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... καὶ ἡ Καππαδοκία δ' ἐστὶ πολυμερής τε καὶ συχνὰς δεδεγμένη μεταβολάς. οἱ δ' οὖν ὁμόγλωττοι μάλιστά εἰσιν οἱ ἀφοριζόμενοι πρὸς νότον μὲν τῷ Κιλικίῳ λεγομένῳ Ταύρῳ, πρὸς ἕω δὲ τῇ Ἀρμενίᾳ καὶ τῇ Κολχίδι καὶ τοῖς μεταξὺ ἑτερογλώττοις ἔθνεσι, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ τῷ Εὐξείνῳ μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ἅλυος, πρὸς δύσιν δὲ τῷ τε τῶν Παφλαγόνων ἔθνει καὶ Γαλατῶν τῶν τὴν Φρυγίαν ἐποικησάντων μέχρι Λυκαόνων καὶ Κιλίκων τῶν τὴν τραχεῖαν Κιλικίαν νεμομένων. |
Cappadocia, {1} also, is a country of many parts and has undergone numerous changes. However, the inhabitants who speak the same language are, generally speaking, those who are bounded on the south by the "Cilician" Taurus, as it is called, and on the east by Armenia and Colchis and by the intervening peoples who speak a different group of languages, and on the north by the Euxine as far as the outlets of the Halys River, and on the west both by the tribe of the Paphlagonians and by those Galatae who settled in Phrygia and extended as far as the Lycaonians and those Cilicians who occupy Cilicia Tracheia. {2}
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1. From Xylander to Meineke the editors agree that a portion of text at the beginning of this Book is missing. 2. "Rugged" Cilicia.
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καὶ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν ὁμογλώττων οἱ παλαιοὶ τοὺς Κατάονας καθ' αὑτοὺς ἔταττον, ἀντιδιαιροῦντες τοῖς Καππάδοξιν ὡς ἑτεροεθνέσι, καὶ ἐν τῇ διαριθμήσει τῶν ἐθνῶν μετὰ τὴν Καππαδοκίαν ἐτίθεσαν τὴν Καταονίαν, εἶτα τὸν Εὐφράτην καὶ τὰ πέραν ἔθνη, ὥστε καὶ τὴν Μελιτηνὴν ὑπὸ τῇ Καταονίᾳ τάττειν, ἣ μεταξὺ κεῖται ταύτης τε καὶ τοῦ Εὐφράτου συνάπτουσα τῇ Κομμαγηνῇ, μέρος τε τῆς Καππαδοκίας ἐστὶ δέκατον κατὰ τὴν εἰς δέκα στρατηγίας διαίρεσιν τῆς χώρας. οὕτω γὰρ δὴ οἱ καθ' ἡμᾶς βασιλεῖς οἱ πρὸ Ἀρχελάου διατεταγμένην εἶχον τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῆς Καππαδοκίας· δέκατον δ' ἐστὶ μέρος καὶ ἡ Καταονία. καθ' ἡμᾶς δὲ εἶχε στρατηγὸν ἑκατέρα ἴδιον· οὔτε δ' ἐκ τῆς διαλέκτου διαφορᾶς τινος ἐν τούτοις πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Καππάδοκας ἐμφαινομένης οὔτε ἐκ τῶν ἄλλων ἐθῶν, θαυμαστὸν πῶς ἠφάνισται τελέως τὰ σημεῖα τῆς ἀλλοεθνίας. ἦσαν δ' οὖν διωρισμένοι, προσεκτήσατο δ' αὐτοὺς Ἀριαράθης ὁ πρῶτος προσαγορευθεὶς Καππαδόκων βασιλεύς. |
Now as for the tribes themselves which speak the same language, the ancients set one of them, the Cataonians, by themselves, contradistinguishing them from the Cappadocians, regarding the latter as a different tribe; and in their enumeration of the tribes they placed Cataonia alter Cappadocia, and then placed the Euphrates and the tribes beyond it so as to include in Cataonia Melitene, which lies between Cataonia and the Euphrates, borders on Commagene, and, according to the division of Cappadocia into ten prefectures, is a tenth portion of the country. Indeed, it was in this way that the kings in my time who preceded Archeläus held their several prefectures over Cappadocia. And Cataonia, also, is a tenth portion of Cappadocia. In my time each of the two countries had its own prefect; but since, as compared with the other Cappadocians, there is no difference to be seen either in the language or in any other usages of the Cataonians, it is remarkable how utterly all signs of their being a different tribe have disappeared. At any rate, they were once a distinct tribe, but they were annexed by Ariarathes, the first man to be called king of the Cappadocians.
