην δὲ θεραπεύσας τὸν Εὐπάτορα συναπῆρεν εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἐκείνῳ μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς καὶ ἐτιμήθη διαφερόντως, ταχθεὶς ἐπὶ τῆς δικαιοδοσίας, ἀφ' ἧς οὐκ ἦν τῷ κριθέντι ἀναβολὴ τῆς δίκης ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα. οὐ μέντοι διηυτύχησεν, ἀλλ' ἐμπεσὼν εἰς ἔχθραν ἀδικωτέρων ἀνθρώπων ἀπέστη τοῦ βασιλέως κατὰ τὴν πρὸς Τιγράνην τὸν Ἀρμένιον πρεσβείαν· ὁ δ' ἄκοντα ἀνέπεμψεν αὐτὸν τῷ Εὐπάτορι, φεύγοντι ἤδη τὴν προγονικήν, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον εἴθ' ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως εἴθ' ὑπὸ νόσου· λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφότερα. περὶ μὲν τῶν Σκηψίων ταῦτα. |
From Scepsis came also Demetrius, whom I often mention, the grammarian who wrote a commentary on The Marshalling of the Trojan Forces, and was born at about the same time as Crates and Aristarchus; and later, Metrodorus, a man who changed from his pursuit of philosophy to political life, and taught rhetoric, for the most part, in his written works; and he used a brand-new style and dazzled many. On account of his reputation he succeeded, though a poor man, in marrying brilliantly in Chalcedon; and he passed for a Chalcedonian. And having paid court to Mithridates Eupator, he with his wife sailed away with him to Pontus; and he was treated with exceptional honor, being appointed to the judgeship from which there was no appeal to the king. However, his good fortune did not continue, but he incurred the enmity of men less just than himself and revolted from the king when he was on the embassy to Tigranes the Armenian. {246} And Tigranes sent him back against his will to Eupator, who was already in flight from his ancestral realm; but Metrodorus died on the way, whether by order of the king {247} or from disease; for both accounts are given of his death. So much for the Scepsians.
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246. For the story see Plut. Lucullus 22. 247. Tigranes.
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μετὰ δὲ Σκῆψιν Ἄνδειρα καὶ Πιονίαι καὶ ἡ Γαργαρίς. ἔστι δὲ λίθος περὶ τὰ Ἄνδειρα, ὃς καιόμενος σίδηρος γίνεται· εἶτα μετὰ γῆς τινος καμινευθεὶς ἀποστάζει ψευδάργυρον, ἣ προσλαβοῦσα χαλκὸν τὸ καλούμενον γίνεται κρᾶμα, ὅ τινες ὀρείχαλκον καλοῦσι· γίνεται δὲ ψευδάργυρος καὶ περὶ τὸν Τμῶλον. ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τὰ χωρία, ἃ οἱ Λέλεγες κατεῖχον· ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ τὰ περὶ Ἄσσον. |
After Scepsis come Andeira and Pioniae and the territory of Gargara. There is a stone in the neighborhood of Andeira which, when burned, becomes iron, and then, when heated in a furnace with a certain earth, distils mock-silver; {248} and this, with the addition of copper, makes the "mixture," as it is called, which by some is called "mountaincopper." {249} These are the places which the Leleges occupied; and the same is true of the places in the neighborhood of Assus.
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248. i.e., zinc. 249. The Latin term is orichaleum.
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ἔστι δὲ ἡ Ἄσσος ἐρυμνὴ καὶ εὐτειχής, ἀπὸ θαλάττης καὶ τοῦ λιμένος ὀρθίαν καὶ μακρὰν ἀνάβασιν ἔχουσα, ὥστ' ἐπ' αὐτῆς οἰκείως εἰρῆσθαι δοκεῖ τὸ τοῦ Στρατονίκου τοῦ κιθαριστοῦ Ἄσσον ἴθ', ὥς κεν θᾶσσον ὀλέθρου πείραθ' ἵκηαι. ὁ δὲ λιμὴν χώματι κατεσκεύασται μεγάλῳ. ἐντεῦθεν ἦν Κλεάνθης, ὁ στωικὸς φιλόσοφος, ὁ διαδεξάμενος τὴν Ζήνωνος τοῦ Κιτιέως σχολήν, καταλιπὼν δὲ Χρυσίππῳ τῷ Σολεῖ· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης διέτριψε διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ἑρμείαν τὸν τύραννον κηδείαν. ἦν δὲ Ἑρμείας εὐνοῦχος, τραπεζίτου τινὸς οἰκέτης· γενόμενος δ' Ἀθήνησιν ἠκροάσατο καὶ Πλάτωνος καὶ Ἀριστοτέλους· ἐπανελθὼν δὲ τῷ δεσπότῃ συνετυράννησε, πρῶτον ἐπιθεμένῳ τοῖς περὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ Ἄσσον χωρίοις· ἔπειτα διεδέξατο ἐκεῖνον καὶ μετεπέμψατο τόν τε Ἀριστοτέλην καὶ Ξενοκράτην καὶ ἐπεμελήθη αὐτῶν, τῷ δ' Ἀριστοτέλει καὶ θυγατέρα ἀδελφοῦ συνῴκισε. Μέμνων δ' ὁ Ῥόδιος ὑπηρετῶν τότε τοῖς Πέρσαις καὶ στρατηγῶν, προσποιησάμενος φιλίαν καλεῖ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ξενίας τε ἅμα καὶ πραγμάτων προσποιητῶν χάριν, συλλαβὼν δ' ἀνέπεμψεν ὡς τὸν βασιλέα, κἀκεῖ κρεμασθεὶς ἀπώλετο· οἱ φιλόσοφοι δ' ἐσώθησαν φεύγοντες τὰ χωρία ἃ οἱ Πέρσαι κατέσχον. |
Assus is by nature strong and well-fortified; and the ascent to it from the sea and the harbor is very steep and long, so that the statement of Stratonicus the citharist in regard to it seems appropriate:Go to Assus, in order that thou mayest more quickly come to the doom of death. {250} The harbor is formed by a great mole. From Assus came Cleanthes, the Stoic philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as head of the school and left it to Chrysippus of Soli. Here too Aristotle tarried, because of his relationship by marriage with the tyrant Hermeias. Hermeias was a eunuch, the slave of a certain banker; {251} and on his arrival at Athens he became a pupil of both Plato and Aristotle. On his return he shared the tyranny with his master, who had already laid hold of the districts of Atarneus and Assus; and then Hermeias succeeded him and sent for both Aristotle and Xenocrates and took care of them; and he also married his brother's daughter to Aristotle. Memnon of Rhodes, who was at that time serving the Persians as general, made a pretence of friendship for Hermeias, and then invited him to come for a visit, both in the name of hospitality and at the same time for pretended business reasons; but he arrested him and sent him up to the king, where he was put to death by hanging. But the philosophers safely escaped by flight from the districts above-mentioned, which were seized by the Persians.
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250. A precise quotation of Hom. Il. 6.143 except that Homer's ἆσσον ("nearer") is changed to Ἄσσον ("to Assus"). 251. Eubulus.
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φησὶ δὲ Μυρσίλος Μηθυμναίων κτίσμα εἶναι τὴν Ἄσσον, Ἑλλάνικός τε καὶ Αἰολίδα φησίν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ Γάργαρα καὶ ἡ Λαμπωνία Αἰολέων. Ἀσσίων γάρ ἐστι κτίσμα τὰ Γάργαρα, οὐκ εὖ συνοικούμενα· ἐποίκους γὰρ οἱ βασιλεῖς εἰσήγαγον ἐκ Μιλητουπόλεως ἐρημώσαντες ἐκείνην, ὥστε ἡμιβαρβάρους γενέσθαι φησὶ Δημήτριος αὐτοὺς ὁ Σκήψιος ἀντὶ Αἰολέων. καθ' Ὅμηρον μέντοι ταῦτα πάντα ἦν Λελέγων, οὓς τινὲς μὲν Κᾶρας ἀποφαίνουσιν, Ὅμηρος δὲ χωρίζει πρὸς μὲν ἁλὸς Κᾶρες καὶ Παίονες ἀγκυλότοξοι καὶ Λέλεγες καὶ Καύκωνες. ἕτεροι μὲν τοίνυν τῶν Καρῶν ὑπῆρξαν, ᾤκουν δὲ μεταξὺ τῶν ὑπὸ τῷ Αἰνείᾳ καὶ τῶν καλουμένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ Κιλίκων· ἐκπορθηθέντες δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως μετέστησαν εἰς τὴν Καρίαν, καὶ κατέσχον τὰ περὶ τὴν νῦν Ἁλικαρνασὸν χωρία. |
Myrsilus {252} says that Assus was founded by the Methymnaeans; and Hellanicus too calls it an Aeolian city, just as also Gargara and Lamponia belonged to the Aeolians. For Gargara was founded by the Assians; but it was not well peopled, for the kings brought into it colonists from Miletopolis when they devastated that city, so that instead of Aeolians, according to Demetrius of Scepsis, the inhabitants of Gargara became semi-barbarians. According to Homer, however, all these places belonged to the Leleges, who by some are represented to be Carians, although by Homer they are mentioned apart:Towards the sea are the Carians and the Paeonians of the curved bow and the Leleges and the Cauconians. {253} They were therefore a different people from the Carians; and they lived between the people subject to Aeneias and the people whom the poet called Cilicians, but when they were pillaged by Achilles they migrated to Caria and took possession of the district round the present Halicarnassus. {254}
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252. The historian of Methymna, who appears to have flourished about 300 B.C.; only fragments of his works remain. 253. Hom. Il. 10.428 254. Cf. 7. 7. 2.
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ἡ μὲν τοίνυν ἐκλειφθεῖσα ὑπ' αὐτῶν πόλις Πήδασος οὐκέτ' ἐστίν, ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τῶν Ἁλικαρνασέων τὰ Πήδασα ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὀνομασθέντα ἦν πόλις, καὶ νῦν ἡ χώρα Πηδασὶς λέγεται. φασὶ δ' ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ὀκτὼ πόλεις ᾠκίσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν Λελέγων πρότερον εὐανδρησάντων, ὥστε καὶ τῆς Καρίας κατασχεῖν τῆς μέχρι Μύνδου καὶ Βαργυλίων, καὶ τῆς Πισιδίας ἀποτεμέσθαι πολλήν. ὕστερον δ' ἅμα τοῖς Καρσὶ στρατευόμενοι κατεμερίσθησαν εἰς ὅλην τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ ἠφανίσθη τὸ γένος, τῶν δ' ὀκτὼ πόλεων τὰς ἓξ Μαύσωλος εἰς μίαν τὴν Ἁλικαρνασὸν συνήγαγεν, ὡς Καλλισθένης ἱστορεῖ· Συάγγελα δὲ καὶ Μύνδον διεφύλαξε. τοῖς δὲ Πηδασεῦσι τούτοις φησὶν Ἡρόδοτος ὅτε μέλλοι τι ἀνεπιτήδειον ἔσεσθαι καὶ τοῖς περιοίκοις, τὴν ἱέρειαν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πώγωνα ἴσχειν· τρὶς δὲ συμβῆναι τοῦτο αὐτοῖς. Πήδασον δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ νῦν Στρατονικέων πολίχνιόν ἐστιν. ἐν ὅλῃ δὲ Καρίᾳ καὶ ἐν Μιλήτῳ Λελέγων τάφοι καὶ ἐρύματα καὶ ἴχνη κατοικιῶν δείκνυται. |
However, the city Pedasus, now abandoned by them, is no longer in existence; but in the inland territory of the Halicarnassians there used to be a city Pedasa, so named by them; and the present territory is called Pedasis. It is said that as many as eight cities were settled in this territory by the Leleges, who in earlier times were so numerous that they not only took possession of that part of Caria which extends to Myndus and Bargylia, but also cut off for themselves a large portion of Pisidia. But later, when they went out on expeditions with the Carians, they became distributed throughout the whole of Greece, and the tribe disappeared. Of the eight cities, Mausolus {255} united six into one city, Halicarnassus, as Callisthenes tells us, but kept Syangela and Myndus as they were. These are the Pedasians of whom Herodotus {256} says that when any misfortune was about to come upon them and their neighbors, the priestess of Athena would grow a beard; and that this happened to them three times. And there is also a small town called Pedasum in the present territory of Stratoniceia. And throughout the whole of Caria and in Miletus are to be seen tombs, fortifications, and traces of settlements of the Leleges.
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255. King of Caria 377-353 B.C. The first "Mausoleum" was so named after him. 256. 1. 175, 8. 104.
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μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Λέλεγας τὴν ἑξῆς παραλίαν ᾤκουν Κίλικες καθ' Ὅμηρον, ἣν νῦν ἔχουσιν Ἀδραμυττηνοί τε καὶ Ἀταρνεῖται καὶ Πιταναῖοι μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Καΐκου. διῄρηντο δ' εἰς δύο δυναστείας οἱ Κίλικες, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, τήν τε ὑπὸ τῷ Ἠετίωνι καὶ τὴν ὑπὸ Μύνητι. |
After the Leleges, on the next stretch of coast, lived the Cilicians, according to Homer; I mean the stretch of coast now held by the Adramytteni and Atarneitae and Pitanaei, as far as the outlet of the Caïcus. The Cilicians, as I have said, {257} were divided into two dynasties, {258} one subject to Eëtion and one to Mynes.
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257. 13. 1. 7, 49. 258. But cf. 13. 1. 70.
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τοῦ μὲν οὖν Ἠετίωνος λέγει πόλιν Θήβην ᾠχόμεθ' ἐς Θήβην ἱερὴν πόλιν Ἠετίωνος τούτου δὲ καὶ τὴν Χρῦσαν τὴν ἔχουσαν τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος ἐμφαίνει, εἴπερ ἡ Χρυσηὶς ἐκ τῆς Θήβης ἑάλω· “ᾠχόμεθ” γάρ, φησίν, ἐς Θήβην· τὴν δὲ διεπράθομέν τε καὶ ἤγομεν ἐνθάδε πάντα. καὶ τὰ μὲν εὖ δάσσαντο μετὰ σφίσιν ὗἷες Ἀχαιῶν, ἐκ δ' ἕλον Ἀτρείδῃ Χρυσηίδα. τοῦ δὲ Μύνητος τὴν Λυρνησσόν· ἐπειδὴ Λυρνησσὸν διαπορθήσας καὶ τείχεα Θήβης τόν τε Μύνητα καὶ τὸν Ἐπίστροφον ἀνεῖλεν Ἀχιλλεύς, ὥστε ὅταν φῇ ἡ Βρισηίς οὐδέ μ' ἔασκες, ὅτ' ἄνδρ' ἐμὸν ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς ἔκτεινεν, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος, οὐ τὴν Θήβην λέγοι ἄν αὕτη γὰρ Ἠετίωνος ἀλλὰ τὴν Λυρνησσόν· ἀμφότεραι δ' ἦσαν ἐν τῷ κληθέντι μετὰ ταῦτα Θήβης πεδίῳ, ὃ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν περιμάχητον γενέσθαι φασὶ Μυσοῖς μὲν καὶ Λυδοῖς τὸ πρότερον, τοῖς δ' Ἕλλησιν ὕστερον τοῖς ἐποικήσασιν ἐκ τῆς Αἰολίδος καὶ τῆς Λέσβου. ἔχουσι δὲ νῦν Ἀδραμυττηνοὶ τὸ πλέον· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ καὶ ἡ Θήβη καὶ ἡ Λυρνησσός, ἐρυμνὸν χωρίον· ἔρημοι δ' ἀμφότεραι· διέχουσι δὲ Ἀδραμυττίου σταδίους ἡ μὲν ἑξήκοντα ἡ δὲ ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ ὀκτὼ ἐπὶ θάτερα. |
Now Homer calls Thebe the city of Eëtion:We went into Thebe, the sacred city of Eëtion; {259} and he clearly indicates that also Chrysa, which had the temple of Sminthian Apollo, belonged to Eëtion, if it be true that Chryseïs was taken captive at Thebe, for he says,We went into Thebe, and laid it waste and brought hither all the spoil. And this they divided aright among themselves, but they chose out Chryseïs for the son of Atreus; {260} and that Lyrnessus belonged to Mynes, since Achilleslaid waste Lyrnessus and the walls of Thebe {261} and slew both Mynes and Epistrophus; so that when Briseïs says,thou wouldst not even let me, {262} when swift Achilles slew my husband and sacked the city of divine Mynes, {263} Homer cannot mean Thebe (for this belonged to Eëtion), but Lyrnessus. Both were situated in what was afterwards called the Plain of Thebe, which, on account of its fertility, is said to have been an object of contention between the Mysians and Lydians in earlier times, and later between the Greeks who colonized it from Aeolis and Lesbos. But the greater part of it is now held by the Adramytteni, for here lie both Thebe and Lyrnessus, the latter a natural stronghold; but both places are deserted. From Adramyttium the former is distant sixty stadia and the latter eighty-eight, in opposite directions. {264}
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259. Hom. Il. 1.366 260. Hom. Il. 1.366 ff. 261. Hom. Il. 2.691 262. sc. "weep." 263. Hom. Il. 19.295 264. The site of Thebe has been definitely identified with that of the modern Edremid (see Leaf, p. 322). But that of Lyrnessus is uncertain. Leaf (p. 308, regarding the text as corrupt, reads merely "eighty" instead of "eighty-eight," and omits "in opposite directions".
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ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἀδραμυττηνῇ ἔστι καὶ ἡ Χρῦσα καὶ ἡ Κίλλα· πλησίον οὖν τῆς Θήβης ἔτι νῦν Κίλλα τις τόπος λέγεται, ἐν ᾧ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἔστιν ἱερόν· παραρρεῖ δ' αὐτῷ ἐξ Ἴδης φερόμενος ὁ Κίλλαιος ποταμός· ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀντανδρίαν· καὶ τὸ ἐν Λέσβῳ δὲ Κίλλαιον ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς Κίλλης ὠνόμασται· ἔστι δὲ καὶ Κίλλαιον ὄρος μεταξὺ Γαργάρων καὶ Ἀντάνδρου. φησὶ δὲ Δάης ὁ Κολωναεὺς ἐν Κολωναῖς ἱδρυθῆναι πρῶτον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος πλευσάντων Αἰολέων τὸ τοῦ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν· καὶ ἐν Χρύσῃ δὲ λέγουσι Κίλλαιον Ἀπόλλωνα ἱδρῦσθαι, ἄδηλον εἴτε τὸν αὐτὸν τῷ Σμινθεῖ εἴθ' ἕτερον. |
In the territory of Adramyttium lie also Chrysa and Cilla. At any rate there is still today a place near Thebe called Cilla, where is a temple of the Cillaean Apollo; and the Cillaeus River, which runs from Mt. Ida, flows past it. These places lie near the territory of Antandrus. The Cillaeum in Lesbos is named after this Cilla; and there is also a Mt. Cillaeum between Gargara and Antandrus. Daës of Colonae says that the temple of the Cillaean Apollo was first founded in Colonae by the Aeolians who sailed from Greece; it is also said that a temple of Cillaean Apollo was established at Chrysa, though it is not clear whether he is the same as the Sminthian Apollo or distinct from him.