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ἔστι δ' ὥσπερ χερρονήσου μεγάλης ἰσθμὸς οὗτος, σφιγγόμενος θαλάτταις δυσὶ τῇ τε τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου μέχρι τῆς τραχείας Κιλικίας καὶ τῇ τοῦ Εὐξείνου μεταξὺ Σινώπης τε καὶ τῆς τῶν Τιβαρηνῶν παραλίας· ἐντὸς δὲ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ λέγομεν χερρόνησον τὴν προσεσπέριον τοῖς Καππάδοξιν ἅπασαν, ἣν Ἡρόδοτος μὲν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος καλεῖ· αὕτη γὰρ ἔστιν ἧς ἦρξεν ἁπάσης Κροῖσος· λέγει δ' αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνος τύραννον ἐθνέων τῶν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταμοῦ. οἱ δὲ νῦν τὴν ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καλοῦσιν Ἀσίαν, ὁμωνύμως τῇ ὅλῃ ἠπείρῳ ταύτην Ἀσίαν προσαγορεύοντες. περιέχεται δ' ἐν αὐτῇ πρῶτα μὲν ἔθνη τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνατολῆς Παφλαγόνες τε καὶ Φρύγες καὶ Λυκάονες, ἔπειτα Βιθυνοὶ καὶ Μυσοὶ καὶ ἡ Ἐπίκτητος, ἔτι δὲ Τρῳὰς καὶ Ἑλλησποντία, μετὰ δὲ τούτους ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ μὲν Ἑλλήνων οἵ τε Αἰολεῖς καὶ Ἴωνες τῶν δ' ἄλλων Κᾶρές τε καὶ Λύκιοι, ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ Λυδοί. |
Cappadocia constitutes the isthmus,as it were, of a large peninsula bounded by two seas, by that of the Issian Gulf as far as Cilicia Tracheia and by that of the Euxine as far as Sinope and the coast of the Tibareni. I mean by "peninsula" all the country which is west of Cappadocia this side the isthmus, which by Herodotus is called "the country this side the Halys River"; for this is the country which in its entirety was ruled by Croesus, whom Herodotus calls the tyrant of the tribes this side the Halys River. {3} However, the writers of today give the name of Asia to the country this side the Taurus, applying to this country the same name as to the whole continent of Asia. This Asia comprises the first nations on the east, the Paphlagonians and Phrygians and Lycaonians, and then the Bithynians and Mysians and the Epictetus, {4} and, besides these, the Troad and Hellespontia, and after these, on the sea, the Aeolians and Ionians, who are Greeks, and, among the rest, the Carians and Lycians, and, in the interior, the Lydians. As for the other tribes, I shall speak of them later.
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3. 1. 6, 28. 4. The territory later "Acquired" (2. 5. 31).
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περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἄλλων ἐροῦμεν ὕστερον. τὴν δὲ Καππαδοκίαν εἰς δύο σατραπείας μερισθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τῶν Περσῶν παραλαβόντες Μακεδόνες περιεῖδον τὰ μὲν ἑκόντες τὰ δ' ἄκοντες εἰς βασιλείας ἀντὶ σατραπειῶν περιστᾶσαν· ὧν τὴν μὲν ἰδίως Καππαδοκίαν ὠνόμασαν καὶ πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ καὶ νὴ Δία μεγάλην Καππαδοκίαν, τὴν δὲ Πόντον, οἱ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τῷ Πόντῳ Καππαδοκίαν. τῆς δὲ μεγάλης Καππαδοκίας νῦν μὲν οὐκ ἴσμεν πω τὴν διάταξιν· τελευτήσαντος γὰρ τὸν βίον Ἀρχελάου τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος, ἔγνω Καῖσάρ τε καὶ ἡ σύγκλητος ἐπαρχίαν εἶναι Ῥωμαίων αὐτήν. ἐπ' ἐκείνου δὲ καὶ τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέων εἰς δέκα στρατηγίας διῃρημένης τῆς χώρας, πέντε μὲν ἐξητάζοντο αἱ πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ, Μελιτηνὴ Καταονία Κιλικία Τυανῖτις Γαρσαυρῖτις, πέντε δὲ λοιπαὶ Λαουιανσηνὴ Σαργαραυσηνὴ Σαραουηνὴ Χαμανηνὴ Μοριμηνή. προσεγένετο δ' ὕστερον παρὰ Ῥωμαίων ἐκ τῆς Κιλικίας τοῖς πρὸ Ἀρχελάου καὶ ἑνδεκάτη στρατηγία, ἡ περὶ Καστάβαλά τε καὶ Κύβιστρα μέχρι τῆς Ἀντιπάτρου τοῦ λῃστοῦ Δέρβης, τῷ δὲ Ἀρχελάῳ καὶ ἡ τραχεῖα περὶ Ἐλαιοῦσσαν Κιλικία καὶ πᾶσα ἡ τὰ πειρατήρια συστησαμένη. |
Cappadocia was divided into two satrapies by the Persians at the time when it was taken over by the Macedonians; the Macedonians willingly allowed one part of the country, but unwillingly the other, to change to kingdoms instead of satrapies; and one of these kingdoms they named "Cappadocia Proper" and "Cappadocia near Taurus", and even "Greater Cappadocia," and the other they named "Pontus," though others named it Cappadocia Pontica. As for Greater Cappadocia, we at present do not yet know its administrative divisions, {5} for after the death of king Archeläus Caesar {6} and the senate decreed that it was a Roman province. But when, in the reign of Archeläus and of the kings who preceded him, the country was divided into ten prefectures, those near the Taurus were reckoned as five in number, I mean Melitene, Cataonia, Cilicia, Tyanitis, and Garsauritis; and Laviansene, Sargarausene, Saravene, Chamanene, and Morimene as the remaining five. The Romans later assigned to the predecessors of Archeläus an eleventh prefecture, taken from Cilicia, I mean the country round Castabala and Cybistra, extending to Derbe, which last had belonged to Antipater the pirate; and to Archeläus they further assigned the part of Cilicia Tracheia round Elaeussa, and also all the country that had organized the business of piracy.
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5. A.D. 17. 6. Tiberius Caesar.
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ἔστι δ' ἡ μὲν Μελιτηνὴ παραπλησία τῇ Κομμαγηνῇ· πᾶσα γάρ ἐστι τοῖς ἡμέροις δένδροις κατάφυτος, μόνη τῆς ἄλλης Καππαδοκίας, ὥστε καὶ ἔλαιον φέρειν καὶ τὸν Μοναρίτην οἶνον τοῖς Ἑλληνικοῖς ἐνάμιλλον· ἀντίκειται δὲ τῇ Σωφηνῇ, μέσον ἔχουσα τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμὸν καὶ αὐτὴ καἶ ἡ Κομμαγηνὴ ὅμορος οὖσα. ἔστι δὲ φρούριον ἀξιόλογον τῶν Καππαδόκων ἐν τῇ περαίᾳ Τόμισα· τοῦτο δ' ἐπράθη μὲν τῷ Σωφηνῷ ταλάντων ἑκατόν, ὕστερον δὲ ἐδωρήσατο Λεύκολλος τῷ Καππάδοκι συστρατεύσαντι ἀριστεῖον κατὰ τὸν πρὸς Μιθριδάτην πόλεμον. |
Melitene is similar to Commagene, for the whole of it is planted with fruit trees, the only country in all Cappadocia of which this is true, so that it produces, not only the olive, but also the Monarite wine, which rivals the Greek wines. It is situated opposite to Sophene; and the Euphrates River flows between it and Commagene, which latter borders on it. On the far side of the river is a noteworthy fortress belonging to the Cappadocians, Tomisa by name. This was sold to the ruler of Sophene for one hundred talents, but later was presented by Leucullus as a meed of valor to the ruler of Cappadocia who took the field with him in the war against Mithridates.
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ἡ δὲ Καταονία πλατὺ καὶ κοῖλόν ἐστι πεδίον πάμφορον πλὴν τῶν ἀειθαλῶν. περίκειται δ' ὄρη ἄλλα τε καὶ Ἀμανὸς ἐκ τοῦ πρὸς νότον μέρους ἀπόσπασμα ὂν τοῦ Κιλικίου Ταύρου, καὶ ὁ Ἀντίταυρος εἰς τἀναντία ἀπερρωγώς. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Ἀμανὸς ἐπὶ τὴν Κιλικίαν καὶ τὴν Συριακὴν ἐκτείνεται θάλατταν πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν ἀπὸ τῆς Καταονίας καὶ τὸν νότον· τῇ δὲ τοιαύτῃ διαστάσει περικλείει τὸν Ἰσσικὸν κόλπον ἅπαντα καὶ τὰ μεταξὺ τῶν Κιλίκων πεδία πρὸς τὸν Ταῦρον· ὁ δ' Ἀντίταυρος ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους ἐγκέκλιται καὶ μικρὸν ἐπιλαμβάνει τῶν ἀνατολῶν, εἶτ' εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν τελευτᾷ. |
Cataonia is a broad hollow plain, and produces everything except evergreen-trees. It is surrounded on its southern side by mountains, among others by the Amanus, which is a branch of the Cilician Taurus, and by the Antitaurus, which branches off in the opposite direction; for the Amanus extends from Cataonia to Cilicia and the Syrian Sea towards the west and south, and in this intervening space it surrounds the whole of the Gulf of Issus and the intervening plains of the Cilicians which lie towards the Taurus. But the Antitaurus inclines to the north and takes a slightly easterly direction, and then terminates in the interior of the country.