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ἡ δὲ Χρῦσα ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πολίχνιον ἦν ἔχον λιμένα, πλησίον δὲ ὑπέρκειται ἡ Θήβη· ἐνταῦθα δ' ἦν καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Σμινθέως Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ ἡ Χρυσηίς· ἠρήμωται δὲ νῦν τὸ χωρίον τελέως· εἰς δὲ τὴν νῦν Χρῦσαν τὴν κατὰ Ἁμαξιτὸν μεθίδρυται τὸ ἱερόν, τῶν Κιλίκων τῶν μὲν εἰς τὴν Παμφυλίαν ἐκπεσόντων τῶν δὲ εἰς Ἁμαξιτόν. οἱ δ' ἀπειρότεροι τῶν παλαιῶν ἱστοριῶν ἐνταῦθα τὸν Χρύσην καὶ τὴν Χρυσηίδα γεγονέναι φασὶ καὶ τὸν Ὅμηρον τούτου τοῦ τόπου μεμνῆσθαι. ἀλλ' οὔτε λιμήν ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα, ἐκεῖνος δέ φησιν οἱ δ' ὅτε δὴ λιμένος πολυβενθέος ἐντὸς ἵκοντο, οὔτ' ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστιν, ἐκεῖνος δ' ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ ποιεῖ τὸ ἱερόν ἐκ δὲ Χρυσηὶς νηὸς βῆ ποντοπόροιο· τὴν μὲν ἔπειτ' ἐπὶ βωμὸν ἄγων πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεὺς πατρὶ φίλῳ ἐν χερσὶ τίθε οὔτε Θήβης πλησίον, ἐκεῖνος δὲ πλησίον· ἐκεῖθεν γοῦν ἁλοῦσαν λέγει τὴν Χρυσηίδα. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ Κίλλα τόπος οὐδεὶς ἐν τῇ Ἀλεξανδρέων χώρᾳ δείκνυται, οὐδὲ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν· ὁ ποιητὴς δὲ συζεύγνυσιν ὃς Χρύσην ἀμφιβέβηκας Κίλλαν τε ζαθέην ἐν δὲ τῷ Θήβης πεδίῳ δείκνυται πλησίον· ὅ τε πλοῦς ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Κιλικίου Χρύσης ἐπὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον ἑπτακοσίων που σταδίων ἐστὶν ἡμερήσιός πως, ὅσον φαίνεται πλεύσας ὁ Ὀδυσσεύς. ἐκβὰς γὰρ εὐθὺς παρίστησι τὴν θυσίαν τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἐπιλαβούσης μένει αὐτόθι, πρωὶ δὲ ἀποπλεῖ· ἀπὸ δὲ Ἁμαξιτοῦ τὸ τρίτον μόλις τοῦ λεχθέντος διαστήματός ἐστιν, ὥστε παρῆν τῷ Ὀδυσσεῖ αὐθημερὸν ἀναπλεῖν ἐπὶ τὸ ναύσταθμον τελέσαντι τὴν θυσίαν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ Κίλλου μνῆμα περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ Κιλλαίου Ἀπόλλωνος, χῶμα μέγα· ἡνίοχον δὲ τοῦτον Πέλοπός φασιν ἡγησάμενον τῶν τόπων, ἀφ' οὗ ἴσως ἡ Κιλικία ἢ ἔμπαλιν. |
Chrysa was a small town on the sea, with a harbor; and near by, above it, lies Thebe. Here too was the temple of the Sminthian Apollo; and here lived Chryseïs. But the place is now utterly deserted; and the temple was transferred to the present Chrysa near Hamaxitus when the Cilicians were driven out, partly to Pamphylia {265} and partly to Hamaxitus. Those who are less acquainted with ancient history say that it was at this Chrysa that Chryses and Chryseïs lived, and that Homer mentions this place; but, in the first place, there is no harbor here, and yet Homer says,And when they had now arrived inside the deep harbor; {266} and, secondly, the temple is not on the sea, though Homer makes it on the sea;and out from the seafaring ship stepped Chryseïs. Here then did Odysseus of many wiles lead to the altar, and place in the arms of her dear father; {267} neither is it near Thebe, though Homer makes it near; at any rate, he speaks of Chryseïs as having been taken captive there. Again, neither is there any place called Cilla to be seen in the territory of the Alexandreians, nor any temple of Cillaean Apollo; but the poet couples the two,who dost stand over Chrysa and sacred Cilla. {268} But it is to be seen near by in the Plain of Thebe. And the voyage from the Cilician Chrysa to the Naval Station is about seven hundred stadia, approximately a day's voyage, such a distance, obviously, as that sailed by Odysseus; {269} for immediately upon disembarking he offered the sacrifice to the god, and since evening overtook him he remained on the spot and sailed away the next morning. But the distance from Hamaxitus is scarcely a third of that above mentioned, so that Odysseus could have completed the sacrifice and sailed back to the Naval Station on the same day. There is also a tomb of Cillus in the neighborhood of the temple of the Cillaean Apollo, a great barrow. He is said to have been the charioteer of Pelops and to have ruled over this region; and perhaps it was after him that Cilicia was named, or vice versa.
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265. Cf 14. 4. 1. 266. Hom. Il. 1.432 267. Hom. Il. 1.438 268. Hom. Il. 1.37 269. See Hom. Il. 1.430 ff.
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τὰ οὖν περὶ τοὺς Τεύκρους καὶ τοὺς μύας, ἀφ' ὧν ὁ Σμινθεύς, ἐπειδὴ σμίνθοι οἱ μύες, δεῦρο μετενεκτέον. παραμυθοῦνται δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ μικρῶν ἐπίκλησιν τοιούτοις τισί· καὶ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν παρνόπων, οὓς οἱ Οἰταῖοι κόρνοπας λέγουσι, Κορνοπίωνα τιμᾶσθαι παρ' ἐκείνοις Ἡρακλέα ἀπαλλαγῆς ἀκρίδων χάριν· ἰποκτόνον δὲ παρ' Ἐρυθραίοις τοῖς τὸν Μίμαντα οἰκοῦσιν, ὅτι φθαρτικὸς τῶν ἀμπελοφάγων ἰπῶν· καὶ δὴ παρ' ἐκείνοις μόνοις τῶν Ἐρυθραίων τὸ θηρίον τοῦτο μὴ γίνεσθαι. Ῥόδιοι δὲ ἐρυθιβίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἔχουσιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ἱερόν, τὴν ἐρυσίβην καλοῦντες ἐρυθίβην· παρ' Αἰολεῦσι δὲ τοῖς ἐν Ἀσίᾳ μείς τις καλεῖται Πορνοπίων, οὕτω τοὺς πάρνοπας καλούντων Βοιωτῶν, καὶ θυσία συντελεῖται Πορνοπίωνι Ἀπόλλωνι. |
Now the story of the Teucrians and the mice--whence the epithet "Sminthian," {270} since "sminthi" means "mice"--must be transferred to this place. And writers excuse this giving of epithets from small creatures by such examples as the following: It is from locusts, {271} they say, which the Oetaeans call "cornopes," that Heracles is worshipped among the Oetaeans as "Cornopion," for ridding them of locusts; and he is worshipped among the Erythraeans who live in Mimas as "Ipoctonus," {272} because he is the destroyer of the vine-eating ips; {273} and in fact, they add, these are the only Erythraeans in whose country this creature is not to be found. And the Rhodians, who call erysibe {274} "erythibe," have a temple of Apollo "Erythibius" in their country; and among the Aeolians in Asia a certain month is called Pornopion, since the Boeotians so call the locusts, and a sacrifice is offered to Apollo Pornopion.
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270. i.e., the "Sminthian" Apollo (Hom. Il. 1.39). 271. "Parnopes." 272. "Ips-slayer." 273. A kind of cynips. 274. "Mildew."
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Μυσία μὲν οὖν ἔστιν ἡ περὶ τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον· ἦν δέ ποτε ὑπὸ Λυδοῖς, καὶ νῦν πύλαι Λύδιαι καλοῦνται ἐν Ἀδραμυττίῳ, Λυδῶν ὥς φασι τὴν πόλιν ἐκτικότων. Μυσίας δὲ καἶ Ἄστυρα τὴν πλησίον κώμην φασίν. ἦν δὲ πολίχνη ποτέ, ἐν ᾖ τὸ τῆς Ἀστυρηνῆς Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερὸν ἐν ἄλσει, προστατούμενον μετὰ ἁγιστείας ὑπ' Ἀντανδρίων, οἷς μᾶλλον γειτνιᾷ· διέχει δὲ τῆς παλαιᾶς Χρύσης εἴκοσι σταδίους, καὶ αὐτῆς ἐν ἄλσει τὸ ἱερὸν ἐχούσης. αὐτοῦ δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἀχίλλειος χάραξ· ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ἀπὸ πεντήκοντα σταδίων ἐστὶν ἡ Θήβη ἔρημος, ἥν φησιν ὁ ποιητής “ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ.” οὔτε δὲ Πλάκος ἢ Πλὰξ ἐκεῖ τι λέγεται, οὔθ' ὕλη ὑπέρκειται καίτοι πρὸς τῇ Ἴδῃ. Ἀστύρων δ' ἡ Θήβη διέχει εἰς ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους, Ἀνδείρων δὲ ἑξήκοντα. πάντα δὲ ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ ὀνόματα τόπων ἐρήμων ἢ φαύλως οἰκουμένων ἢ ποταμῶν χειμάρρων· τεθρύληται δὲ διὰ τὰς παλαιὰς ἱστορίας. |
Now the territory round Adramyttium is Mysian, though it was once subject to the Lydians; and today there is a gate in Adramyttium which is called the Lydian Gate because, as they say, the city was founded by Lydians. And they say that the neighboring village Astyra belongs to Mysia. It was once a small town, where, in a sacred precinct, was the temple of the Astyrene Artemis, which was superintended, along with holy rites, by the Antandrians, who were its nearer neighbors. It is twenty stadia distant from the ancient Chrysa, which also had its temple in a sacred precinct. Here too was the Palisade of Achilles. And in the interior, fifty stadia away, is Thebe, now deserted, which the poet speaks of as "beneath wooded Placus"; {275} but, in the first place, the name "Placus" or "Plax" is not found there at all, and, secondly, no wooded place lies above it, though it is near Mt. Ida. Thebe is as much as seventy stadia distant from Astyra and sixty from Andeira. But all these are names of deserted or scantily peopled places, or of winter torrents; and they are often mentioned only because of their ancient history.
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275. Hom. Il. 6.396.
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πόλεις δ' εἰσὶν ἀξιόλογοι Ἄσσος τε καὶ Ἀδραμύττιον. ἠτύχησε δὲ τὸ Ἀδραμύττιον ἐν τῷ Μιθριδατικῷ πολέμῳ· τὴν γὰρ βουλὴν ἀπέσφαξε τῶν πολιτῶν Διόδωρος στρατηγὸς χαριζόμενος τῷ βασιλεῖ, προσποιούμενος δ' ἅμα τῶν τε ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας φιλοσόφων εἶναι καὶ δίκας λέγειν καὶ σοφιστεύειν τὰ ῥητορικά· καὶ δὴ καὶ συναπῆρεν εἰς τὸν Πόντον τῷ βασιλεῖ· καταλυθέντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως ἔτισε δίκας τοῖς ἀδικηθεῖσιν· ἐγκλημάτων γὰρ ἐπενεχθέντων ἅμα πολλῶν, ἀπεκαρτέρησεν αἰσχρῶς οὐ φέρων τὴν δυσφημίαν ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ πόλει. ἀνὴρ δὲ Ἀδραμυττηνὸς ῥήτωρ ἐπιφανὴς γεγένηται Ξενοκλῆς, τοῦ μὲν Ἀσιανοῦ χαρακτῆρος, ἀγωνιστὴς δὲ εἴ τις ἄλλος καὶ εἰρηκὼς ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπὶ τῆς συγκλήτου καθ' ὃν καιρὸν αἰτίαν εἶχε Μιθριδατισμοῦ. |
Both Assus and Adramyttium are notable cities. But misfortune befell Adramyttium in the Mithridatic War, for the members of the city council were slaughtered, to please the king, by Diodorus {276} the general, who pretended at the same time to be a philosopher of the Academy, a dispenser of justice, and a teacher of rhetoric. And indeed he also joined the king on his journey to Pontus; but when the king was overthrown he paid the penalty for his misdeeds; for many charges were brought against him, all at the same time, and, being unable to bear the ignominy, he shamefully starved himself to death, in my own city. Another inhabitant of Adramyttium was the famous orator Xenocles, {277} who belonged to the Asiatic school and was as able a debater a ever lived, having even made a speech on behalf of Asia before the Senate, {278} at the time when Asia was accused of Mithridatism.
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276. This Diodorus is otherwise unknown. 277. This Xenocles is otherwise unknown except for a reference to him by Cicero Brutus 91. 278. The Roman Senate.
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πρὸς δὲ τοῖς Ἀστύροις λίμνη καλεῖται Σάπρα βαραθρώδης εἰς ῥαχιώδη τῆς θαλάττης αἰγιαλὸν τὸ ἔκρηγμα ἔχουσα. ὑπὸ δὲ τοῖς Ἀνδείροις ἱερόν ἐστι μητρὸς θεῶν Ἀνδειρηνῆς ἅγιον καὶ ἄντρον ὑπόνομον μέχρι Παλαιᾶς. ἔστι δ' ἡ Παλαιὰ κατοικία τις οὕτω καλουμένη, διέχουσα τῶν Ἀνδείρων ἑκατὸν καὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους· ἔδειξε δὲ τὴν ὑπονομὴν χίμαρος ἐμπεσὼν εἰς τὸ στόμα καὶ ἀνευρεθεὶς τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ κατὰ Ἄνδειρα ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιμένος κατὰ τύχην ἐπὶ θυσίαν ἥκοντος. Ἀταρνεὺς δ' ἐστὶ τὸ τοῦ Ἑρμείου τυραννεῖον, εἶτα Πιτάνη πόλις Αἰολική, δύο ἔχουσα λιμένας, καὶ ὁ παραρρέων αὐτὴν ποταμὸς Εὔηνος, ἐξ οὗ τὸ ὑδραγωγεῖον πεποίηται τοῖς Ἀδραμυττηνοῖς. ἐκ δὲ τῆς Πιτάνης ἐστὶν Ἀρκεσίλαος ὁ ἐκ τῆς Ἀκαδημίας, Ζήνωνος τοῦ Κιτιέως συσχολαστὴς παρὰ Πολέμωνι. καλεῖται δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ Πιτάνῃ τις τόπος ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ Ἀταρνεὺς ὑπὸ τῇ Πιτάνῃ κατὰ τὴν καλουμένην νῆσον Ἐλαιοῦσσαν. φασὶ δ' ἐν τῇ Πιτάνῃ τὰς πλίνθους ἐπιπολάζειν ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τῇ Τυρρηνίᾳ νησὶς πέπονθε· κουφοτέρα γὰρ ἡ γῆ τοῦ ἐπισόγκου ὕδατός ἐστιν ὥστ' ἐποχεῖσθαι. ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ δέ φησιν ἰδεῖν Ποσειδώνιος ἐκ τινος γῆς ἀργιλώδους, ᾖ τὰ ἀργυρώματα ἐκμάττεται, πλίνθους πηγνυμένας καὶ ἐπιπλεούσας. μετὰ δὲ τὴν Πιτάνην ὁ Κάικος εἰς τὸν Ἐλαΐτην καλούμενον κόλπον ἐν τριάκοντα σταδίοις ἐκδίδωσιν. ἐν δὲ τῷ πέραν τοῦ Καΐκου δώδεκα διέχουσα τοῦ ποταμοῦ σταδίους Ἐλαία πόλις Αἰολικὴ καὶ αὕτη, Περγαμηνῶν ἐπίνειον, ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσι σταδίους διέχουσα τοῦ Περγάμου. |
Near Astyra is an abysmal lake called Sapra, which has an outbreak into a reefy seashore. Below Andeira is a temple sacred to the Andeirene Mother of the gods, and also a cave that runs underground as far as Palaea. Palaea is a settlement so named, {279} at a distance of one hundred and thirty stadia from Andeira. The underground passage became known through the fact that a goat fell into the mouth of it and was found on the following day near Andeira by a shepherd who happened to have come to make sacrifice. Atarneus is the abode of the tyrant Hermeias; and then one comes to Pitane, an Aeolic city, which has two harbors, and the Evenus River, which flows past it, whence the aqueduct has been built by the Adramytteni. From Pitane came Arcesilaüs, of the Academy, a fellow-student with Zeno of Citium under Polemon. In Pitane there is also a place on the sea called "Atameus below Pitane," opposite the island called Eleussa. It is said that in Pitane bricks float on water, as is also the case with a certain earth {280} in Tyrrhenia, for the earth is lighter than an equal bulk of water, so that it floats. And Poseidonius says that in Iberia he saw bricks moulded from a clay-like earth, with which silver is cleaned, and that they floated on water. After Pitane one comes to the Caïcus River, which empties at a distance of thirty stadia into the Elaïtic Gulf, as it is called. On the far side of the Caïcus, twelve stadia distant from the river, is Elaea, an Aeolic city, which also is a seaport of the Pergamenians, being one hundred and twenty stadia distant from Pergamum.
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279. i.e., "Old Settlement." 280. "Rotten-stone."
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εἶτ' ἐν ἑκατὸν σταδίοις ἡ Κάνη, τὸ ἀνταῖρον ἀκρωτήριον τῷ Λεκτῷ καὶ ποιοῦν τὸν Ἀδραμυττηνὸν κόλπον, οὗ μέρος καὶ ὁ Ἐλαϊτικός ἐστι. Κάναι δὲ πολίχνιον Λοκρῶν τῶν ἐκ Κύνου κατὰ τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Λέσβου τὰ νοτιώτατα κείμενον ἐν τῇ Καναίᾳ· αὕτη δὲ μέχρι τῶν Ἀργινουσσῶν διήκει καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ἄκρας, ἣν Αἶγά τινες ὀνομάζουσιν ὁμωνύμως τῷ ζῴῳ. δεῖ δὲ μακρῶς τὴν δευτέραν συλλαβὴν ἐκφέρειν Αἰγάν, ὡς ἀκτὰν καὶ ἀρχάν· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὸ ὄρος ὅλον ὠνομάζετο, ὃ νῦν Κάνην καὶ Κάνας λέγουσι. κύκλῳ δὲ περὶ τὸ ὄρος πρὸς νότον μὲν καὶ δύσιν ἡ θάλαττα, πρὸς ἕω δὲ τὸ Καΐκου πεδίον ὑπόκειται, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ ἡ Ἐλαῗτις· αὐτὸ δὲ καθ' αὑτὸ ἱκανῶς συνέσταλται, προσνεύει δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος, ὅθεν αὐτῷ καὶ τοὔνομα· ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀκρωτήριον Αἰγὰ κεκλῆσθαι, ὡς Σαπφώ φησιν, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν Κάνη καὶ Κάναι. |
Then, at a distance of a hundred stadia, one comes to Cane, the promontory which rises opposite Lectum and forms the Adramyttene Gulf, of which the Elaïtic gulf is a part. Canae is a small town of Locrians from Cynus, and lies in the Canaean territory opposite the southernmost ends of Lesbos. This territory extends as far as the Arginussae Islands and the promontory above them, which some call Aega, making it the same as the word for the animal; {281} but the second syllable should be pronounced long, that is, "Aega," like Acta and Archa, for Aega used to be the name of the whole of the mountain which is now called Cane or Canae. The mountain is surrounded on the south and west by the sea, and on the east by the plain of the Caïcus, which lies below it, and on the north by the territory of Elaea. This mountain forms a fairly compact mass off to itself, though it slopes towards the Aegaean Sea, whence it got its name. {282} Later the promontory itself was called Aega, as in Sappho, {283} but the rest was called Cane or Canae.
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281. i.e., Ἄιξ, "goat." 282. It is not clear in the Greek whether Strabo says that the Aegean Sea got its name from Aega or vice versa. Elsewhere (8. 7. 4) he speaks of "Aegae in Boeotia from which it is probable that the Aegean Sea got its name." 283. A fragment otherwise unknown (Sappho Fr. 131 (Bergk)).
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μεταξὺ δὲ Ἐλαίας τε καὶ Πιτάνης καὶ Ἀταρνέως καὶ Περγάμου Τευθρανία ἐστί, διέχουσα οὐδεμιᾶς αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους ἐντὸς τοῦ Καΐκου, καὶ ὁ Τεύθρας Κιλίκων καὶ Μυσῶν ἱστόρηται βασιλεύς. Εὐριπίδης δ' ὑπὸ Ἀλέου φησὶ τοῦ τῆς Αὔγης πατρὸς εἰς λάρνακα τὴν Αὔγην κατατεθεῖσαν ἅμα τῷ παιδὶ Τηλέφῳ καταποντωθῆναι, φωράσαντος τὴν ἐξ Ἡρακλέους φθοράν· Ἀθηνᾶς δὲ προνοίᾳ τὴν λάρνακα περαιωθεῖσαν ἐκπεσεῖν εἰς τὸ στόμα τοῦ Καΐκου, τὸν δὲ Τεύθραντα ἀναλαβόντα τὰ σώματα τῇ μὲν ὡς γαμετῇ χρήσασθαι τῷ δ' ὡς ἑαυτοῦ παιδί. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν μῦθος, ἄλλην δέ τινα δεῖ γεγονέναι συντυχίαν, δι' ἣν ἡ τοῦ Ἀρκάδος θυγάτηρ τῷ Μυσῶν βασιλεῖ συνῆλθε καὶ ὁ ἐξ αὐτῆς διεδέξατο τὴν ἐκείνου βασιλείαν. πεπίστευται δ' οὖν ὅτι καὶ ὁ Τεύθρας καὶ ὁ Τήλεφος ἐβασίλευσαν τῆς χώρας τῆς περὶ τὴν Τευθρανίαν καὶ τὸν Κάικον, ὁ δὲ ποιητὴς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον μέμνηται μόνον τῆς ἱστορίας ταύτης ἀλλ' οἷον τὸν Τηλεφίδην κατενήρατο χαλκῷ ἥρω Εὐρύπυλον, πολλοὶ δ' ἀμφ' αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι Κήτειοι κτείνοντο γυναίων εἵνεκα δώρων, αἴνιγμα τιθεὶς ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἢ λέγων τι σαφές. οὔτε γὰρ τοὺς Κητείους ἴσμεν οὕστινας δέξασθαι δεῖ, οὔτε τὸ “γυναίων εἵνεκα δώρων.” ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ γραμματικοὶ μυθάρια παραβάλλοντες εὑρεσιλογοῦσι μᾶλλον ἢ λύουσι τὰ ζητούμενα. |
Between Elaea, Pitane, Atarneus, and Pergamum lies Teuthrania, which is at no greater distance than seventy stadia from any of them and is this side the Caïcus River; and the story told is that Teuthras was king of the Cilicians and Mysians. Euripides {284} says that Auge, with her child Telephus, was put by Aleus, her father, into a chest and submerged in the sea when he had detected her ruin by Heracles, but that by the providence of Athena the chest was carried across the sea and cast ashore at the mouth of the Caïcus, and that Teuthras rescued the prisoners, and treated the mother as his wife and the child as his own son. {285} Now this is the myth, but there must have been some other issue of fortune through which the daughter of the Arcadian consorted with the king of the Mysians and her son succeeded to his kingdom. It is believed, at any rate, that both Teuthras and Telephus reigned as kings over the country round Teuthrania and the Caïcus, though Homer goes only so far as to mention the story thus:But what a man was the son of Telephus, the hero Eurypylus, whom he slew with the bronze; and round him were slain many comrades, Ceteians, on account of a woman's gifts. {286} The poet thus sets before us a puzzle instead of making a clear statement; for we neither know whom we should understand the poet to mean by the "Ceteians" nor what he means by "on account of the gifts of a woman"; {287} but the grammarians too throw in petty myths, more to show their inventiveness than to solve questions.
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284. Eur. Fr. 696 (Nauck). 285. Cf. 12. 8. 2, 4. 286. Hom. Od. 11.521 287. On the variant myths of Auge and Telephus see Estathius Hom. Od. 11.521; also Leaf's note and references (p. 340).
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ἐάσθω δὴ ταῦτα, ἐκεῖνο δ' ὅπερ ἐστὶ μᾶλλον ἐν φανερῷ λαβόντες λέγωμεν, ὅτι ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὸν Κάικον τόποις φαίνεται βεβασιλευκὼς καθ' Ὅμηρον ὁ Εὐρύπυλος, ὥστ' ἴσως καὶ τῶν Κιλίκων τι μέρος ἦν ὑπ' αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐ δύο δυναστεῖαι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τρεῖς ὑπῆρξαν ἐν αὐτοῖς. τῷ δὲ λόγῳ τούτῳ συνηγορεῖ τὸ ἐν τῇ Ἐλαΐτιδι χειμαρρῶδες ποτάμιον δείκνυσθαι Κήτειον· ἐμπίπτει δ' οὗτος εἰς ἄλλον ὅμοιον, εἶτ' ἄλλον, καταστρέφουσι δὲ εἰς τὸν Κάικον· ὁ δὲ Κάικος οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἴδης ῥεῖ, καθάπερ εἴρηκε Βακχυλίδης, οὐδ' ὀρθῶς Εὐριπίδης τὸν Μαρσύαν φησί τὰς διωνομασμένας ναίειν Κελαινὰς ἐσχάτοις Ἴδης τόποις. πολὺ γὰρ τῆς Ἴδης ἄπωθεν αἱ Κελαιναί, πολὺ δὲ καὶ αἱ τοῦ Καΐκου πηγαί· δείκνυνται γὰρ ἐν πεδίῳ. Τῆμνον δ' ἔστιν ὄρος ὃ διορίζει τοῦτό τε καὶ τὸ καλούμενον Ἀπίας πεδίον, ὃ ὑπέρκειται ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ τοῦ Θήβης πεδίου· ῥεῖ δ' ἐκ τοῦ Τήμνου ποταμὸς Μύσιος ἐμβάλλων εἰς τὸν Κάικον ὑπὸ ταῖς πηγαῖς αὐτοῦ, ἀφ' οὗ δέχονταί τινες εἰπεῖν Αἰσχύλον κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τοῦ ἐν Μυρμιδόσι προλόγου ἰὼ Κάικε Μύσιαί τ' ἐπιρροαί. ἐγγὺς δὲ τῶν πηγῶν κώμη Γέργιθα ἔστιν, εἰς ἣν μετῴκισεν Ἄτταλος τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι τὸ χωρίον ἐξελών. |
However, let us dismiss these; and let us, taking that which is more obvious, say that, according to Homer, Eurypylus clearly reigned in the region of the Caïcus, so that perhaps a part of the Cilicians were subject to him, in which case there were three dynasties among them and not merely two. {288} This statement is supported by the fact that there is to be seen in the territory of Elaea a torrential stream called the Ceteius; this empties into another like it, and this again into another, and they all end in the Caïcus. But the Caïcus does not flow from Ida, as Bacchylides {289} states; neither is Euripides correct in saying that Marsyasdwells in widely famed Celaenae, in the farthermost region of Ida; {290} for Celaenae is very far from Ida, and the sources of the Caïcus are also very far, for they are to be seen in a plain. Temnus is a mountain which forms the boundary between this plain and the Plain of Apia, as it is called, which lies in the interior above the Plain of Thebe. From Temnus flows a river called Mysius, which empties into the Caïcus below its sources; and it was from this fact, as some interpret the passage, that Aeschylus said at the opening of the prologue to the Myrmidons,Oh! thou Caïcus and ye Mysian in-flows. {291} Near the sources is a village called Gergitha, to which Attalus transferred the Gergithians of the Troad when he had destroyed their place.
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288. Cf. 13. 1. 7, 67. 289. A fragment otherwise unknown (Bacchyl. Fr. 66 (Bergk)). 290. Eur. Fr. 1085 (Nauck) 291. Aesch. Fr. 143 (Nauck)
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ἐπεὶ δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ τῇ ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ μέχρι Κανῶν ἀντιπαρατέταται νῆσος ἡ Λέσβος λόγου ἀξία πλείστου, περίκειται δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ νησία τὰ μὲν ἔξωθεν τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐντὸς μεταξὺ αὐτῆς τε καὶ τῆς ἠπείρου, καιρὸς ἤδη περὶ τούτων εἰπεῖν· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτά ἐστιν Αἰολικά, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ μητρόπολις ἡ Λέσβος ὑπάρχει τῶν Αἰολικῶν πόλεων. ἀρκτέον δ' ἀφ' ὧνπερ καὶ τὴν παραλίαν ἐπήλθομεν τὴν κατ' αὐτήν. |
Since Lesbos, an island worthy of a full account, lies alongside and opposite the coast which extends from Lectum to Canae, and also has small islands lying round it, some outside it and some between it and the mainland, it is now time to describe these; for these are Aeolian, and I might almost say that Lesbos is the metropolis of the Aeolian cities. But I must begin at the point whence I began to traverse the coast that lies opposite the island.
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ἀπὸ Λεκτοῦ τοίνυν ἐπὶ Ἄσσον πλέουσιν ἀρχὴ τῆς Λεσβίας ἐστὶ κατὰ Σίγριον τὸ πρὸς ἄρκτον αὐτῆς ἄκρον. ἐνταῦθα δέ που καὶ Μήθυμνα πόλις Λεσβίων ἐστὶν ἀπὸ ἑξήκοντα σταδίων τῆς ἐκ Πολυμηδείου πρὸς τὴν Ἄσσον παραλίας. οὔσης δὲ τῆς περιμέτρου σταδίων χιλίων ἑκατὸν ἣν ἡ σύμπασα ἐκπληροῖ νῆσος, τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα οὕτως ἔχει· ἀπὸ Μηθύμνης εἰς Μαλίαν τὸ νοτιώτατον ἄκρον ἐν δεξιᾷ ἔχουσι τὴν νῆσον, καθ' ὃ αἱ Κάναι μάλιστα ἀντίκεινται τῇ νήσῳ καὶ συναπαρτίζουσι, στάδιοί εἰσι τριακόσιοι τετταράκοντα· ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἐπὶ Σίγριον, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τῆς νήσου τὸ μῆκος, πεντακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα· εἶτ' ἐπὶ τὴν Μήθυμναν διακόσιοι δέκα. Μιτυλήνη δὲ κεῖται μεταξὺ Μηθύμνης καὶ τῆς Μαλίας ἡ μεγίστη πόλις, διέχουσα τῆς Μαλίας ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους, τῶν δὲ Κανῶν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσιν, ὅσους καὶ τῶν Ἀργινουσσῶν, αἳ τρεῖς μέν εἰσιν οὐ μεγάλαι νῆσοι, πλησιάζουσι δὲ τῇ ἠπείρῳ, παρακείμεναι ταῖς Κάναις. ἐν δὲ τῷ μεταξὺ Μιτυλήνης καὶ τῆς Μηθύμνης κατὰ κώμην τῆς Μηθυμναίας καλουμένην Αἴγειρον στενωτάτη ἐστὶν ἡ νῆσος, ὑπέρβασιν ἔχουσα εἰς τὸν Πυρραίων εὔριπον σταδίων εἴκοσιν. ἵδρυται δ' ἡ Πύρρα ἐν τῷ ἑσπερίῳ πλευρῷ τῆς Λέσβου, διέχουσα τῆς Μαλίας ἑκατόν. ἔχει δ' ἡ Μιτυλήνη λιμένας δύο, ὧν ὁ νότιος κλειστὸς τριηρικὸς ναυσὶ πεντήκοντα, ὁ δὲ βόρειος μέγας καὶ βαθύς, χώματι σκεπαζόμενος· πρόκειται δ' ἀμφοῖν νησίον μέρος τῆς πόλεως ἔχον αὐτόθι συνοικούμενον· κατεσκεύασται δὲ τοῖς πᾶσι καλῶς. |
Now as one sails from Lectum to Assus, the Lesbian country begins at Sigrium, its promontory on the north. {292} In this general neighborhood is also Methymna, a city of the Lesbians, sixty stadia distant from the coast that stretches from Polymedium to Assus. But while the perimeter which is filled out by the island as a whole is eleven hundred stadia, the several distances are as follows: From Methymna to Malia, the southernmost {293} promontory to one keeping the island on the right, I mean at the point where Canae lies most directly opposite the island and precisely corresponds with it, the distance is three hundred and forty stadia; thence to Sigrium, which is the length of the island, five hundred and sixty; and then to Methymna, two hundred and ten. {294} Mitylene, the largest city, lies between Methymna and Malia, being seventy stadia distant from Malia, one hundred and twenty from Canae, and the same distance from the Arginussae, which are three small islands lying near the mainland alongside Canae. In the interval between Mitylene and Methymna, in the neighborhood of a village called Aegeirus in the Methymnaean territory, the island is narrowest, with a passage of only twenty stadia over to the Euripus of the Pyrrhaeans. Pyrrha is situated on the western side of Lesbos at a distance of one hundred stadia from Malia. Mitylene has two harbors, of which the southern can be closed and holds only fifty triremes, but the northern is large and deep, and is sheltered by a mole. Off both lies a small island, which contains a part of the city that is settled there. And the city is well equipped with everything.
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292. But Sigrium was the westernmost promontory of the island. 293. More accurately, "southwesternmost." 294. The total, 1110, being ten more than the round number given above.
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ἄνδρας δ' ἔσχεν ἐνδόξους τὸ παλαιὸν μὲν Πιττακόν, ἕνα τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν, καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν Ἀλκαῖον καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀντιμενίδαν, ὅν φησιν Ἀλκαῖος Βαβυλωνίοις συμμαχοῦντα τελέσαι μέγαν ἆθλον καὶ ἐκ πόνων αὐτοὺς ῥύσασθαι κτείναντα ἄνδρα μαχαίταν βασιληίων παλαστὰν ὥς φησιν ἀπολείποντα μόνον μίαν παχέων ἀπὺ πέμπων. συνήκμασε δὲ τούτοις καὶ ἡ Σαπφώ, θαυμαστόν τι χρῆμα· οὐ γὰρ ἴσμεν ἐν τῷ τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ τῷ μνημονευομένῳ φανεῖσάν τινα γυναῖκα ἐνάμιλλον οὐδὲ κατὰ μικρὸν ἐκείνῃ ποιήσεως χάριν. ἐτυραννήθη δὲ ἡ πόλις κατὰ τοὺς χρόνους τούτους ὑπὸ πλειόνων διὰ τὰς διχοστασίας, καὶ τὰ στασιωτικὰ καλούμενα τοῦ Ἀλκαίου ποιήματα περὶ τούτων ἐστίν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς τυράννοις καὶ ὁ Πιττακὸς ἐγένετο. Ἀλκαῖος μὲν οὖν ὁμοίως ἐλοιδορεῖτο καὶ τούτῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις, Μυρσίλῳ καὶ Μελάγχρῳ καὶ τοῖς Κλεανακτίδαις καὶ ἄλλοις τισίν, οὐδ' αὐτὸς καθαρεύων τῶν τοιούτων νεωτερισμῶν. Πιττακὸς δ' εἰς μὲν τὴν τῶν δυναστειῶν κατάλυσιν ἐχρήσατο τῇ μοναρχίᾳ καὶ αὐτός, καταλύσας δὲ ἀπέδωκε τὴν αὐτονομίαν τῇ πόλει. ὕστερον δ' ἐγένετο χρόνοις πολλοῖς Διοφάνης ὁ ῥήτωρ, καθ' ἡμᾶς δὲ Ποτάμων καὶ Λεσβοκλῆς καὶ Κριναγόρας καὶ ὁ συγγραφεὺς Θεοφάνης. οὗτος δὲ καὶ πολιτικὸς ἀνὴρ ὑπῆρξε καὶ Πομπηίῳ τῷ Μάγνῳ κατέστη φίλος μάλιστα διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν ταύτην, καὶ πάσας συγκατώρθωσεν αὐτῷ τὰς πράξεις, ἀφ' ὧν τήν τε πατρίδα ἐκόσμησε τὰ μὲν δι' ἐκείνου τὰ δὲ δι' ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ ἑαυτὸν πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπιφανέστατον ἀνέδειξεν· υἱόν τε ἀπέλιπε Μάρκον Πομπήιον, ὃν τῆς Ἀσίας ἐπίτροπον κατέστησέ ποτε Καῖσαρ ὁ Σεβαστός, καὶ νῦν ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις ἐξετάζεται τῶν Τιβερίου φίλων. Ἀθηναῖοι δ' ἐκινδύνευσαν μὲν ἀνηκέστῳ ψόγῳ περιπεσεῖν ψηφισάμενοι Μιτυληναίους ἡβηδὸν ἀποσφαγῆναι, μετέγνωσαν δὲ καὶ ἔφθη μιᾷ θᾶττον ἡμέρᾳ τὸ ψήφισμα ἀφιγμένον ὡς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς πρὶν ἢ πρᾶξαι τὸ προσταχθέν. |
Mitylene has produced famous men: in early times, Pittacus, one of the Seven Wise Men; and the poet Alcaeus, and his brother Antimenidas, who, according to Alcaeus, won a great struggle when fighting on the side of the Babylonians, and rescued them from their toils by killing a warrior, the royal wrestler(as he says),who was but one short of five cubits in height. {295} And along with these flourished also Sappho, a marvellous woman; for in all the time of which we have record I do not know of the appearance of any woman who could rival Sappho, even in a slight degree, in the matter of poetry. The city was in those times ruled over by several tyrants because of the dissensions among the inhabitants; and these dissensions are the subject of the Stasiotic {296} poems, as they are called, of Alcaeus. And also Pittacus {297} was one of the tyrants. Now Alcaeus would rail alike at both Pittacus and the rest, Myrsilus and Melanchrus and the Cleanactidae and certain others, though even he himself was not innocent of revolutionary attempts; but even Pittacus himself used monarchy for the overthrow of the oligarchs, and then, after overthrowing them, restored to the city its independence. Diophanes the rhetorician was born much later; but Potamon, Lesbocles, Crinagoras, and Theophanes the historian in my time. Theophanes was also a statesman; and he became a friend to Pompey the Great, mostly through his very ability, and helped him to succeed in all his achievements; whence he not only adorned his native land, partly through Pompey and partly through himself, but also rendered himself the most illustrious of all the Greeks. He left a son, Marcus Pompey, whom Augustus Caesar once set up as Procurator of Asia, and who is now counted among the first of the friends of Tiberius. The Athenians were in danger of suffering an irreparable disgrace when they voted that all Mitylenaeans from youth upwards should be slain, but they changed their minds and their counter-decree reached the generals only one day before the order was to be executed.