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ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἀντιταύρῳ τούτῳ βαθεῖς καὶ στενοί εἰσιν αὐλῶνες, ἐν οἷς ἵδρυται τὰ Κόμανα καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἐνυοῦς ἱερὸν ἣν ἐκεῖνοι Μᾶ ὀνομάζουσι· πόλις δ' ἐστὶν ἀξιόλογος, πλεῖστον μέντοι τὸ τῶν θεοφορήτων πλῆθος καὶ τὸ τῶν ἱεροδούλων ἐν αὐτῇ. Κατάονες δέ εἰσιν οἱ ἐνοικοῦντες, ἄλλως μὲν ὑπὸ τῷ βασιλεῖ τεταγμένοι, τοῦ δὲ ἱερέως ὑπακούοντες τὸ πλέον· ὁ δὲ τοῦ θ' ἱεροῦ κύριός ἐστι καὶ τῶν ἱεροδούλων, οἳ κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐπιδημίαν πλείους ἦσαν τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων, ἄνδρες ὁμοῦ γυναιξί. πρόσκειται δὲ τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ χώρα πολλή, καρποῦται δ' ὁ ἱερεὺς τὴν πρόσοδον, καὶ ἔστιν οὗτος δεύτερος κατὰ τιμὴν ἐν τῇ Καππαδοκίᾳ μετὰ τὸν βασιλέα· ὡς δ' ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους ἦσαν οἱ ἱερεῖς τοῖς βασιλεῦσι. τὰ δὲ ἱερὰ ταῦτα δοκεῖ Ὀρέστης μετὰ τῆς ἀδελφῆς Ἰφιγενείας κομίσαι δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Ταυρικῆς Σκυθίας, τὰ τῆς Ταυροπόλου Ἀρτέμιδος, ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὴν πένθιμον κόμην ἀποθέσθαι, ἀφ' ἧς καὶ τοὔνομα τῇ πόλει. διὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς πόλεως ταύτης ὁ Σάρος ῥεῖ ποταμός, καὶ διὰ τῶν συναγκειῶν τοῦ Ταύρου διεκπεραιοῦται πρὸς τὰ τῶν Κιλίκων πεδία καὶ τὸ ὑποκείμενον πέλαγος. |
In this Antitaurus are deep and narrow valleys, in which are situated Comana and the temple of Enyo, {7} whom the people there call "Ma." It is a considerable city; its inhabitants, however, consist mostly of the divinely inspired people and the temple-servants who live in it. Its inhabitants are Cataonians, who, though in a general way classed as subject to the king, are in most respects subject to the priest. The priest is master of the temple, and also of the temple-servants, who on my sojourn there were more than six thousand in number, men and women together. Also, considerable territory belongs to the temple, and the revenue is enjoyed by the priest. He is second in rank in Cappadocia after the king; and in general the priests belonged to the same family as the kings. It is thought that Orestes, with his sister Iphigeneia, brought these sacred rites here from the Tauric Scythia, the rites in honor of Artemis Tauropolus, and that here they also deposited the hair {8} of mourning; whence the city's name. Now the Sarus River flows through this city and passes out through the gorges of the Taurus to the plains of the Cilicians and to the sea that lies below them.
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7. Goddess of war (Hom. Il. 5.333). 8. In Greek, "Kome," the name of the city being "Komana," or, translated into English, "Comana."
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διὰ δὲ τῆς Καταονίας ὁ Πύραμος, πλωτός, ἐκ μέσου τοῦ πεδίου τὰς πηγὰς ἔχων· ἔστι δὲ βόθρος ἀξιόλογος, δι' οὗ καθορᾶν ἔστι τὸ ὕδωρ ὑποφερόμενον κρυπτῶς μέχρι πολλοῦ διαστήματος ὑπὸ γῆς, εἶτ' ἀνατέλλον εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν· τῷ δὲ καθιέντι ἀκόντιον ἄνωθεν εἰς τὸν βόθρον ἡ βία τοῦ ὕδατος ἀντιπράττει τοσοῦτον ὥστε μόλις βαπτίζεσθαι· ἀπλέτῳ δὲ βάθει καὶ πλάτει πολὺς ἐνεχθεὶς ἐπειδὰν συνάψῃ τῷ Ταύρῳ, παράδοξον λαμβάνει τὴν συναγωγήν· παράδοξος δὲ καὶ ἡ διακοπὴ τοῦ ὄρους ἐστὶ δι' ἧς ἄγεται τὸ ῥεῖθρον· καθάπερ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ῥῆγμα λαβούσαις πέτραις καὶ σχισθείσαις δίχα τὰς κατὰ τὴν ἑτέραν ἐξοχὰς ὁμολόγους εἶναι συμβαίνει ταῖς κατὰ τὴν ἑτέραν εἰσοχαῖς ὥστε κἂν συναρμοσθῆναι δύνασθαι, οὕτως εἴδομεν καὶ τὰς ὑπερκειμένας τοῦ ποταμοῦ πέτρας ἑκατέρωθεν σχεδόν τι μέχρι τῶν ἀκρωρειῶν ἀνατεινούσας ἐν διαστάσει δυεῖν ἢ τριῶν πλέθρων ἀντικείμενα ἐχούσας τὰ κοῖλα ταῖς ἐξοχαῖς· τὸ δὲ ἔδαφος τὸ μεταξὺ πᾶν πέτρινον, βαθύ τι καὶ στενὸν τελέως, ἔχον διὰ μέσου ῥῆγμα ὥστε καὶ κύνα καὶ λαγὼ διάλλεσθαι. τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶ τὸ ῥεῖθρον τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἄχρι χείλους πλῆρες, ὀχετῷ πλατεῖ προσεοικός, διὰ δὲ τὴν σκολιότητα καὶ τὴν ἐκ τοσούτου συναγωγὴν καὶ τὸ τῆς φάραγγος βάθος εὐθὺς τοῖς πόρρωθεν προσιοῦσιν ὁ ψόφος βροντῇ προσπίπτει παραπλήσιος· διεκβαίνων δὲ τὰ ὄρη τοσαύτην κατάγει χοῦν ἐπὶ θάλατταν, τὴν μὲν ἐκ τῆς Καταονίας τὴν δὲ ἐκ τῶν Κιλίκων πεδίων, ὥστε ἐπ' αὐτῷ καὶ χρησμὸς ἐκπεπτωκὼς φέρεται τοιοῦτος ἔσσεται ἐσσομένοις, ὅτε Πύραμος ἀργυροδίνης ἠιόνα προχέων ἱερὴν ἐς Κύπρον ἵκηται παραπλήσιον γάρ τι κἀκεῖ συμβαίνει καὶ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, τοῦ Νείλου προσεξηπειροῦντος ἀεὶ τὴν θάλατταν τῇ προσχώσει· καθὸ καὶ Ἡρόδοτος μὲν δῶρον τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὴν Αἴγυπτον εἶπεν, ὁ ποιητὴς δὲ τὴν Φάρον πελαγίαν ὑπάρξαι πρότερον οὐχ ὡς νυνὶ πρόσγειον οὖσαν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ. |
But the Pyramus, a navigable river with its sources in the middle of the plain, flows through Cataonia. There is a notable pit in the earth through which one can see the water as it runs into a long hidden passage underground and then rises to the surface. If one lets down a javelin from above into the pit, {9} the force of the water resists so strongly that the javelin can hardly be immersed in it. But although it flows in great volume because of its immense depth and breadth, yet, when it reaches the Taurus, it undergoes a remarkable contraction; and remarkable also is the cleft of the mountain through which the stream is carried; for, as in the case of rocks which have been broken and split into two parts, the projections on either side correspond so exactly to the cavities on the other that they could be fitted together, so it was in the case of the rocks I saw there, which, lying above the river on either side and reaching up to the summit of the mountain at a distance of two or three plethra from each other, had cavities corresponding with the opposite projections. The whole intervening bed is rock, and it has a cleft through the middle which is deep and so extremely narrow that a dog or hare could leap across it. This cleft is the channel of the river, is full to the brim, and in breadth resembles a canal; but on account of the crookedness of its course and its great contraction in width and the depth of the gorge, a noise like thunder strikes the ears of travellers long before they reach it. In passing out through the mountains it brings down so much silt to the sea, partly from Cataonia and partly from the Cilician plains, that even an oracle is reported as having been given out in reference to it, as follows: Men that are yet to be shall experience this at the time when the Pyramus of the silver eddies shall silt up its sacred sea-beach and come to Cyprus. {10} Indeed, something similar to this takes place also in Egypt, since the Nile is always turning the sea into dry land by throwing out silt. Accordingly, Herodotus {11} calls Egypt "the gift of the Nile," while Homer {12} speaks of Pharos as "being out in the open sea," since in earlier times it was not, as now, connected with the mainland of Egypt. {13}
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9. At the outlet, of course. 10. Cf. quotation of the same oracle in 1. 3. 7. 11. 2. 5. 12. Hom. Od. 4.354. 13. i.e., "has become, in a sense, a peninsula" (1. 3. 17).
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τρίτη δ' ἐστὶν ἱερωσύνη Διὸς Ἀσβαμαίου λειπομένη ταύτης, ἀξιόλογος δ' ὅμως. ἐνταῦθα δ' ἐστὶ λάκκος ἁλμυροῦ ὕδατος, ἀξιολόγου λίμνης ἔχων περίμετρον, ὀφρύσι κλειόμενος ὑψηλαῖς τε καὶ ὀρθίαις ὥστ' ἔχειν κατάβασιν κλιμακώδη· τὸ δ' ὕδωρ οὔτ' αὔξεσθαί φασιν οὔτ' ἀπόρρυσιν ἔχειν οὐδαμοῦ φανεράν. |
{14} The third in rank is the priesthood of Zeus Daciëus, {15} which, though inferior to that of Enyo, is noteworthy. At this place there is a reservoir of salt water which has the circumference of a considerable lake; it is shut in by brows of hills so high and steep that people go down to it by ladder-like steps. The water, they say, neither increases nor anywhere has a visible outflow.