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295. Alcaeus Fr. 33 (Bergk) 296. Seditious. 297. Reigned 589-579 B.C.
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ἡ δὲ Πύρρα κατέστραπται, τὸ δὲ προάστειον οἰκεῖται καὶ ἔχει λιμένα, ὅθεν εἰς Μιτυλήνην ὑπέρβασις σταδίων ὀγδοήκοντα. εἶτ' Ἔρεσος ἔστι μετὰ τὴν Πύρραν· ἵδρυται δ' ἐπὶ λόφου καθήκει τε ἐπὶ θάλατταν· εἶτ' ἐπὶ τὸ Σίγριον ἐντεῦθεν στάδιοι εἰκοσιοκτώ· ἐξ Ἐρέσου δ' ἦσαν Θεόφραστός τε καὶ Φανίας οἱ ἐκ τῶν περιπάτων φιλόσοφοι, Ἀριστοτέλους γνώριμοι. Τύρταμος δ' ἐκαλεῖτο ἔμπροσθεν ὁ Θεόφραστος, μετωνόμασε δ' αὐτὸν Ἀριστοτέλης Θεόφραστον, ἅμα μὲν φεύγων τὴν τοῦ προτέρου ὀνόματος κακοφωνίαν, ἅμα δὲ τὸν τῆς φράσεως αὐτοῦ ζῆλον ἐπισημαινόμενος· ἅπαντας μὲν γὰρ λογίους ἐποίησε τοὺς μαθητὰς Ἀριστοτέλης, λογιώτατον δὲ Θεόφραστον. Ἄντισσα δ' ἐφεξῆς ἐστι τῷ Σιγρίῳ πόλις ἔχουσα λιμένα, ἔπειτα Μήθυμνα· ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἦν Ἀρίων ὁ ἐπὶ τῷ δελφῖνι μυθευόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ Ἡρόδοτον εἰς Ταίναρον σωθῆναι, καταποντωθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν λῃστῶν· οὗτος μὲν οὖν κιθαρῳδός. καὶ Τέρπανδρον δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς μουσικῆς τεχνίτην γεγονέναι φασὶ καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς νήσου, τὸν πρῶτον ἀντὶ τῆς τετραχόρδου λύρας ἑπταχόρδῳ χρησάμενον, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀναφερομένοις ἔπεσιν εἰς αὐτὸν λέγεται σοὶ δ' ἡμεῖς τετράγηρυν ἀποστρέψαντες ἀοιδὴν, ἑπτατόνῳ φόρμιγγι νέους κελαδήσομεν ὕμνους. καὶ Ἑλλάνικος δὲ Λέσβιος ὁ συγγραφεὺς καὶ Καλλίας ὁ τὴν Σαπφὼ καὶ τὸν Ἀλκαῖον ἐξηγησάμενος. |
Pyrrha has been razed to the ground, but its suburb is inhabited and has a harbor, whence there is a passage of eighty stadia over hills to Mitylene. Then, after Pyrrha, one comes to Eressus; it is situated on a hill and extends down to the sea. Then to Sigrium, twenty-eight stadia from Eressus. Both Theophrastus and Phanias, the peripatetic philosophers, disciples of Aristotle, were from Eressus. Theophrastus was at first called Tyrtamus, but Aristotle changed his name to Theophrastus, at the same time avoiding the cacophony of his name and signifying the fervor of his speech; for Aristotle made all his pupils eloquent, but Theophrastus most eloquent of all. Antissa, a city with a harbor, comes next in order after Sigrium. And then Methymna, whence came Arion, who, according to a myth told by Herodotus and his followers, safely escaped on a dolphin to Taenarum after being thrown into the sea by the pirates. Now Arion played, and sang to, the cithara; and Terpander, also, is said to have been an artist in the same music and to have been born in the same island, having been the first person to use the seven-stringed instead of the four-stringed lyre, as we are told in the verses attributed to him:For thee I, having dismissed four-toned song, shall sing new hymns to the tune of a seven-stringed cithara. {298} Also Hellanicus the historian, and Cailias, who interpreted Sappho and Alcaeus, were Lesbians.
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298. Arion Fr. 4 (Bergk)
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κατὰ δὲ τὸν πορθμὸν τὸν μεταξὺ τῆς Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Λέσβου νησία ἐστὶ περὶ εἴκοσιν, ὡς δὲ Τιμοσθένης φησί, τετταράκοντα· καλοῦνται δ' Ἑκατόννησοι συνθέτως, ὡς Πελοπόννησος, κατὰ ἔθος τι τοῦ ν γράμματος πλεονάζοντος ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις, ὡς Μυόννησος καὶ Προκόννησος λέγεται καὶ Ἁλόννησος, ὥστε Ἑκατόννησοί εἰσιν, οἷον Ἀπολλωνόννησοι· Ἕκατος γὰρ ὁ Ἀπόλλων· παρὰ πᾶσαν γὰρ δὴ τὴν παραλίαν ταύτην ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἐκτετίμηται μέχρι Τενέδου, Σμινθεὺς ἢ Κιλλαῖος καλούμενος ἢ Γρυνεὺς ἤ τινα ἄλλην ἐπωνυμίαν ἔχων. πλησίον δὲ τούτων ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Πορδοσελήνη, πόλιν ὁμώνυμον ἔχουσα ἐν αὐτῇ· καὶ πρὸ τῆς πόλεως ταύτης ἄλλη νῆσος μείζων αὐτῆς, καὶ πόλις ὁμώνυμος ἔρημος, ἱερὸν ἅγιον ἔχουσα Ἀπόλλωνος. |
In the strait between Asia and Lesbos there are about twenty small islands, but according to Timosthenes, forty. They are called Hecatonnesi, a compound name like Peloponnesus, the second letter n being customarily redundant in such compounds, as in the names Myonnesus, Proconnesus, and Halonnesus; and consequently we have Hecatonnesi, which means Apollonnesi, for Apollo is called Hecatus; for along the whole of this coast, as far as Tenedos, Apollo is highly honored, being called Sminthian or Cillaean or Grynian or by some other appellation. Near these islands is Pordoselene, which contains a city of the same name, and also, in front of this city, another island, larger and of the same name, which is uninhabited and has a temple sacred to Apollo.
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τὰς δὲ δυσφημίας τῶν ὀνομάτων φεύγοντές τινες ἐνταῦθα μὲν Ποροσελήνην δεῖν λέγειν φασί, τὸ δ' Ἀσπορδηνὸν ὄρος τὸ περὶ Πέργαμον, τραχὺ καὶ λυπρὸν ὄν, Ἀσπορηνόν, καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν τὸ ἐνταῦθα τῆς μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν Ἀσπορηνῆς. τί οὖν φήσομεν τὴν πόρδαλιν καὶ τὸν σαπέρδην καὶ τὸν Περδίκκαν καὶ τὸ Σιμωνίδου σὺν πορδακοῖσιν ἐκπεσόντες εἵμασιν ἀντὶ τοῦ διαβρόχοις, καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ που κωμῳδίᾳ πορδακὸν τὸ χωρίον τὸ λιμνάζον; Διέχει δ' ἡ Λέσβος τὸ ἴσον ἀπὸ τῆς Τενέδου καὶ Λήμνου καὶ Χίου σχεδόν τι τῶν πεντακοσίων ἐνδοτέρω σταδίων. |
Some writers, to avoid the indecency of the names, say that in this place we should read "Poroselene," and that we should call Aspordenum, the rocky and barren mountain round Pergamum, "Asporenum," and the temple of the Mother of the gods there the temple of the "Asporene" mother. {299} What, then, shall we say of Pordalis and Saperdes and Perdiccas, and of the phrase of Simonides,banished, 'pordacian' clothes and all,instead of "wet" clothes, and, somewhere in the early comedy,the place is 'pordacian,'that is, the place that is "marshy"? Lesbos is equidistant from Tenedos and Lemnos and Chios, one might say rather less than five hundred stadia.
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299. i.e., they avoid "pord," which, as also "perd," is the stem of an indecent Greek word.
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τοιαύτης δὲ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Τρῶας οἰκειότητος ὑπαρχούσης τοῖς τε Λέλεξι καὶ τοῖς Κίλιξι, ζητοῦσιν αἰτίαν δι' ἣν οὐ συγκαταλέγονται καὶ οὗτοι ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ. εἰκὸς δὲ διὰ τὴν τῶν ἡγεμόνων διαφθορὰν καὶ τὴν τῶν πόλεων ἐκπόρθησιν ὀλίγους ὑπολειφθέντας τοὺς Κίλικας ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι τάττεσθαι· ὅ τε γὰρ Ἠετίων καὶ οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ λέγονται πρὸ τοῦ καταλόγου διαφθαρῆναι ἤτοι μὲν πατέρ' ἀμὸν ἀπέκτανε δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς, ἐκ δὲ πόλιν πέρσεν Κιλίκων, Θήβην ὑψίπυλον. οἳ δέ μοι ἑπτὰ κασίγνητοι ἔσαν ἐν μεγάροισιν, οἱ μὲν πάντες ἰῷ κίον ἤματι Ἄιδος εἴσω· πάντας γὰρ κατέπεφνε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. ὡς δ' αὕτως καὶ οἱ ὑπὸ Μύνητι τούς τε ἡγεμόνας ἀποβεβλήκασι καὶ τὴν πόλιν κὰδ δὲ Μύνητ' ἔβαλεν καὶ Ἐπίστροφον, πέρσεν δὲ πόλιν θείοιο Μύνητος. τοὺς δὲ Λέλεγας τοῖς μὲν ἀγῶσι παρόντας ποιεῖ, ὅταν οὕτω λέγῃ πρὸς μὲν ἁλὸς Κᾶρες καὶ Παίονες ἀγκυλότοξοι καὶ Λέλεγες καὶ Καύκωνες, καὶ πάλιν Σάτνιον οὔτασε δουρὶ Οἰνοπίδην, ὃν ἄρα νύμφη τέκε Νηὶς ἀμύμων Οἴνοπι βουκολέοντι παρ' ὄχθας Σατνιόεντος. οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ἐξελελοίπεσαν τελέως ὥστε μὴ καὶ καθ' αὑτοὺς ἔχειν τι σύστημα, ἅτε τοῦ βασιλέως αὐτῶν ἔτι περιόντος Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει, καὶ τῆς πόλεως οὐ τελέως ἠφανισμένης· ἐπιφέρει γὰρ Πήδασον αἰπήεσσαν ἔχων ἐπὶ Σατνιόεντι. ἐν μέντοι τῷ καταλόγῳ παραλέλοιπεν αὐτούς, οὐχ ἱκανὸν ἡγούμενος τὸ σύστημα ὥστ' ἐν καταλόγῳ τάττεσθαι, ἢ καὶ ὑπὸ τῷ Ἕκτορι καὶ τούτους συγκαταλέγων οὕτως ὄντας οἰκείους. ὁ γὰρ Λυκάων φησὶν ἀδελφὸς ὢν Ἕκτορος μινυνθάδιον δέ με μήτηρ γείνατο Λαοθόη, θυγάτηρ Ἄλταο γέροντος, Ἄλτεω, ὃς Λελέγεσσι φιλοπτολέμοισιν ἀνάσσει. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην τινὰ ἔχει τὴν εἰκοτολογίαν. |
Since the Leleges and the Cilicians were so closely related to the Trojans, people inquire for the reason why they are not included with the Trojans in the Catalogue. But it is reasonable to suppose that because of the loss of their leaders and the sacking of their cities the few Cilicians that were left were placed under the command of Hector, for both Eëtion and his sons are said to have been slain before the Catalogue: {300} Verily my father was slain by the goodly Achilles, who utterly sacked the well-peopled city of Cilicians, Thebe of the lofty gates. And the seven brothers of mine in our halls, all these on the same day {301} went inside the home of Hades, for all were slain by swift-footed, goodly Achilles. {302} And so, in the same way, those subject to Mynes lost both their leaders and their city:And he laid low Mynes and Epistrophus, and sacked the city of godlike Mynes. {303} Hom. Il. 19.296But he makes the Leleges present at the battles when he says as follows:Towards the sea are situated the Carians and the Paeonians, with curved bows, and the Leleges and Caucones. {304} And again,he pierced with a sharp spear Satnius, son of Oenops, whom a noble Naiad nymph bore to Oenops, as he tended his herds beside the banks of the Satnioeis; {305} for they had not so completely disappeared that they did not have a separate organization of their own, since their king still survived,of Altes, who is lord over the war-loving Leleges, {306} and since their city had not been utterly wiped out, for the poet adds,who holds steep Pedasus on the Satnioeis. {307} However, the poet has omitted them in the Catalogue, not considering their organization sufficient to have a place in it, or else including them under the command of Hector because they were so closely related; for Lycaon, who was a brother of Hector, says,to a short span of life my mother, daughter of the old man Altes, bore me--Altes who is lord over the war-loving Leleges. {308} Such, then, are the probabilities in this matter.
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300. i.e., before the marshalling of the troops as described in the Catalogue. 301. i.e., with Eëtion. 302. Hom. Il. 6.414 303. Hom. Il. 2.692 304. Hom. Il. 10.428 305. Hom. Il. 14.443 306. Hom. Il. 21.86 307. Hom. Il. 21.87 308. Hom. Il. 21.84
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εἰκοτολογεῖν δ' ἔστι κἂν εἴ τις τὸν ἀκριβῆ ζητεῖ κατὰ τὸν ποιητὴν ὅρον μέχρι τίνος οἱ Κίλικες διέτεινον καὶ οἱ Πελασγοὶ καὶ ἔτι οἱ μεταξὺ τούτων Κήτειοι λεγόμενοι οἱ ὑπὸ τῷ Εὐρυπύλῳ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν Κιλίκων καὶ τῶν ὑπ' Εὐρυπύλῳ τὰ ἐνόντα εἴρηται, καὶ διότι ἐπἶ τὰ περὶ τὸν Κάικον μάλιστα περατοῦνται. τοὺς δὲ Πελασγοὺς εὔλογον τούτοις ἐφεξῆς τιθέναι ἔκ τε τῶν ὑφ' Ὁμήρου λεγομένων καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης ἱστορίας. ὁ μὲν γὰρ οὕτω φησίν Ἱππόθοος δ' ἄγε φῦλα Πελασγῶν ἐγχεσιμώρων, τῶν οἳ Λάρισαν ἐριβώλακα ναιετάασκον· τῶν ἦρχ' Ἱππόθοός τε Πύλαιός τ' ὄζος Ἄρηος, υἷε δύω Λήθοιο Πελασγοῦ Τευταμίδαο. ἐξ ὧν πλῆθός τε ἐμφαίνει ἀξιόλογον τὸ τῶν Πελασγῶν οὐ γὰρ φῦλον, ἀλλὰ φῦλα ἔφη καὶ τὴν οἴκησιν ἐν Λαρίσῃ φράζει. πολλαὶ μὲν οὖν αἱ Λάρισαι, δεῖ δὲ τῶν ἐγγύς τινα δέξασθαι, μάλιστα δ' ἂν τὴν περὶ Κύμην ὑπολάβοι τις ὀρθῶς· τριῶν γὰρ οὐσῶν ἡ μὲν καθ' Ἁμαξιτὸν ἐν ὄψει τελέως ἐστὶ τῷ Ἰλίῳ, καὶ ἐγγὺς σφόδρα ἐν διακοσίοις που σταδίοις, ὥστ' οὐκ ἂν λέγοιτο πιθανῶς ὁ Ἱππόθοος πεσεῖν ἐν τῷ ὑπὲρ Πατρόκλου ἀγῶνι “τῆλ' ἀπὸ Λαρίσης,” ταύτης γε, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τῆς περὶ Κύμην· χίλιοι γάρ που στάδιοι μεταξύ· τρίτη δ' ἐστὶ Λάρισα κώμη τῆς Ἐφεσίας ἐν τῷ Καϋστρίῳ πεδίῳ, ἥν φασι πόλιν ὑπάρξαι πρότερον, ἔχουσαν καὶ ἱερὸν Ἀπόλλωνος Λαρισηνοῦ, πλησιάζουσαν τῷ Τμώλῳ μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ Ἐφέσῳ· ταύτης γὰρ ἑκατὸν καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα διέχει σταδίους, ὥστε ὑπὸ τοῖς Μῄοσιν ἄν τις τάττοι ταύτην. Ἐφέσιοι δ' αὐξηθέντες ὕστερον πολλὴν τῆς τῶν Μῃόνων, οὓς νῦν Λυδοὺς φαμέν, ἀπετέμοντο, ὥστ' οὐδ' αὕτη ἂν ἡ τῶν Πελασγῶν Λάρισα εἴη, ἀλλ' ἐκείνη μᾶλλον. καὶ γὰρ τῆς μὲν ἐν τῇ Καϋστριανῇ Λαρίσης οὐδὲν ἔχομεν τεκμήριον ἰσχυρὸν ὡς ἦν ἤδη τότε· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς Ἐφέσου. τῆς δὲ περὶ τὴν Κύμην μαρτύριόν ἐστι πᾶσα ἡ Αἰολικὴ ἱστορία μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν Τρωικῶν γενομένη. |
And it is also a matter of reasoning from probabilities if one inquires as to the exact bounds to which the poet means that the Cilicians extended, and the Pelasgians, and also the Ceteians, as they are called, under the command of Eurypylus, who lived between those two peoples. Now as for the Cilicians and the peoples under the command of Eurypylus, all has been said about them that can be said, and that their country is in a general way bounded by the region of the Caïcus River. As for the Pelasgians, it is reasonable, both from the words of Homer and from history in general, to place them next in order after these peoples; for Homer says as follows:And Hippothoüs led the tribes of the Pelasgians that rage with the spear, them that dwelt in fertile Larisa; these were ruled by Hippothoüs and Pylaeus, scion of Ares, the two sons of Pelasgian Lethus, son of Teutamus. {309} By these words he clearly indicates that the number of Pelasgians was considerable, for he says "tribes," not "tribe;" and he also specifies their abode as "in Larisa." Now there are many Larisas, but we must interpret him as meaning one of those that were near; and best of all one might rightly assume the one in the neighborhood of Cyme; for of the three Larisas the one near Hamaxitus was in plain sight of Ilium and very near it, within a distance of two hundred stadia, and therefore it could not be said with plausibility that Hippothoüs fell in the fight over Patroclus "far away from" this "Larisa," but rather from the Larisa near Cyme, for the distance between the two is about a thousand stadia. The third Larisa is a village in the territory of Ephesus in the Caÿster Plain; it is said to have been a city in earlier times, containing a temple of Larisaean Apollo and being situated closer to Mt. Tmolus than to Ephesus. It is one hundred and eighty stadia distant from Ephesus, and might therefore be placed under the Maeonians. But the Ephesians, having grown in power, later cut off for themselves much of the territory of the Maeonians, whom we now call Lydians, so that this could not be the Larisa of the Pelasgians either, but rather the one near Cyme. In fact we have no strong evidence that the Larisa in the Caÿster Plain was already in existence at that time, for we have no such evidence as to Ephesus either; but all Aeolian history, which arose but shortly after the Trojan times, bears testimony to the existence of the Larisa near Cyme.