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14. Section 5 seems to belong after 6, as Kramer points out. 15. At Morimenes (see next paragraph).
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πόλιν δ' οὔτε τὸ τῶν Καταόνων ἔχει πεδίον οὔθ' ἡ Μελιτηνή, φρούρια δ' ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρῶν τά τε Ἀζάμορα καὶ τὸ Δάσταρκον, ὃ περιρρεῖται τῷ Καρμάλᾳ ποταμῷ. ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἱερὸν τὸ τοῦ Κατάονος Ἀπόλλωνος καθ' ὅλην τιμώμενον τὴν Καππαδοκίαν, ποιησαμένων ἀφιδρύματα ἀπ' αὐτοῦ. οὐδὲ αἱ ἄλλαι στρατηγίαι πόλεις ἔχουσι πλὴν δυεῖν· τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν στρατηγιῶν ἐν μὲν τῇ Σαργαραυσηνῇ πολίχνιόν ἐστιν Ἡρπα καὶ ποταμὸς Καρμάλας, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν ἐκδίδωσιν· ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἄλλαις ὅ τε Ἄργος ἔρυμα ὑψηλὸν πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ, καὶ τὰ Νῶρα ὃ νῦν καλεῖται Νηροασσός, ἐν ᾧ Εὐμένης πολιορκούμενος ἀντέσχε πολὺν χρόνον· καθ' ἡμᾶς δὲ Σισίνου ὑπῆρξε χρηματοφυλάκιον τοῦ ἐπιθεμένου τῇ Καππαδόκων ἀρχῇ. τούτου δ' ἦν καὶ τὰ Κάδηνα, βασίλειον καὶ πόλεως κατασκευὴν ἔχον· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων τῶν Λυκαονικῶν τὰ Γαρσαύιρα κωμόπολις· λέγεται δ' ὑπάρξαι ποτὲ καὶ αὕτη μητρόπολις τῆς χώρας. ἐν δὲ τῇ Μοριμηνῇ τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ ἐν Ὀυηνάσοις Διός, ἱεροδούλων κατοικίαν ἔχον τρισχιλίων σχεδόν τι καὶ χώραν ἱερὰν εὔκαρπον, παρέχουσαν πρόσοδον ἐνιαύσιον ταλάντων πεντεκαίδεκα τῷ ἱερεῖ· καὶ οὗτος δ' ἐστὶ διὰ βίου, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ ἐν Κομάνοις, καὶ δευτερεύει κατὰ τιμὴν μετ' ἐκεῖνον. |
Neither the plain of the Cataonians nor the country Melitene has a city, but they have strongholds on the mountains, I mean Azamora and Dastarcum; and round the latter flows the Carmalas River. It contains also a temple, that of the Cataonian Apollo, which is held in honor throughout the whole of Cappadocia, the Cappadocians having made it the model of temples of their own. Neither do the other prefectures, except two, contain cities; and of the remaining prefectures, Sargarausene contains a small town Herpa, and also the Carmalas River, this too {16} emptying into the Cilician Sea. In the other prefectures are Argos, a lofty stronghold near the Taurus, and Nora, now called Neroassus, in which Eumenes held out against a siege for a long time. In my time it served as the treasury of Sisines, who made an attack upon the empire of the Cappadocians. To him belonged also Cadena, which had the royal palace and had the aspect of a city. Situated on the borders of Lycaonia is also a town called Garsauira. This too is said once to have been the metropolis of the country. In Morimene, at Venasa, is the temple of the Venasian Zeus, which has a settlement of almost three thousand temple-servants and also a sacred territory that is very productive, affording the priest a yearly revenue of fifteen talents. He, too, is priest for life, as is the Priest at Comana, and is second in rank after him.
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16. Like the Sarus (12. 2. 3).
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δύο δὲ μόναι στρατηγίαι πόλεις ἔχουσιν, ἡ μὲν Τυανῖτις τὰ Τύανα ὑποπεπτωκυῖαν τῷ Ταύρῳ τῷ κατὰ τὰς Κιλικίας πύλας, καθ' ἃς εὐπετέσταται καὶ κοινόταται πᾶσίν εἰσιν αἱ εἰς τὴν Κιλικίαν καὶ τὴν Συρίαν ὑπερβολαί· καλεῖται δὲ Εὐσέβεια ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ταύρῳ . . . ἀγαθὴ δὲ καὶ πεδιὰς ἡ πλείστη. τὰ δὲ Τύανα ἐπίκειται χώματι Σεμιράμιδος τετειχισμένῳ καλῶς. οὐ πολὺ δ' ἄπωθεν ταύτης ἐστὶ τά τε Καστάβαλα καὶ τὰ Κύβιστρα, ἔτι μᾶλλον τῷ ὄρει πλησιάζοντα πολίσματα· ὧν ἐν τοῖς Κασταβάλοις ἐστὶ τὸ τῆς Περασίας Ἀρτέμιδος ἱερόν, ὅπου φασὶ τὰς ἱερείας γυμνοῖς τοῖς ποσὶ δι' ἀνθρακιᾶς βαδίζειν ἀπαθεῖς· κἀνταῦθα δέ τινες τὴν αὐτὴν θρυλοῦσιν ἱστορίαν τὴν περὶ τοῦ Ὀρέστου καὶ τῆς Ταυροπόλου, Περασίαν κεκλῆσθαι φάσκοντες διὰ τὸ πέραθεν κομισθῆναι. ἐν μὲν δὴ τῇ Τυανίτιδι στρατηγίᾳ τῶν λεχθεισῶν δέκα ἔστι πόλισμα τὰ Τύανα τὰς δ' ἐπικτήτους οὐ συναριθμῶ ταύταις, τὰ Καστάβαλα καὶ τὰ Κύβιστρα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῇ τραχείᾳ Κιλικίᾳ, ἐν ᾖ τὴν Ἐλαιοῦσσαν νησίον εὔκαρπον συνέκτισεν Ἀρχέλαος ἀξιολόγως, καὶ τὸ πλέον ἐνταῦθα διέτριβεν , ἐν δὲ τῇ Κιλικίᾳ καλουμένῃ τὰ Μάζακα ἡ μητρόπολις τοῦ ἔθνους· καλεῖται δ' Εὐσέβεια καὶ αὕτη ἐπίκλησιν ἡ πρὸς τῷ Ἀργαίῳ· κεῖται γὰρ ὑπὸ τῷ Ἀργαίῳ ὄρει πάντων ὑψηλοτάτῳ καὶ ἀνέκλειπτον χιόνι τὴν ἀκρώρειαν ἔχοντι, ἀφ' ἧς φασιν οἱ ἀναβαίνοντες οὗτοι δ' εἰσὶν ὀλίγοι κατοπτεύεσθαι ταῖς αἰθρίαις ἄμφω τὰ πελάγη τό τε Ποντικὸν καὶ τὸ Ἰσσικόν. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα ἀφυῆ πρὸς συνοικισμὸν ἔχει πόλεως· ἄνυδρός τε γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἀνώχυρος διὰ τὴν ὀλιγωρίαν τῶν ἡγεμόνων καὶ ἀτείχιστος, τάχα δὲ καὶ ἐπίτηδες, ἵνα μὴ ὡς ἐρύματι πεποιθότες τῷ τείχει σφόδρα λῃστεύοιεν πεδίον οἰκοῦντες λόφους ὑπερδεξίους ἔχοντες καὶ ἀνεμβαλεῖς. καὶ τὰ κύκλῳ δὲ χωρία ἔχει τελέως ἄφορα καὶ ἀγεώργητα καίπερ ὄντα πεδινά, ἀλλ' ἔστιν ἀμμώδη καὶ ὑπόπετρα. μικρὸν δ' ἔτι προϊοῦσι καὶ πυρίληπτα πεδία καὶ μεστὰ βόθρων πυρὸς ἐπὶ σταδίους πολλοὺς ὥστε πόρρωθεν ἡ κομιδὴ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν δὲ πλεονέκτημα παρακείμενον ἔχει κίνδυνον· ἀξύλου γὰρ ὑπαρχούσης σχεδόν τι τῆς συμπάσης Καππαδοκίας ὁ Ἀργαῖος ἔχει περικείμενον δρυμὸν ὥστε ἐγγύθεν ὁ ξυλισμὸς πάρεστιν, ἀλλ' οἱ ὑποκείμενοι τῷ δρυμῷ τόποι καὶ αὐτοὶ πολλαχοῦ πυρὰ ἔχουσιν, ἅμα δὲ καὶ ὕφυδροί εἰσι ψυχρῷ ὕδατι, οὔτε τοῦ πυρὸς οὔτε τοῦ ὕδατος εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἐκκύπτοντος, ὥστε καὶ ποάζειν τὴν πλείστην· ἔστι δ' ὅπου καὶ ἑλῶδές ἐστι τὸ ἔδαφος καὶ νύκτωρ ἐξάπτονται φλόγες ἀπ' αὐτοῦ. οἱ μὲν οὖν ἔμπειροι φυλαττόμενοι τὸν ξυλισμὸν ποιοῦνται, τοῖς δὲ πολλοῖς κίνδυνός ἐστι, καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς κτήνεσιν ἐμπίπτουσιν εἰς ἀδήλους βόθρους πυρός. |
Only two prefectures have cities, Tyanitis the city Tyana, which lies below the Taurus at the Cilician Gates, where for all is the easiest and most commonly used pass into Cilicia and Syria. It is called "Eusebeia near the Taurus"; and its territory is for the most part fertile and level. Tyana is situated upon a mound of Semiramis, {17} which is beautifully fortified. Not far from this city are Castabala and Cybistra, towns still nearer to the mountain. At Castabala is the temple of the Perasian Artemis, where the priestesses, it is said, walk with naked feet over hot embers without pain. And here, too, some tell us over and over the same story of Orestes and Tauropolus, {18} asserting that she was called "Perasian" because she was brought "from the other side." {19} So