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309. Hom. Il. 2.840
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φασὶ γὰρ τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ Φρικίου τοῦ ὑπὲρ Θερμοπυλῶν Λοκρικοῦ ὄρους ὁρμηθέντας κατᾶραι μὲν εἰς τὸν τόπον ὅπου νῦν ἡ Κύμη ἐστί, καταλαβόντας δὲ τοὺς Πελασγοὺς κεκακωμένους ὑπὸ τοῦ Τρωικοῦ πολέμου, κατέχοντας δ' ὅμως ἔτι τὴν Λάρισαν διέχουσαν τῆς Κύμης ὅσον ἑβδομήκοντα σταδίους, ἐπιτειχίσαι αὐτοῖς τὸ νῦν ἔτι λεγόμενον Νέον τεῖχος ἀπὸ τριάκοντα σταδίων τῆς Λαρίσης, ἑλόντας δὲ κτίσαι τὴν Κύμην καὶ τοὺς περιγενομένους ἀνθρώπους ἐκεῖσε ἀνοικίσαι· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Λοκρικοῦ ὄρους τήν τε Κύμην Φρικωνίδα καλοῦσιν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὴν Λάρισαν· ἐρήμη δ' ἐστὶ νῦν. ὅτι δ' οἱ Πελασγοὶ μέγα ἦν ἔθνος, καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης ἱστορίας οὕτως ἐκμαρτυρεῖσθαί φασι· Μενεκράτης γοῦν ὁ Ἐλαΐτης ἐν τοῖς περὶ κτίσεων φησὶ τὴν παραλίαν τὴν νῦν Ἰωνικὴν πᾶσαν ἀπὸ Μυκάλης ἀρξαμένην ὑπὸ Πελασγῶν οἰκεῖσθαι πρότερον καὶ τὰς πλησίον νήσους. Λέσβιοι δ' ὑπὸ Πυλαίῳ τετάχθαι λέγουσι σφᾶς τῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένῳ τῶν Πελασγῶν ἄρχοντι, ἀφ' οὗ καὶ τὸ παρ' αὐτοῖς ὄρος ἔτι Πύλαιον καλεῖσθαι. καὶ Χῖοι δὲ οἰκιστὰς ἑαυτῶν Πελασγούς φασι τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Θετταλίας. πολύπλανον δὲ καὶ ταχὺ τὸ ἔθνος πρὸς ἀπαναστάσεις, ηὐξήθη τε ἐπὶ πολὺ καὶ ἀθρόαν ἔλαβε τὴν ἔκλειψιν καὶ μάλιστα κατὰ τὴν τῶν Αἰολέων καὶ τῶν Ἰώνων περαίωσιν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν. |
For it is said that the people who set out from Phricium, the Locrian mountain above Thermopylae, put in at the place where Cyme now is, and finding the Pelasgians in bad plight because of the Trojan War, though still in possession of Larisa, which was about seventy stadia distant from Cyme, built on their frontier what is still today called Neon Teichos, {310} thirty stadia from Larisa, and that, having captured Larisa, they founded Cyme and settled there the survivors. And Cyme is called Cyme Phriconis after the Locrian mountain; and likewise Larisa is called Larisa Phriconis; but Larisa is now deserted. That the Pelasgians were a great tribe is said also to be the testimony of history in general: Menecrates of Elaea, at any rate, in his work On the Founding of Cities, says that the whole of what is now the Ionian coast, beginning at Mycale, as also the neighboring islands, were in earlier times inhabited by Pelasgians. But the Lesbians say that their people were placed under the command of Pylaeus, the man whom the poet calls the ruler of the Pelasgians, {311} and that it is from him that the mountain in their country is still called Pylaeus. The Chians, also, say that the Pelasgians from Thessaly were their founders. But the Pelasgian race, ever wandering and quick to migrate, greatly increased and then rapidly disappeared, particularly at the time of the migration of the Aeolians and Ionians to Asia.
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310. "New wall." 311. Hom. Il. 2.842.
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ἴδιον δέ τι τοῖς Λαρισαίοις συνέβη τοῖς τε Καϋστριανοῖς καὶ τοῖς Φρικωνεῦσι καὶ τρίτοις τοῖς ἐν Θετταλίᾳ· ἅπαντες γὰρ ποταμόχωστον τὴν χώραν ἔσχον οἱ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Καΰστρου, οἱ δ' ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου, οἱ δ' ὑπὸ τοῦ Πηνειοῦ. ἐν δὲ τῇ Φρικωνίδι Λαρίσῃ τετιμῆσθαι λέγεται Πίασος, ὅν φασιν ἄρχοντα Πελασγῶν ἐρασθῆναι τῆς θυγατρὸς Λαρίσης, βιασάμενον δ' αὐτὴν τῖσαι τῆς ὕβρεως δίκην· ἐγκύψαντα γὰρ εἰς πίθον οἴνου καταμαθοῦσαν τῶν σκελῶν λαβομένην ἐξᾶραι καὶ καθεῖναι αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν πίθον. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀρχαῖα τοιαῦτα. |
A peculiar thing happened in the case of the Larisaeans, I mean the Caÿstrian and the Phryconian Larisaeans and, third, those in Thessaly: they all held land that was deposited by rivers, by the Caÿster and by the Hermus and by the Peneius. It is at the Phryconian Larisa that Piasus is said to have been honored, who, they say, was ruler of the Pelasgians and fell in love with his daughter Larisa, and, having violated her, paid the penalty for the outrage; for, observing him leaning over a cask of wine, they say, she seized him by the legs, raised him, and plunged him into the cask. Such are the ancient accounts.
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ταῖς δὲ νῦν Αἰολικαῖς πόλεσιν ἔτι καὶ τὰς Αἰγὰς προσληπτέον καὶ τὴν Τῆμνον, ὅθεν ἦν Ἑρμαγόρας ὁ τὰς ῥητορικὰς τέχνας συγγράψας· ἵδρυνται δ' αἱ πόλεις αὗται κατὰ τὴν ὀρεινὴν τὴν ὑπερκειμένην τῆς τε Κυμαίας καὶ τῆς Φωκαέων καὶ Σμυρναίων γῆς, παρ' ἣν ὁ Ἕρμος ῥεῖ. οὐκ ἄπωθεν δὲ τούτων τῶν πόλεων οὐδ' ἡ Μαγνησία ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὸ Σιπύλῳ, ἐλευθέρα πόλις ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων κεκριμένη. καὶ ταύτην δ' ἐκάκωσαν οἱ νεωστὶ γενόμενοι σεισμοί. εἰς δὲ τἀναντία τὰ ἐπὶ τὸν Κάικον νεύοντα ἀπὸ Λαρίσης μὲν διαβάντι τὸν Ἕρμον εἰς Κύμην ἑβδομήκοντα στάδιοι, ἐντεῦθεν δ' εἰς Μύριναν τετταράκοντα στάδιοι, τὸ δ' ἴσον ἐντεῦθεν εἰς Γρύνιον κἀκεῖθεν εἰς Ἐλαίαν· ὡς δ' Ἀρτεμίδωρος, ἀπὸ τῆς Κύμης εἰσὶν Ἄδαι, εἶτ' ἄκρα μετὰ τετταράκοντα σταδίους ἣν καλοῦσιν Ὕδραν, ἡ ποιοῦσα τὸν κόλπον τὸν Ἐλαϊτικὸν πρὸς τὴν ἀπεναντίον ἄκραν Ἁρματοῦντα. τοῦ μὲν οὖν στόματος τὸ πλάτος περὶ ὀγδοήκοντα σταδίους ἐστίν, ἐγκολπίζοντι δὲ Μύρινα ἐν ἑξήκοντα σταδίοις, Αἰολὶς πόλις ἔχουσα λιμένα, εἶτ' Ἀχαιῶν λιμήν, ὅπου οἱ βωμοὶ τῶν δώδεκα θεῶν, εἶτα πολίχνιον Μυριναίων Γρύνιον καὶ ἱερὸν Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ μαντεῖον ἀρχαῖον καὶ νεὼς πολυτελὴς λίθου λευκοῦ, στάδιοι δ' ἐπ' αὐτὴν τετταράκοντα· εἶθ' ἑβδομήκοντα εἰς Ἐλαίαν, λιμένα ἔχουσαν καὶ ναύσταθμον τῶν Ἀτταλικῶν βασιλέων, Μενεσθέως κτίσμα καὶ τῶν σὺν αὐτῷ Ἀθηναίων τῶν συστρατευσάντων ἐπὶ Ἴλιον. τὰ δ' ἑξῆς εἴρηται τὰ περὶ Πιτάνην καὶ Ἀταρνέα καὶ τἆλλα τὰ ταύτῃ. |
To the present Aeolian cities we must add Aegae, and also Temnus, the birthplace of Hermagoras, who wrote The Art of Rhetoric. These cities are situated in the mountainous country that lies above the territory of Cyme and that of the Phocians and that of the Smyrnaeans, along which flows the Hermus. Neither is Magnesia, which was under the command of Sipylus and has been adjudged a free city by the Romans, far from these cities. This city too has been damaged by the recent earthquakes. To the opposite parts, which incline towards the Caïcus, from Larisa across the Hermus to Cyme, the distance is seventy stadia; thence to Myrina, forty stadia; thence to Grynium, the same; and from there to Elaea. But, according to Artemidorus, one goes from Cyme to Adae, and then, forty stadia distant, to a promontory called Hydra, which with the opposite promontory Harmatus forms the Elaïtic Gulf. Now the width of the mouth of this gulf is about eighty stadia, but, including the sinuosities of the gulf, Myrina, an Aeolian city with a harbor, is at a distance of sixty stadia; and then one comes to the Harbor of the Achaeans, where are the altars of the twelve gods; and then to a town Grynium and an altar of Apollo and an ancient oracle and a costly shrine of white marble, to which the distance is forty stadia; and then seventy stadia to Elaea, with harbor and naval station belonging to the Attalic Kings, which was founded by Menestheus and the Athenians who took the expedition with him to Ilium. I have already spoken of the places that come next, those about Pitane and Atarneus and the others in that region.
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μεγίστη δέ ἐστι τῶν Αἰολικῶν καὶ ἀρίστη Κύμη καὶ σχεδὸν μητρόπολις αὕτη τε καὶ ἡ Λέσβος τῶν ἄλλων πόλεων περὶ τριάκοντά που τὸν ἀριθμόν, ὧν ἐκλελοίπασιν οὐκ ὀλίγαι. σκώπτεται δ' εἰς ἀναισθησίαν ἡ Κύμη κατὰ τοιαύτην τινά, ὥς φασιν ἔνιοι, δόξαν, ὅτι τριακοσίοις ἔτεσιν ὕστερον τῆς κτίσεως ἀπέδοντο τοῦ λιμένος τὰ τέλη, πρότερον δ' οὐκ ἐκαρποῦτο τὴν πρόσοδον ταύτην ὁ δῆμος· κατέσχεν οὖν δόξα ὡς ὀψὲ ᾐσθημένων ὅτι ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ πόλιν οἰκοῖεν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλος λόγος, ὅτι δανεισάμενοι χρήματα δημοσίᾳ τὰς στοὰς ὑπέθεντο, εἶτ' οὐκ ἀποδιδόντες κατὰ τὴν ὡρισμένην ἡμέραν εἴργοντο τῶν περιπάτων· ὅτε μέντοι ὄμβρος εἴη, κατ' αἰδῶ τινα κηρύττοιεν οἱ δανεισταί, κελεύοντες ὑπὸ τὰς στοὰς ὑπέρχεσθαι· τοῦ δὴ κήρυκος οὕτω φθεγγομένου “ὑπὸ τὰς στοὰς ὑπέλθετε,” ἐκπεσεῖν λόγον ὡς Κυμαίων οὐκ αἰσθανομένων ὡς ἐν τοῖς ὄμβροις ὑπὸ τὰς στοὰς ὑπελθετέον, ἂν μὴ σημάνῃ τις αὐτοῖς διὰ κηρύγματος. ἀνὴρ δ' ἄξιος μνήμης ἐκ τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως ἀναντιλέκτως μέν ἐστιν Ἔφορος, τῶν Ἰσοκράτους γνωρίμων τοῦ ῥήτορος, ὁ τὴν ἱστορίαν συγγράψας καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν εὑρημάτων· καὶ ἔτι πρότερος τούτου Ἡσίοδος ὁ ποιητής· αὐτὸς γὰρ εἴρηκεν ὅτι ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ Δῖος μετῴκησεν εἰς Βοιωτοὺς Κύμην Αἰολίδα προλιπών νάσσατο δ' ἄγχ' Ἑλικῶνος ὀιζυρῇ ἐνὶ κώμῃ Ἄσκρῃ, χεῖμα κακῇ, θέρει ἀργαλέῃ, οὐδέ ποτ' ἐσθλῇ. Ὅμηρος δ' οὐχ ὁμολογουμένως· πολλοὶ γὰρ ἀμφισβητοῦσιν αὐτοῦ. τὸ δ' ὄνομα ἀπὸ Ἀμαζόνος τῇ πόλει τεθεῖσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ τῇ Μυρίνῃ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ Τρωικῷ πεδίῳ κειμένης ὑπὸ τῇ Βατιείᾳ τὴν ἤτοι ἄνδρες Βατίειαν κικλήσκουσιν, ἀθάνατοι δέ τε σῆμα πολυσκάρθμοιο Μυρίνης Σκώπτεται δὲ καὶ ὁ Ἔφορος, διότι τῆς πατρίδος ἔργα οὐκ ἔχων φράζειν ἐν τῇ διαριθμήσει τῶν ἄλλων πράξεων, οὐ μὴν οὐδ' ἀμνημόνευτον αὐτὴν εἶναι θέλων, οὕτως ἐπιφωνεῖ κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν Κυμαῖοι τὰς ἡσυχίας ἦγον. Ἐπεὶ δὲ διεληλύθαμεν τὴν Τρωικὴν ἅμα καὶ τὴν Αἰολικὴν παραλίαν, ἐφεξῆς ἂν εἴη τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἐπιδραμεῖν μέχρι τοῦ Ταύρου, φυλάττοντας τὴν αὐτὴν τῆς ἐφόδου τάξιν. |
The largest and best of the Aeolian cities is Cyme; and this with Lesbos might be called the metropolis of the rest of the cities, about thirty in number, of which not a few have disappeared. Cyme is ridiculed for its stupidity, owing to the repute, as some say, that not until three hundred years after the founding of the city did they sell the tolls of the harbor, and that before this time the people did not reap this revenue. They got the reputation, therefore, of being a people who learned late that they were living in a city by the sea. There is also another report of them, that, having borrowed money in the name of the state, they pledged their porticos as security, and then, failing to pay the money on the appointed day, were prohibited from walking in them; when it rained, however, their creditors, through a kind of shame, would bid them through a herald to go under the porticos; so the herald would cry out the words, "Go under the porticos," but the report went abroad that the Cymaeans did not understand that they were to go under the porticos when it rained unless they were given notice by the herald. Ephorus, a man indisputably noteworthy, a disciple of Isocrates the orator, and the author of the Historyand of the work on Inventions, was from this city; and so was Hesiod the poet, still earlier than Ephorus, for Hesiod himself states that his father Dius left Aeolian Cyme and migrated to Boeotia:And he settled near Helicon in a wretched village, Ascre, which is bad in winter, oppressive in summer, and pleasant at no time. {312} But it is not agreed that Homer was from Cyme, for many peoples lay claim to him. It is agreed, however, that the name of the city was derived from an Amazon, as was Myrina from the Amazon who lies in the Trojan plain below Batieia,which verily men call Batieia, but the immortals the tomb of much-bounding Myrina. {313} {314} Ephorus, too, is ridiculed because, though unable to tell of deeds of his native land in his enumeration of the other achievements in history, and yet unwilling that it should be unmentioned, he exclaims as follows:At about the same time the Cymaeans were at peace.Since I have traversed at the same time the Trojan and Aeolian coasts, it would be next in order to treat cursorily the interior as far as the Taurus, observing the same order of approach.
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312. Hes. WD 639-40 (quoted also in 9. 2. 25). 313. Hom. Il. 2.813 314. Also quoted in 12. 8. 6.
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ἔχει δέ τινα ἡγεμονίαν πρὸς τοὺς τόπους τούτους τὸ Πέργαμον, ἐπιφανὴς πόλις καὶ πολὺν συνευτυχήσασα χρόνον τοῖς Ἀτταλικοῖς βασιλεῦσι· καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἀρκτέον τῆς ἑξῆς περιοδείας, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν βασιλέων ὁπόθεν ὡρμήθησαν καὶ εἰς ἃ κατέστρεψαν ἐν βραχέσι δηλωτέον. ἦν μὲν δὴ τὸ Πέργαμον Λυσιμάχου γαζοφυλάκιον τοῦ Ἀγαθοκλέους, ἑνὸς τῶν Ἀλεξάνδρου διαδόχων, αὐτὴν τὴν ἄκραν τοῦ ὄρους συνοικουμένην ἔχον· ἔστι δὲ στροβιλοειδὲς τὸ ὄρος εἰς ὀξεῖαν κορυφὴν ἀπολῆγον. ἐπεπίστευτο δὲ τὴν φυλακὴν τοῦ ἐρύματος τούτου καὶ τῶν χρημάτων ἦν δὲ τάλαντα ἐνακισχίλια Φιλέταιρος, ἀνὴρ Τιανός, θλιβίας ἐκ παιδός· συνέβη γὰρ ἔν τινι ταφῇ θέας οὔσης καὶ πολλῶν παρόντων ἀποληφθεῖσαν ἐν τῷ ὄχλῳ τὴν κομίζουσαν τροφὸν τὸν Φιλέταιρον ἔτι νήπιον συνθλιβῆναι μέχρι τοσοῦδε ὥστε πηρωθῆναι τὸν παῖδα. ἦν μὲν δὴ εὐνοῦχος, τραφεὶς δὲ καλῶς ἐφάνη τῆς πίστεως ταύτης ἄξιος. τέως μὲν οὖν εὔνους διέμεινε τῷ Λυσιμάχῳ, διενεχθεὶς δὲ πρὸς Ἀρσινόην τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ διαβάλλουσαν αὐτὸν ἀπέστησε τὸ χωρίον καὶ πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς ἐπολιτεύετο ὁρῶν ἐπιτηδείους πρὸς νεωτερισμόν· ὅ τε γὰρ Λυσίμαχος κακοῖς οἰκείοις περιπεσὼν ἠναγκάσθη τὸν υἱὸν ἀνελεῖν Ἀγαθοκλέα, Σέλευκός τε ἐπελθὼν ὁ Νικάτωρ ἐκεῖνόν τε κατέλυσε καὶ αὐτὸς κατελύθη δολοφονηθεὶς ὑπὸ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Κεραυνοῦ. τοιούτων δὲ θορύβων ὄντων διεγένετο μένων ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐρύματος ὁ εὐνοῦχος, καὶ πολιτευόμενος δι' ὑποσχέσεων καὶ τῆς ἄλλης θεραπείας ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸν ἰσχύοντα καὶ ἐγγὺς παρόντα· διετέλεσε γοῦν ἔτη εἴκοσι κύριος ὢν τοῦ φρουρίου καὶ τῶν χρημάτων. |
A kind of hegemony is held over these places by Pergamum, which is a famous city and for a long time prospered along with the Attalic kings; indeed I must begin my next description here, and first I must show briefly the origin of the kings and the end to which they came. Now Pergamum was a treasure-hold of Lysimachus, the son of Agathocles, who was one of the successors of Alexander, and its people are settled on the very summit of the mountain; the mountain is cone-like and ends in a sharp peak. The custody of this stronghold and the treasure, which amounted to nine thousand talents, was entrusted to Philetaerus of Tieium, who was a eunuch from boyhood; for it came to pass at a certain burial, when a spectacle was being given at which many people were present, that the nurse who was carrying Philetaerus, still an infant, was caught in the crowd and pressed so hard that the child was incapacitated. He was a eunuch, therefore, but he was well trained and proved worthy of this trust. Now for a time he continued loyal to Lysimachus, but he had differences with Arsinoe, the wife of Lysimachus, who slandered him, and so he caused Pergamum to revolt, and governed it to suit the occasion, since he saw that it was ripe for a change; for Lysimachus, beset with domestic troubles, was forced to slay his son Agathocles, and Seleucus Nicator invaded his country and overthrew him, and then he himself was overthrown and treacherously murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus. During these disorders the eunuch continued to be in charge of the fortress and to manage things through promises and courtesies in general, always catering to any man who was powerful or near at hand. At any rate, he continued lord of the stronghold and the treasure for twenty years.
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ἦσαν δ' αὐτῷ δύο ἀδελφοί, πρεσβύτερος μὲν Εὐμένης νεώτερος δ' Ἄτταλος· ἐκ μὲν οὖν τοῦ Εὐμένους ἐγένετο ὁμώνυμος τῷ πατρὶ Εὐμένης, ὅσπερ καὶ διεδέξατο τὸ Πέργαμον, καὶ ἦν ἤδη δυνάστης τῶν κύκλῳ χωρίων ὥστε καὶ περὶ Σάρδεις ἐνίκησε μάχῃ συμβαλὼν Ἀντίοχον τὸν Σελεύκου· δύο δὲ καὶ εἴκοσιν ἄρξας ἔτη τελευτᾷ τὸν βίον. ἐκ δὲ Ἀττάλου καὶ Ἀντιοχίδος τῆς Ἀχαιοῦ γεγονὼς Ἄτταλος διεδέξατο τὴν ἀρχήν, καὶ ἀνηγορεύθη βασιλεὺς πρῶτος νικήσας Γαλάτας μάχῃ μεγάλῃ. οὗτος δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίοις κατέστη φίλος καὶ συνεπολέμησε πρὸς Φίλιππον μετὰ τοῦ Ῥοδίων ναυτικοῦ· γηραιὸς δὲ ἐτελεύτα βασιλεύσας ἔτη τρία καὶ τετταράκοντα, κατέλιπε δὲ τέτταρας υἱοὺς ἐξ Ἀπολλωνίδος Κυζικηνῆς γυναικός, Εὐμένη Ἄτταλον Φιλέταιρον Ἀθήναιον. οἱ μὲν οὖν νεώτεροι διετέλεσαν ἰδιῶται, τῶν δ' ἄλλων ὁ πρεσβύτερος Εὐμένης ἐβασίλευσε· συνεπολέμησε δὲ οὗτος Ῥωμαίοις πρός τε Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν καὶ πρὸς Περσέα, καὶ ἔλαβε παρὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἅπασαν τὴν ὑπ' Ἀντιόχῳ τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου. πρότερον δ' ἦν τὰ περὶ Πέργαμον οὐ πολλὰ χωρία μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης τῆς κατὰ τὸν Ἐλαΐτην κόλπον καὶ τὸν Ἀδραμυττηνόν. κατεσκεύασε δ' οὗτος τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸ Νικηφόριον ἄλσει κατεφύτευσε, καὶ ἀναθήματα καὶ βιβλιοθήκας καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τοσόνδε κατοικίαν τοῦ Περγάμου τὴν νῦν οὖσαν ἐκεῖνος προσεφιλοκάλησε· βασιλεύσας δἐ ἔτη τετταράκοντα καὶ ἐννέα ἀπέλιπεν υἱῷ τὴν ἀρχὴν Ἀττάλῳ, γεγονότι ἐκ Στρατονίκης τῆς Ἀριαράθου θυγατρὸς τοῦ Καππαδόκων βασιλέως. ἐπίτροπον δὲ κατέστησε καὶ τοῦ παιδὸς νέου τελέως ὄντος καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἄτταλον. ἓν δὲ καὶ εἴκοσιν ἔτη βασιλεύσας γέρων οὗτος τελευτᾷ κατορθώσας πολλά· καὶ γὰρ Δημήτριον τὸν Σελεύκου συγκατεπολέμησεν Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τῷ Ἀντιόχου καὶ συνεμάχησε Ῥωμαίοις ἐπὶ τὸν Ψευδοφίλιππον, ἐχειρώσατο δὲ καὶ Διήγυλιν τὸν Καινῶν βασιλέα στρατεύσας εἰς τὴν Θρᾴκην, ἀνεῖλε δὲ καὶ Προυσίαν ἐπισυστήσας αὐτῷ Νικομήδη τὸν υἱόν, κατέλιπε δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῷ ἐπιτροπευθέντι Ἀττάλῳ· βασιλεύσας δὲ οὗτος ἔτη πέντε καὶ κληθεὶς Φιλομήτωρ ἐτελεύτα νόσῳ τὸν βίον, κατέλιπε δὲ κληρονόμους Ῥωμαίους· οἱ δ' ἐπαρχίαν ἀπέδειξαν τὴν χώραν Ἀσίαν προσαγορεύσαντες ὁμώνυμον τῇ ἠπείρῳ. παραρρεῖ δ' ὁ Κάικος τὸ Πέργαμον, διὰ τοῦ Καΐκου πεδίου προσαγορευομένου σφόδρα εὐδαίμονα γῆν διεξιὼν σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ τὴν ἀρίστην τῆς Μυσίας. |
He had two brothers, the elder of whom was Eumenes, the younger Attalus. Eumenes had a son of the same name, who succeeded to the rule of Pergamum, and was by this time sovereign of the places round about, so that he even joined battle with Antiochus the son of Seleucus near Sardeis and conquered him. He died after a reign of twenty-two years. {315} Attalus, the son of Attalus and Antiochis, daughter of Achaeus, succeeded to the throne and was the first to be proclaimed king, after conquering the Galatians in a great battle. Attalus not only became a friend of the Romans but also fought on their side against Philip along with the fleet of the Rhodians. He died in old age, having reigned as king forty-three years; {316} and he left four sons by Apollonis, a woman from Cyzicus, Eumenes, Attalus, Philetaerus, and Athenaeus. Now the two younger sons remained private citizens, but Eumenes, the elder of the other two, reigned as king. Eumenes fought on the side of the Romans against Antiochus the Great and against Perseus, and he received from the Romans all the country this side the Taurus that had been subject to Antiochus. But before that time the territory of Pergamum did not include many places that extended as far as the sea at the Elaïtic and Adramyttene Gulfs. He built up the city and planted Nicephorium with a grove, and the other elder brother, {317} from love of splendor, added sacred buildings and libraries and raised the settlement of Pergamum to what it now is. After a reign of forty-nine years {318} Eumenes left his empire to Attallus, his son by Stratonice, the daughter of Ariathres, king of the Cappadocians. He appointed his brother Attalus {319} as guardian both of his son, who was extremely young, and of the empire. After a reign of twenty-one years, {320} his brother died an old man, having won success in many undertakings; for example, he helped Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, to defeat in war Alexander, the son of Antiochus, and he fought on the side of the Romans against the Pseudo-Philip, and in an expedition against Thrace he defeated Diegylis the king of the Caeni, and he slew Prusias, having incited his son Nicomedes against him, and he left his empire, under a guardian, to Attalus. Attalus, surnamed Philometor, reigned five years, {321} died of disease, and left the Romans his heirs. The Romans proclaimed the country a province, calling it Asia, by the same name as the continent. The Caïcus flows past Pergamum, through the Caïcus Plain, as it is called, traversing land that is very fertile and about the best in Mysia.
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315. 263-241 B.C. 316. 241-197 B.C. 317. Others make ἐκεῖνος refer to Eumenes, but the present translator must make it refer too Attallus, unless the text is corrupt. 318. But he died in 159 B.C. (see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. "Eumenes," p. 1103), thus having reigned 197-159 B.C. 319. Attalus Philadelphus. 320. 159-138 B.C. 321. 138-133 B.C.
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ἄνδρες δ' ἐγένοντο ἐλλόγιμοι καθ' ἡμᾶς Περγαμηνοὶ Μιθριδάτης τε Μηνοδότου υἱὸς καὶ Ἀδοβογιωνίδος τοῦ τετραρχικοῦ τῶν Γαλατῶν γένους, ἣν καὶ παλλακεῦσαι τῷ βασιλεῖ Μιθριδάτῃ φασίν· ὅθεν καὶ τοὔνομα τῷ παιδὶ θέσθαι τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους προσποιησαμένους ἐκ τοῦ βασιλέως αὐτὸν γεγονέναι. οὗτος γοῦν Καίσαρι τῷ θεῷ γενόμενος φίλος εἰς τοσόνδε προῆλθε τιμῆς ὥστε καὶ τετράρχης ἀπεδείχθη ἆπὀ τοῦ μητρῴου γένους καὶ βασιλεὺς ἄλλων τε καὶ τοῦ Βοσπόρου· κατελύθη δ' ὑπὸ Ἀσάνδρου τοῦ καὶ Φαρνάκην ἀνελόντος τὸν βασιλέα καὶ κατασχόντος τὸν Βόσπορον. οὗτός τε δὴ ὀνόματος ἠξίωται μεγάλου, καὶ Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ῥήτωρ ὁ τὰς τέχνας συγγράψας καὶ τὴν Ἀπολλοδώρειον αἵρεσιν παραγαγών, ἥτις ποτ' ἐστί· πολλὰ γὰρ ἐπεκράτει, μείζονα δὲ ἢ καθ' ἡμᾶς ἔχοντα τὴν κρίσιν, ὧν ἔστι καὶ ἡ Ἀπολλοδώρειος αἵρεσις καὶ ἡ Θεοδώρειος. μάλιστα δὲ ἐξῆρε τὸν Ἀπολλόδωρον ἡ τοῦ Καίσαρος φιλία τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ, διδάσκαλον τῶν λόγων γενόμενον· μαθητὴν δ' ἔσχεν ἀξιόλογον Διονύσιον τὸν ἐπικληθέντα Ἀττικόν, πολίτην αὐτοῦ· καὶ γὰρ σοφιστὴς ἦν ἱκανὸς καὶ συγγραφεὺς καὶ λογογράφος. |
Pergamenians have become famous in my time: Mithridates the son of Menodotus and of Adobogion. Menodotus was of the family of the tetrarch of the Galatians, and Adobogion, it is said, was also the concubine of King Mithridates, {322} and for this reason her relatives gave to the child the name of Mithridates, pretending that he was the son of the king. At any rate, he became a friend to the deified Caesar and reached so great preferment with him that he was appointed tetrarch from his mothers family and king both of the Bosporus and other territories. He was overthrown by Asander, who not only slew King Pharnaces but also took possession of the Bosporus. Mithridates, then, has been thought worthy of a great name, as has also Apollodorus the rhetorician, who wrote the work on Rhetoric and was the leader of the Apollodoreian sect, whatever in the world it is; for numerous philosophies were prevalent, but to pass judgment upon them is beyond my power, and among these are the sects of Apollodorus and Theodorus. But the friendship of Caesar Augustus has most of all exalted Apollodorus, who was his teacher in the art of speech. And Apollodorus had a notable pupil in Dionysius, surnamed Atticus, his fellow-citizen, for he was an able sophist and historian and speech-writer.
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322. Mithridates the Great.
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προϊόντι δ' ἀπὸ τοῦ πεδίου καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ μὲν τὰ πρὸς ἕω μέρη πόλις ἐστὶν Ἀπολλωνία, μετεώροις ἐπικειμένη τόποις· ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν νότον ὀρεινὴ ῥάχις ἐστίν, ἣν ὑπερβᾶσι καὶ βαδίζουσιν ἐπὶ Σάρδεων πόλις ἐστὶν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ Θυάτειρα, κατοικία Μακεδόνων, ἣν Μυσῶν ἐσχάτην τινὲς φασίν. ἐν δεξιᾷ δ' Ἀπολλωνίς, διέχουσα Περγάμου τριακοσίους σταδίους, τοὺς δὲ ἴσους καὶ τῶν Σάρδεων· ἐπώνυμος δ' ἐστὶ τῆς Κυζικηνῆς Ἀπολλωνίδος· εἶτ' ἐκδέχεται τὸ Ἕρμου πεδίον καὶ Σάρδεις· τὰ δὲ προσάρκτια τῷ Περγάμῳ τὰ πλεῖστα ὑπὸ Μυσῶν ἔχεται τὰ ἐν δεξιᾷ τῶν Ἀβαειτῶν λεγομένων, οἷς συνάπτει ἡ Ἐπίκτητος μέχρι Βιθυνίας. |
As one proceeds from the plain and the city towards the east, one comes to a city called Apollonia, which lies on an elevated site, and also, towards the south, to a mountain range, on crossing which, on the road to Sardeis, one comes to Thyateira, on the left-hand side, a settlement of the Macedonians, which by some is called the farthermost city of the Mysians. On the right is Apollonis, which is three hundred stadia distant from Pergamum, and the same distance from Sardeis, and it is named after the Cyzicene Apollonis. Next one comes to the plain of Hermus and to Sardeis. The country to the north of Pergamum is held for the most part by the Mysians, I mean the country on the right of the Abaeïtae, as they are called, on the borders of which is the Epictetus {323} as far as Bithynia.
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323. Phrygia Epictetus (see 12. 3. 7, 12. 4. 1, and 12. 4. 5.
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αἱ δὲ Σάρδεις πόλις ἐστὶ μεγάλη, νεωτέρα μὲν τῶν Τρωικῶν ἀρχαία δ' ὅμως, ἄκραν ἔχουσα εὐερκῆ· βασίλειον δ' ὑπῆρξε τῶν Λυδῶν, οὓς ὁ ποιητὴς καλεῖ Μῄονας οἱ δ' ὕστερον Μαίονας, οἱ μὲν τοὺς αὐτοὺς τοῖς Λυδοῖς οἱ δ' ἑτέρους ἀποφαίνοντες· τοὺς δ' αὐτοὺς ἄμεινόν ἐστι λέγειν. ὑπέρκειται δὲ τῶν Σάρδεων ὁ Τμῶλος, εὔδαιμον ὄρος, ἐν τῇ ἀκρωρείᾳ σκοπὴν ἔχον, ἐξέδραν λευκοῦ λίθου, Περσῶν ἔργον, ἀφ' οὗ κατοπτεύεται τὰ κύκλῳ πεδία καὶ μάλιστα τὸ Καϋστριανόν· περιοικοῦσι δὲ Λυδοὶ καὶ Μυσοὶ καὶ Μακεδόνες. ῥεῖ δ' ὁ Πακτωλὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ Τμώλου, καταφέρων τὸ παλαιὸν ψῆγμα χρυσοῦ πολύ, ἀφ' οὗ τὸν Κροίσου λεγόμενον πλοῦτον καὶ τῶν προγόνων αὐτοῦ διονομασθῆναί φασι· νῦν δ' ἐκλέλοιπε τὸ ψῆγμα, ὡς εἴρηται. καταφέρεται δ' ὁ Πακτωλὸς εἰς τὸν Ἕρμον, εἰς ὃν καὶ ὁ Ὕλλος ἐμβάλλει, Φρύγιος νυνὶ καλούμενος· συμπεσόντες δ' οἱ τρεῖς καὶ ἄλλοι ἀσημότεροι σὺν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν κατὰ Φώκαιαν ἐκδιδόασι θάλατταν, ὡς Ἡρόδοτός φησιν. ἄρχεται δ' ἐκ Μυσίας ὁ Ἕρμος, ἐξ ὄρους ἱεροῦ τῆς Δινδυμήνης, καὶ διὰ τῆς Κατακεκαυμένης εἰς τὴν Σαρδιανὴν φέρεται καὶ τὰ συνεχῆ πεδία μέχρι τῆς θαλάττης. ὑπόκειται δὲ τῇ πόλει τό τε Σαρδιανὸν πεδίον καὶ τὸ τοῦ Κύρου καὶ τὸ τοῦ Ἕρμου καὶ τὸ Καϋστριανόν, συνεχῆ τε ὄντα καὶ πάντων ἄριστα πεδίων. ἐν δὲ σταδίοις τετταράκοντα ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἔστιν ἡ Γυγαία μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένη λίμνἦ, Κολόη δ' ὕστερον μετονομασθεῖσα, ὅπου τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς Κολοηνῆς Ἀρτέμιδος μεγάλην ἁγιστείαν ἔχον. φασὶ δ' ἐνταῦθα χορεύειν τοὺς καλάθους κατὰ τὰς ἑορτάς, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ποτὲ παραδοξολογοῦντες μᾶλλον ἢ ἀληθεύοντες. |
Sardeis is a great city, and, though of later date than the Trojan times, is nevertheless old, and has a strong citadel. It was the royal city of the Lydians, whom the poet calls Meïonians; and later writers call them Maeonians, some identifying them with the Lydians and others representing them as different, but it is better to call them the same people. Above Sardeis is situated Mt. Tmolus, a blest mountain, with a look-out on its summit, an arcade of white marble, a work of the Persians, whence there is a view of the plains below all round, particularly the Caÿster Plain. And round it dwell Lydians and Mysians and Macedonians. The Pactolus River flows from Mt. Tmolus; in early times a large quantity of gold-dust was brought down in it, whence, it is said, arose the fame of the riches of Croesus and his descendants. But the gold-dust has given out. The Pactolus runs down into the Hermus, into which also the Hyllus, now called the Phrygius, empties. These three, and other less significant rivers with them, meet and empty into the sea near Phocaea, as Herodotus says. {324} The Hermus rises in Mysia, in the sacred mountain Dindymene, and flows through the Catacecaumene country into the territory of Sardeis and the contiguous plains, as I have already said, {325} to the sea. Below the city lie the plain of Sardeis and that of the Cyrus and that of the Hermus and that of the Caÿster, which are contiguous to one another and are the best of all plains. Within forty stadia from the city one comes to Gygaea, {326} which is mentioned by the poet, the name of which was later changed to Coloe, where is the temple of Coloënian Artemis, which is characterized by great holiness. They say that at the festivals here the baskets dance, {327} though I do not know why in the world they talk marvels rather than tell the truth.
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324. Hdt. 1.80. 325. Cf. 13. 1. 2. 326. Lake Gygaea, Hom. Il. 2.865. 327. Thought to be the baskets carried on the heads of maidens at festivals.
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κειμένων δ' οὕτω πως τῶν ἐπῶν παρ' Ὁμήρῳ Μῄοσιν αὖ Μέσθλης τε καὶ Ἄντιφος ἡγησάσθην, υἷε Ταλαιμένεος, τὼ Γυγαίη τέκε λίμνη, οἳ καὶ Μῄονας ἦγον ὑπὸ Τμώλῳ γεγαῶτας, προσγράφουσί τινες τοῦτο τέταρτον ἔπος Τμώλῳ ὑπὸ νιφόεντι, Ὕδης ἐν πίονι δήμῳ. οὐδεμία δ' εὑρίσκεται Ὕδη ἐν τοῖς Λυδοῖς. οἱ δὲ καὶ τὸν Τυχίον ἐνθένδε ποιοῦσιν ὅν φησιν ὁ ποιητής σκυτοτόμων ὄχ' ἄριστος Ὕδῃ ἔνι. προστιθέασι δὲ καὶ διότι δρυμώδης ὁ τόπος καὶ κεραυνόβολος, καὶ ὅτι ἐνταῦθα οἱ Ἄριμοι· καὶ γὰρ τῷ εἰν Ἀρίμοις, ὅθι φασὶ Τυφωέος ἔμμεναι εὐνάς ἐπεισφέρουσι χώρῳ ἐνὶ δρυόεντι, Ὕδης ἐν πίονι δήμῳ. ἄλλοι δ' ἐν Κιλικίᾳ, τινὲς δ' ἐν Συρία πλάττουσι τὸν μῦθον τοῦτον, οἱ δ' ἐν Πιθηκούσσαις, οἳ καὶ τοὺς πιθήκους φασὶ παρὰ τοῖς Τυρρηνοῖς ἀρίμους καλεῖσθαι· οἱ δὲ τὰς Σάρδεις Ὕδην ὀνομάζουσιν, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν αὐτῆς. πιθανωτάτους δ' ὁ Σκήψιος ἡγεῖται τοὺς ἐν τῇ Κατακεκαυμένῃ τῆς Μυσίας τοὺς Ἀρίμους τιθέντας. Πίνδαρος δὲ συνοικειοῖ τοῖς ἐν τῇ Κιλικίᾳ τὰ ἐν Πιθηκούσσαις, ἅπερ ἐστὶ πρὸ τῆς Κυμαίας, καὶ τὰ ἐν Σικελίᾳ· καὶ γὰρ τῇ Αἴτνῃ φησὶν ὑποκεῖσθαι τὸν Τυφῶνα τόν ποτε Κιλίκιον θρέψεν πολυώνυμον ἄντρον· νῦν γε μὰν ταί θ' ὑπὲρ Κύμας ἁλιερκέες ὄχθαι Σικελία τ' αὐτοῦ πιέζει στέρνα λαχνάεντα. καὶ πάλιν κείνῳ μὲν Αἴτνα δεσμὸς ὑπερφίαλος ἀμφίκειται. καὶ πάλιν ἀλλ' οἶος ἄπλατον κεράιζε θεῶν Τυφῶνα πεντηκοντακάρανον ἀνάγκᾳ Ζεὺς πατὴρ ἐν Ἀρίμοις ποτέ. οἱ δὲ τοὺς Σύρους Ἀρίμους δέχονται, οὓς νῦν Ἀραμαίους λέγουσι, τοὺς δὲ Κίλικας τοὺς ἐν Τροίᾳ μεταναστάντας εἰς Συρίαν ἀνῳκισμένους ἀποτεμέσθαι παρὰ τῶν Σύρων τὴν νῦν λεγομένην Κιλικίαν. Καλλισθένης δ' ἐγγὺς τοῦ Καλυκάδνου καὶ τῆς Σαρπηδόνος ἄκρας παρ' αὐτὸ τὸ Κωρύκιον ἄντρον εἶναι τοὺς Ἀρίμους, ἀφ' ὧν τὰ ἐγγὺς ὄρη λέγεσθαι Ἄριμα. |
The verses of Homer are about as follows:Mnesthles and Antiphus, the two sons of Talaemenes, whose mother was Lake Gygaea, who led also the Meïonians, who were born at the foot of Tmolus; {328} but some add the following fourth verse:At the foot of snowy Tmolus, in the fertile land of Hyde.But there is no Hyde to be found in the country of the Lydians. Some also put Tychius there, of whom the poet says,far the best of workers in hide, who lived in Hyde. {329} And they add that the place is woody and subject to strokes of lightning, and that the Arimi live there, for after Homer's verse,in the land of the Arimi where men say is the couch of Typhon, {330} they insert the words,in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde.But others lay the scene of this myth in Cilicia, and some lay it in Syria, and still others in the Pithecussae Islands, who say that among the Tyrrhenians "pitheci" {331} are called "arimi." Some call Sardeis Hyde, while others call its acropolis Hyde. But the Scepsian {332} thinks that those writers are most plausible who place the Arimi in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia. But Pindar associates the Pithecussae which lie off the Cymaean territory, as also the territory in Sicily, with the territory in Cilicia, for he says that Typhon lies beneath Aetna:Once he dwelt in a far-famed Cilician cavern; now, however, his shaggy breast is o'er-pressed by the sea-girt shores above Cymae and by Sicily. {333} And again,round about him lies Aetna with her haughty fetters,and again,but it was father Zeus that once amongst the Arimi, by necessity, alone of the gods, smote monstrous Typhon of the fifty heads. {334} But some understand that the Syrians are Arimi, who are now called the Arimaeans, and that the Cilicians in Troy, forced to migrate, settled again in Syria and cut off for themselves what is now called Cilicia. Callisthenes says that the Arimi, after whom the neighboring mountains are called Arima, are situated near Mt. Calycadnus and the promontory of Sarpedon near the Corycian cave itself.
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328. Hom. Il. 2.864 329. Hom. Il. 7.221 330. Hom. Il. 2.783 331. i.e., monkeys. 332. Demetrius of Scepsis. 333. Pind. P. 1.31 334. Pind. Fr. 93 (Bergk)
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περίκειται δὲ τῇ λίμνῃ τῇ Κολόῃ τὰ μνήματα τῶν βασιλέων· πρὸς δὲ ταῖς Σάρδεσιν ἔστι τὸ τοῦ Ἀλυάττου ἐπὶ κρηπῖδος ὑψηλῆς χῶμα μέγα, ἐργασθέν, ὥς φησιν Ἡρόδοτος, ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῆς πόλεως, οὗ τὸ πλεῖστον ἔργον αἱ παιδίσκαι συνετέλεσαν· λέγει δ' ἐκεῖνος καὶ πορνεύεσθαι πάσας· τινὲς δὲ καὶ πόρνης μνῆμα λέγουσι τὸν τάφον. χειροποίητον δὲ τὴν λίμνην ἔνιοι ἱστοροῦσι τὴν Κολόην πρὸς τὰς ἐκδοχὰς τῶν πλημμυρίδων, αἳ συμβαίνουσι τῶν ποταμῶν πληρουμένων. Ὕπαιπα δὲ πόλις ἐστὶ καταβαίνουσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τμώλου πρὸς τὸ τοῦ Καΰστρου πεδίον. |
Near Lake Coloe are the monuments of the kings. At Sardeis is the great mound, on a lofty base, of Alyattes, built, as Herodotus {335} says, by the common people of the city, most of the work on which was done by prostitutes; and he says that all women of that country prostituted themselves; and some call the tomb of Alyattes a monument of prostitution. Some report that Lake Coloe is an artificial lake, made to receive the overflows which take place when the rivers are full. Hypaepa is a city which one comes to on the descent from Mt. Tmolus to the Caÿster Plain.
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335. Hdt. 1.93.
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φησὶ δὲ Καλλισθένης ἁλῶναι τὰς Σάρδεις ὑπὸ Κιμμερίων πρῶτον, εἶθ' ὑπὸ Τρηρῶν καὶ Λυκίων, ὅπερ καὶ Καλλῖνον δηλοῦν τὸν τῆς ἐλεγείας ποιητήν, ὕστατα δὲ τὴν ἐπὶ Κύρου καὶ Κροίσου γενέσθαι ἅλωσιν. λέγοντος δὲ τοῦ Καλλίνου τὴν ἔφοδον τῶν Κιμμερίων ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἠσιονῆας γεγονέναι καθ' ἣν αἱ Σάρδεις ἑάλωσαν, εἰκάζουσιν οἱ περὶ τὸν Σκήψιον ἰαστὶ λέγεσθαι Ἠσιονεῖς τοὺς Ἀσιονεῖς· “τάχα γὰρ ἡ Μῃονί” φησίν “Ἀσία ἐλέγετο, καθ' ὃ καὶ Ὅμηρος εἴρηκεν Ἀσίῳ ἐν λειμῶνι Καϋστρίου ἀμφὶ ῥέεθρα. ἀναληφθεῖσα δ' ἀξιολόγως ὕστερον διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς χώρας ἡ πόλις καὶ οὐδεμιᾶς λειπομένη τῶν ἀστυγειτόνων, νεωστὶ ὑπὸ σεισμῶν ἀπέβαλε πολλὴν τῆς κατοικίας. ἡ δὲ τοῦ Τιβερίου πρόνοια τοῦ καθ' ἡμᾶς ἡγεμόνος καὶ ταύτην καὶ τῶν ἄλλων συχνὰς ἀνέλαβε ταῖς εὐεργεσίαις, ὅσαι περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἐκοινώνησαν τοῦ αὐτοῦ πάθους. |
Callisthenes says that Sardeis was captured first by the Cimmerians, and then by the Treres and the Lycians, as is set forth by Callinus the elegiac poet, and lastly in the time of Cyrus and Croesus. But when Callinus says that the incursion of the Cimmerians was against the Esioneis, at the time of which Sardeis was captured, the Scepsian {336} and his followers surmise that the Asioneis were by Callinus called the Esioneis, in the Ionic dialect; for perhaps Meïonia, he says, was called Asia, and accordingly Homer likewise says,on the Asian mead about the streams of the Caÿster. {337} The city was later restored in a notable way because of the fertility of its territory, and was inferior to none of its neighbors, though recently it has lost many of its buildings through earthquakes. However, the forethought of Tiberius, our present ruler, has, by his beneficence, restored not only this city but many others--I mean all the cities that shared in the same misfortune at about the same time.
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336. Again Demetrius of Scepsis. 337. Hom. Il. 2.461
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ἄνδρες δ' ἀξιόλογοι γεγόνασι τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους Διόδωροι δύο οἱ ῥήτορες, ὧν ὁ πρεσβύτερος ἐκαλεῖτο Ζωνᾶς, ἀνὴρ πολλοὺς ἀγῶνας ἠγωνισμένος ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἀσίας, κατὰ δὲ τὴν Μιθριδάτου τοῦ βασιλέως ἔφοδον αἰτίαν ἐσχηκὼς ὡς ἀφιστὰς παρ' αὐτοῦ τὰς πόλεις ἀπελύσατο τὰς διαβολὰς ἀπολογησάμενος· τοῦ δὲ νεωτέρου φίλου ἡμῖν γενομένου καὶ ἱστορικὰ συγγράμματα ἔστι καὶ μέλη καὶ ἄλλα ποιήματα τὴν ἀρχαίαν γραφὴν ἐπιφαίνοντα ἱκανῶς. Ξάνθος δὲ ὁ παλαιὸς συγγραφεὺς Λυδὸς μὲν λέγεται, εἰ δὲ ἐκ Σάρδεων οὐκ ἴσμεν. |
Notable men of the same family were born at Sardeis: the two Diodoruses, the orators, of whom the elder was called Zonas, a man who many times pleaded the cause of Asia; and at the time of the attack of King Mithridates, he was accused of trying to cause the cities to revolt from him, but in his defence he acquitted himself of the slander. The younger Diodorus, who was a friend of mine, is the author, not only of many historical treatises, but also of melic and other poems, which display full well the ancient style of writing. Xanthus, the ancient historian, is indeed called a Lydian, but whether or not he was from Sardeis I do not know.
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μετὰ δὲ Λυδούς εἰσιν οἱ Μυσοὶ καὶ πόλις Φιλαδέλφεια σεισμῶν πλήρης. οὐ γὰρ διαλείπουσιν οἱ τοῖχοι διιστάμενοι καὶ ἄλλοτ' ἄλλο μέρος τῆς πόλεως κακοπαθοῦν· οἰκοῦσιν οὖν ὀλίγοι διὰ τοῦτο τὴν πόλιν, οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ καταβιοῦσιν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ γεωργοῦντες, ἔχοντες εὐδαίμονα γῆν· ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ὀλίγων θαυμάζειν ἔστιν ὅτι οὕτω φιλοχωροῦσιν, ἐπισφαλεῖς τὰς οἰκήσεις ἔχοντες· ἔτι δ' ἄν τις μᾶλλον θαυμάσειε τῶν κτισάντων αὐτήν. |
After the Lydians come the Mysians; and the city Philadelphia, ever subject to earthquakes. Incessantly the walls of the houses are cracked, different parts of the city being thus affected at different times. For this reason but few people live in the city, and most of them spend their lives as farmers in the country, since they have a fertile soil. Yet one may be surprised at the few, that they are so fond of the place when their dwellings are so insecure; and one might marvel still more at those who founded the city.
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μετὰ δὲ ταῦτ' ἔστιν ἡ Κατακεκαυμένη λεγομένη χώρα μῆκος μὲν καὶ πεντακοσίων σταδίων πλάτος δὲ τετρακοσίων, εἴτε Μυσίαν χρὴ καλεῖν εἴτε Μῃονίαν λέγεται γὰρ ἀμφοτέρως , ἅπασα ἄδενδρος πλὴν ἀμπέλου τῆς τὸν Κατακεκαυμενίτην φερούσης οἶνον οὐδενὸς τῶν ἐλλογίμων ἀρετῇ λειπόμενον. ἔστι δὲ ἡ ἐπιφάνεια τεφρώδης τῶν πεδίων, ἡ δ' ὀρεινὴ καὶ πετρώδης μέλαινα ὡς ἂν ἐξ ἐπικαύσεως. εἰκάζουσι μὲν οὖν τινες ἐκ κεραυνοβολιῶν καὶ πρηστήρων συμβῆναι τοῦτο, καὶ οὐκ ὀκνοῦσι τὰ περὶ τὸν Τυφῶνα ἐνταῦθα μυθολογεῖν. Ξάνθος δὲ καὶ Ἀριμοῦν τινα λέγει τῶν τόπων τούτων βασιλέα. οὐκ εὔλογον δὲ ὑπὸ τοιούτων παθῶν τὴν τοσαύτην χώραν ἐμπρησθῆναι ἀθρόως, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ὑπὸ γηγενοῦς πυρός, ἐκλιπεῖν δὲ νῦν τὰς πηγάς· δείκνυνται δὲ καὶ βόθροι τρεῖς, οὓς φύσας καλοῦσιν, ὅσον τετταράκοντα ἀλλήλων διεστῶτες σταδίους· ὑπέρκεινται δὲ λόφοι τραχεῖς, οὓς εἰκὸς ἐκ τῶν ἀναφυσηθέντων σεσωρεῦσθαι μύδρων. τὸ δ' εὐάμπελον τὴν τοιαύτην ὑπάρχειν γῆν, λάβοι τις ἂν καὶ ἐκ τῆς Καταναίας τῆς χωσθείσης τῇ σποδῷ καὶ νῦν ἀποδιδούσης οἶνον δαψιλῆ καὶ καλόν. ἀστεϊζόμενοι δέ τινες εἰκότως πυριγενῆ τὸν Διόνυσον λέγεσθαί φασιν, ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων χωρίων τεκμαιρόμενοι. |
After this region one comes to the Catacecaumene country, {338} as it is called, which has a length of five hundred stadia and a breadth of four hundred, whether it should be called Mysia or Meïonia (for both names are used); the whole of it is without trees except the vine that produces the Catacecaumenite wine, which in quality is inferior to none of the notable wines. The surface of the plain is covered with ashes, and the mountainous and rocky country is black, as though from conflagration. Now some conjecture that this resulted from thunderbolts and from fiery subterranean outbursts, and they do not hesitate to lay there the scene of the mythical story of Typhon; and Xanthus adds that a certain Arimus was king of this region; but it is not reasonable to suppose that all that country was burnt all at once by reason of such disturbances, but rather by reason of an earth-born fire, the sources of which have now been exhausted. Three pits are to be seen there, which are called "bellows," and they are forty stadia distant from each other. Above them lie rugged hills, which are reasonably supposed to have been heaped up by the hot masses blown forth from the earth. That such soil should be well adapted to the vine one might assume from the land of Catana, which was heaped with ashes and now produces excellent wine in great plenty. Some writers, judging from places like this, wittily remark that there is good reason for calling Dionysus "Pyrigenes." {339}
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338. i.e., "burnt" country, situated about the upper course of the Hermus and its tributaries. Hamilton (Researches, II, p. 136, quoted by Tozer (Selections, p. 289, confirms Strabo's account. 339. "Fire-born."
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τὰ δ' ἑξῆς ἐπὶ τὰ νότια μέρη τοῖς τόποις τούτοις ἐμπλοκὰς ἔχει μέχρι πρὸς τὸν Ταῦρον, ὥστε καὶ τὰ Φρύγια καὶ τὰ Καρικὰ καὶ τὰ Λύδια καὶ ἔτι τὰ τῶν Μυσῶν δυσδιάκριτα εἶναι παραπίπτοντα εἰς ἄλληλα· εἰς δὲ τὴν σύγχυσιν ταύτην οὐ μικρὰ συλλαμβάνει τὸ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους μὴ κατὰ φῦλα διελεῖν αὐτούς, ἀλλὰ ἕτερον τρόπον διατάξαι τὰς διοικήσεις, ἐν αἷς τὰς ἀγοραίους ποιοῦνται καὶ τὰς δικαιοδοσίας. ὁ μέν γε Τμῶλος ἱκανῶς συνῆκται καὶ περιγραφὴν ἔχει μετρίαν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀφοριζόμενος τοῖς Λυδίοις μέρεσιν, ἡ δὲ Μεσωγὶς εἰς τὸ ἀντικείμενον μέρος διατείνει μέχρι Μυκάλης ἀπὸ Κελαινῶν ἀρξάμενον, ὥς φησι Θεόπομπος, ὥστε τὰ μὲν αὐτοῦ Φρύγες κατέχουσι τὰ πρὸς ταῖς Κελαιναῖς καὶ τῇ Ἀπαμείᾳ, τὰ δὲ Μυσοὶ καὶ Λυδοί, τὰ δὲ Κᾶρες καὶ Ἴωνες. οὕτω δὲ καὶ οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ μάλιστα ὁ Μαίανδρος τὰ μὲν διορίζοντες τῶν ἐθνῶν, δι' ὧν δὲ μέσοι φερόμενοι δύσληπτον ποιοῦσι τἀκριβές· καὶ περὶ τῶν πεδίων δὲ τῶν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τῆς τε ὀρεινῆς καὶ τῆς ποταμίας ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος. οὐδ' ἡμῖν ἴσως ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον φροντιστέον ὡς ἀναγκαῖον χωρομετροῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τοσοῦτον μόνον ὑπογραπτέον ὅσον καὶ οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν παραδεδώκασι. |
The parts situated next to this region towards the south as far as the Taurus are so inwoven with one another that the Phrygian and the Carian and the Lydian parts, as also those of the Mysians, since they merge into one another, are hard to distinguish. To this confusion no little has been contributed by the fact that the Romans did not divide them according to tribes, but in another way organized their jurisdictions, within which they hold their popular assemblies and their courts. Mt. Tmolus is a quite contracted mass of mountain and has only a moderate circumference, its limits lying within the territory of the Lydians themselves; but the Mesogis extends in the opposite direction as far as Mycale, beginning at Celaenae, according to Theopompus. And therefore some parts of it are occupied by the Phrygians, I mean the parts near Celaenae and Apameia, and other parts by Mysians and Lydians, and other parts by Carians and Ionians. So, also, the rivers, particularly the Maeander, form the boundary between some of the tribes, but in cases where they flow through the middle of countries they make accurate distinction difficult. And the same is to be said of the plains that are situated on either side of the mountainous territory and of the river-land. Neither should I, perhaps, attend to such matters as closely as a surveyor must, but sketch them only so far as they have been transmitted by my predecessors.
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τῷ δὴ Καϋστριανῷ πεδίῳ μεταξὺ πίπτοντι τῆς τε Μεσωγίδος καὶ τοῦ Τμώλου συνεχές ἐστι πρὸς ἕω τὸ Κιλβιανὸν πεδίον πολύ τε καὶ συνοικούμενον εὖ καὶ χώραν ἔχον σπουδαίαν· εἶτα τὸ Ὑρκάνιον πεδίον, Περσῶν ἐπονομασάντων καὶ ἐποίκους ἀγαγόντων ἐκεῖθεν ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸ Κύρου πεδίον Πέρσαι κατωνόμασαν · εἶτα τὸ Πελτηνὸν πεδίον, ἤδη Φρύγιον, καὶ τὸ Κιλλάνιον καὶ τὸ Ταβηνόν, ἔχοντα πολίχνας μιξοφρυγίους ἐχούσας τι καὶ Πισιδικόν, ἀφ' ὧν αὐτὰ κατωνομάσθη. |
Contiguous on the east to the Caÿster Plain, which lies between the Mesogis and the Tmolus, is the Cilbian Plain. It is extensive and well settled and has a fertile soil. Then comes the Hyrcanian Plain, a name given it by the Persians, who brought Hyrcanian colonists there (the Plain of Cyrus, like-wise, was given its name by the Persians). Then come the Peltine Plain (we are now in Phrygian territory) and the Cillanian and the Tabene Plains, which have towns with a mixed population of Phrygians, these towns also containing a Pisidian element; and it is after these that the plains themselves were named.
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ὑπερβαλοῦσι δὲ τὴν Μεσωγίδα τὴν μεταξὺ Καρῶν τε καὶ τῆς Νυσαΐδος, ἥ ἐστι χώρα κατὰ τὰ τοῦ Μαιάνδρου πέραν μέχρι τῆς Κιβυράτιδος καὶ τῆς Καβαλίδος, πόλεις εἰσὶ πρὸς μὲν τῇ Μεσωγίδι καταντικρὺ Λαοδικείας Ἱερὰ πόλις, ὅπου τὰ θερμὰ ὕδατα καὶ τὸ Πλουτώνιον, ἄμφω παραδοξολογίαν τινὰ ἔχοντα· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὕδωρ οὕτω ῥᾳδίως εἰς πῶρον μεταβάλλει πηττόμενον ὥστ' ὀχετοὺς ἐπάγοντες φραγμοὺς ἀπεργάζονται μονολίθους, τὸ δὲ Πλουτώνιον ὑπ' ὀφρύι μικρᾷ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης ὀρεινῆς στόμιόν ἐστι σύμμετρον ὅσον ἄνθρωπον δέξασθαι δυνάμενον, βεβάθυνται δ' ἐπὶ πολύ· πρόκειται δὲ τούτου δρυφάκτωμα τετράγωνον ὅσον ἡμιπλέθρου τὴν περίμετρον· τοῦτο δὲ πλῆρές ἐστιν ὁμιχλώδους παχείας ἀχλύος ὥστε μόγις τοὔδαφος καθορᾶν. τοῖς μὲν οὖν κύκλῳ πλησιάζουσι πρὸς τὸν δρύφακτον ἄλυπός ἐστιν ὁ ἀήρ, καθαρεύων ἐκείνης τῆς ἀχλύος ἐν ταῖς νηνεμίαις· συμμένει γὰρ ἐντὸς τοῦ περιβόλου· τῷ δ' εἴσω παριόντι ζῴῳ θάνατος παραχρῆμα ἀπαντᾷ· ταῦροι γοῦν εἰσαχθέντες πίπτουσι καὶ ἐξέλκονται νεκροί, ἡμεῖς δὲ στρουθία ἐπέμψαμεν καὶ ἔπεσεν εὐθὺς ἐκπνεύσαντα· οἱ δ' ἀπόκοποι Γάλλοι παρίασιν ἀπαθεῖς, ὥστε καὶ μέχρι τοῦ στομίου πλησιάζειν καὶ ἐγκύπτειν καὶ καταδύνειν μέχρι ποσοῦ συνέχοντας ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τὸ πνεῦμα· ἑωρῶμεν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς ὄψεως ὡς ἂν πνιγώδους τινὸς πάθους ἔμφασιν, εἴτ' ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν οὕτω πεπηρωμένων τοῦτο εἴτε μόνων τῶν περὶ τὸ ἱερόν, καὶ εἴτε θείᾳ προνοίᾳ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐνθουσιασμῶν εἰκός, εἴτε ἀντιδότοις τισὶ δυνάμεσι τούτου συμβαίνοντος. τὸ δὲ τῆς ἀπολιθώσεως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ποταμῶν φασι συμβαίνειν καίπερ ὄντων ποτίμων. ἔστι δὲ καὶ πρὸς βαφὴν ἐρίων θαυμαστῶς σύμμετρον τὸ κατὰ τὴν Ἱερὰν πόλιν ὕδωρ, ὥστε τὰ ἐκ τῶν ῥιζῶν βαπτόμενα ἐνάμιλλα εἶναι τοῖς ἐκ τῆς κόκκου καὶ τοῖς ἁλουργέσιν· οὕτω δ' ἐστὶν ἄφθονον τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ ὕδατος ὥστε ἡ πόλις μεστὴ τῶν αὐτομάτων βαλανείων ἐστί. |
When one crosses over the Mesogis, between the Carians and the territory of Nysa, which latter is a country on the far side of the Maeander extending to Cibyratis and Cabalis, one comes to certain cities. First, near the Mesogis, opposite Laodiceia, to Hierapolis, where are the hot springs and the Plutonium, both of which have something marvellous about them; for the water of the springs so easily congeals and changes into stone that people conduct streams of it through ditches and thus make stone fences {340} consisting of single stones, while the Plutonium, below a small brow of the mountainous country that lies above it, is an opening of only moderate size, large enough to admit a man, but it reaches a considerable depth, and it is enclosed by a quadrilateral handrail, about half a plethrum in circumference, and this space is full of a vapour so misty and dense that one can scarcely see the ground. Now to those who approach the handrail anywhere round the enclosure the air is harmless, since the outside is free from that vapor in calm weather, for the vapor then stays inside the enclosure, but any animal that passes inside meets instant death. At any rate, bulls that are led into it fall and are dragged out dead; and I threw in sparrows and they immediately breathed their last and fell. But the Galli, {341} who are eunuchs, pass inside with such impunity that they even approach the opening, bend over it, and descend into it to a certain depth, though they hold their breath as much as they can (for I could see in their countenances an indication of a kind of suffocating attack, as it were),--whether this immunity belongs to all who are maimed in this way or only to those round the temple, or whether it is because of divine providence, as would be likely in the case of divine obsessions, or whether it is, the result of certain physical powers that are antidotes against the vapor. The changing of water into stone is said also to be the case with the rivers in Laodiceia, although their water is potable. The water at Hierapolis is remarkably adapted also to the dyeing of wool, so that wool dyed with the roots {342} rival those dyed with the coccus {343} or with the marine purple. {344} And the supply of water is so abundant that the city is full of natural baths.
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340. "The road overlooks many green spots, once vineyards and gardens, separated by partitions of the same material" (Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, I. p. 288), quoted by Tozer, p. 290. 341. Priests of Cybele. 342. Madder-root. 343. Kermes-berries. 344. Using this particular water, of course.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἱερὰν πόλιν τὰ πέραν τοῦ Μαιάνδρου. τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ Λαοδίκειαν καὶ Ἀφροδισιάδα καὶ τὰ μέχρι Καρούρων εἴρηται· τὰ δ' ἑξῆς ἐστι τὰ μὲν πρὸς δύσιν ἡ τῶν Ἀντιοχέων πόλις τῶν ἐπὶ Μαιάνδρῳ, τῆς Καρίας ἤδη· τὰ δὲ πρὸς νότον ἡ Κιβύρα ἐστὶν ἡ μεγάλη καὶ ἡ Σίνδα καὶ ἡ Καβαλὶς μέχρι τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τῆς Λυκίας. ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἀντιόχεια μετρία πόλις ἐστὶν ἐπ' αὐτῷ κειμένη τῷ Μαιάνδρῳ κατὰ τὸ πρὸς τῇ Φρυγίᾳ μέρος, ἐπέζευκται δὲ γέφυρα· χώραν δ' ἔχει πολλὴν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τοῦ ποταμοῦ πᾶσαν εὐδαίμονα, πλείστην δὲ φέρει τὴν καλουμένην Ἀντιοχικὴν ἰσχάδα· τὴν δὲ αὐτὴν καὶ τρίφυλλον ὀνομάζουσιν· εὔσειστος δὲ καὶ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος. σοφιστὴς δὲ παρὰ τούτοις ἔνδοξος γεγένηται Διοτρέφης, οὗ διήκουσεν Ὑβρέας ὁ καθ' ἡμᾶς γενόμενος μέγιστος ῥήτωρ. |
After Hierapolis one comes to the parts on the far side of the Maeander; I have already described {345} those round Laodiceia and Aphrodisias and those extending as far as Carura. The next thereafter are the parts towards the west, I mean the city of the Antiocheians on the Maeander, where one finds himself already in Caria, and also the parts towards the south, I mean Greater Cibyra and Sinda and Cabalis, extending as far as the Taurus and Lycia. Now Antiocheia is a city of moderate size, and is situated on the Maeander itself in the region that lies near Phrygia, and there is a bridge over the river. Antiocheia has considerable territory on each side of the river, which is everywhere fertile, and it produces in greatest quantities the "Antiocheian" dried fig, as it is called, though they also name the same fig "three-leaved." This region, too, is much subject to earthquakes. Among these people arose a famous sophist, Diotrephes, whose complete course was taken by Hybreas, who became the greatest orator of my time.
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345. 12. 8. 13, 16, 17.
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Σολύμους δ' εἶναί φασι τοὺς Καβαλεῖς· τῆς γοῦν Τερμησσέων ἄκρας ὁ ὑπερκείμενος λόφος καλεῖται Σόλυμος, καὶ αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ Τερμησσεῖς Σόλυμοι καλοῦνται. πλησίον δ' ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ Βελλεροφόντου χάραξ καὶ ὁ Πεισάνδρου τάφος τοῦ υἱοῦ ἇὐτοὖ πεσόντος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Σολύμους μάχῃ. ταῦτα δὲ καὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγομένοις ὁμολογεῖται· περὶ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ Βελλεροφόντου φησὶν οὕτως δεύτερον αὖ Σολύμοισι μαχέσσατο κυδαλίμοισι. περὶ δὲ τοῦ παιδὸς αὐτοῦ Πείσανδρον δέ οἱ υἱὸν Ἄρης ἆτος πολέμοιο μαρνάμενον Σολύμοισι κατέκτανεν. ἡ δὲ Τερμησσός ἐστι Πισιδικὴ πόλις ἡ μάλιστα καὶ ἔγγιστα ὑπερκειμένη τῆς Κιβύρας. |
The Cabaleis are said to be the Solymi; at any rate, the hill that lies above the fortress of the Termessians is called Solymus, and the Termessians themselves are called Solymi. Near by is the Palisade of Bellerophon, and also the tomb of his son Peisander, who fell in the battle against the Solymi. This account agrees also with the words of the poet, for he says of Bellerophon,next he fought with the glorious Solymi, {346} and of his son,and Peisander {347} his son was slain by Ares, insatiate of war, when he was fighting with the Solymi. {348} Termessus is a Pisidian city, which lies directly above Cibyra and very near it.
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346. Hom. Il. 6.184 347. The Homeric text reads "Isander" (see 12. 8. 5). 348. Hom. Il. 6.203
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λέγονται δὲ ἀπόγονοι Λυδῶν οἱ Κιβυρᾶται τῶν κατασχόντων τὴν Καβαλίδα· ὕστερον δὲ Πισιδῶν τῶν ὁμόρων ἐποικησάντων καὶ μετακτισάντων εἰς ἕτερον τόπον εὐερκέστατον ἐν κύκλῳ σταδίων περὶ ἑκατόν. ηὐξήθη δὲ διὰ τὴν εὐνομίαν, καὶ αἱ κῶμαι παρεξέτειναν ἀπὸ Πισιδίας καὶ τῆς ὁμόρου Μιλυάδος ἕως Λυκίας καὶ τῆς Ῥοδίων περαίας· προσγενομένων δὲ τριῶν πόλεων ὁμόρων, Βουβῶνος Βαλβούρων Οἰνοάνδων, τετράπολις τὸ σύστημα ἐκλήθη, μίαν ἑκάστης ψῆφον ἐχούσης, δύο δὲ τῆς Κιβύρας· ἔστελλε γὰρ αὕτη πεζῶν μὲν τρεῖς μυριάδας ἱππέας δὲ δισχιλίους· ἐτυραννεῖτο δ' ἀεί, σωφρόνως δ' ὅμως· ἐπὶ Μοαγέτου δ' ἡ τυραννὶς τέλος ἔσχε, καταλύσαντος αὐτὴν Μουρηνᾶ καὶ Λυκίοις προσορίσαντος τὰ Βάλβουρα καὶ τὴν Βουβῶνα· οὐδὲν δ' ἧττον ἐν ταῖς μεγίσταις ἐξετάζεται διοικήσεσι τῆς Ἀσίας ἡ Κιβυρατική. τέτταρσι δὲ γλώτταις ἐχρῶντο οἱ Κιβυρᾶται, τῇ Πισιδικῇ τῇ Σολύμων τῇ Ἑλληνίδι τῇ Λυδῶν· . . . δὲ οὐδ' ἴχνος ἐστὶν ἐν Λυδίᾳ. ἴδιον δ' ἐστὶν ἐν Κιβύρᾳ τὸ τὸν σίδηρον τορεύεσθαι ῥᾳδίως. Μιλύα δ' ἐστὶν ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ Τερμησσὸν στενῶν καὶ τῆς εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου ὑπερθέσεως δι' αὐτῶν ἐπὶ Ἴσινδα παρατείνουσα ὀρεινὴ μέχρι Σαγαλασσοῦ καὶ τῆς Ἀπαμέων χώρας. |
It is said that the Cibyratae are descendants of the Lydians who took possession of Cabalis, and later of the neighboring Pisidians, who settled there and transferred the city to another site, a site very strongly fortified and about one hundred stadia in circuit. It grew strong through its good laws; and its villages extended alongside it from Pisidia and the neighboring Milyas as far as Lycia and the Peraea {349} of the Rhodians. Three bordering cities were added to it, Bubon, Balbura, and 0enoandon, and the union was called Tetrapolis, each of the three having one vote, but Cibyra two; for Cibyra could send forth thirty thousand footsoldiers and two thousand horse. It was always ruled by tyrants; but still they ruled it with moderation. However, the tyranny ended in the time of Moagetes, when Murena overthrew it and included Balbura and Bubon within the territory of the Lycians. But none the less the jurisdiction of Cibyra is rated among the greatest in Asia. The Cibyratae used four languages, the Pisidian, that of the Solymi, Greek, and that of the Lydians; {350} but there is not even a trace of the language of the Lydians in Lydia. The easy embossing of iron is a peculiar thing at Cibyra. Milya is the mountainrange extending from the narrows at Termessus and from the pass that leads over through them to the region inside the Taurus towards Isinda, as far as Sagalassus and the country of the Apameians.
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349. Mainland territory. 350. See A. H. Sayce, Anatolian Studies presented to Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, p. 396.
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