then, in the prefecture Tyanitis, one of the ten above mentioned is Tyana (I am not enumerating along with these prefectures those that were acquired later, I mean Castabala and Cybistra and the places in Cilicia Tracheia, {20} where is Elaeussa, a very fertile island, which was settled in a noteworthy manner by Archeläus, who spent the greater part of his time there), whereas Mazaca, the metropolis of the tribe, is in the Cilician prefecture, as it is called. This city, too, is called "Eusebeia," with the additional words "near the Argaeus," for it is situated below the Argaeus, the highest mountain of all, whose summit never fails to have snow upon it; and those who ascend it (those are few) say that in clear weather both seas, both the Pontus and the Issian Sea, are visible from it. Now in general Mazaca is not naturally a suitable place for the founding of a city, for it is without water and unfortified by nature; and, because of the neglect of the prefects, it is also without walls (perhaps intentionally so, in order that people inhabiting a plain, with hills above it that were advantageous and beyond range of missiles, might not, through too much reliance upon the wall as a fortification, engage in plundering). Further, the districts all round are utterly barren and untilled, although they are level; but they are sandy and are rocky underneath. And, proceeding a little farther on, one comes to plains extending over many stadia that are volcanic and full of fire-pits; and therefore the necessaries of life must be brought from a distance. And further, that which seems to be an advantage is attended with peril, for although almost the whole of Cappadocia is without timber, the Argaeus has forests all round it, and therefore the working of timber is close at hand; but the region which lies below the forests also contains fires in many places and at the same time has an underground supply of cold water, although neither the fire nor the water emerges to the surface; and therefore most of the country is covered with grass. In some places, also, the ground is marshy, and at night flames rise therefrom. Now those who are acquainted with the country can work the timber, since they are on their guard, but the country is perilous for most people, and especially for cattle, since they fall into the hidden fire-pits.
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17. Numerous mounds were ascribed to Semiramis (see 16. 1. 3). 18. i.e., Artemis Tauropolus (see 12. 2. 3). 19. "perathen." 20. Cf 12. 1. 4.
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ἔστι δὲ καὶ ποταμὸς ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ τῷ πρὸ τῆς πόλεως Μέλας καλούμενος, ὅσον τετταράκοντα σταδίους διέχων τῆς πόλεως, ἐν ταπεινοτέρῳ τῆς πόλεως χωρίῳ τὰς πηγὰς ἔχων. ταύτῃ μὲν οὖν ἄχρηστος αὐτοῖς ἐστιν οὐχ ὑπερδέξιον ἔχων τὸ ῥεῦμα, εἰς ἕλη δὲ καὶ λίμνας διαχεόμενος κακοῖ τὸν ἀέρα τοῦ θέρους τὸν περὶ τὴν πόλιν, καὶ τὸ λατομεῖον δὲ ποιεῖ δύσχρηστον καίπερ εὔχρηστον ὄν· πλαταμῶνες γὰρ εἰσίν, ἀφ' ὧν τὴν λιθείαν ἔχειν ἄφθονον συμβαίνει τοῖς Μαζακηνοῖς πρὸς τὰς οἰκοδομίας, καλυπτόμεναι δ' ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων αἱ πλάκες ἀντιπράττουσι. καὶ ταῦτα δ' ἐστὶ τὰ ἕλη πανταχοῦ πυρίληπτα. Ἀριαράθης δ' ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ Μέλανος κατά τινα στενὰ ἔχοντος τὴν εἰς τὸν Ἅλυν διέξοδον ἐμφράξας ταῦτα λίμνην πελαγίαν ἀπέδειξε τὸ πλησίον πεδίον, ἐνταῦθα δὲ νησῖδάς τινας ὡς τὰς Κυκλάδας ἀπολαβόμενος διατριβὰς ἐν αὐταῖς ἐποιεῖτο μειρακιώδεις· ἐκραγὲν δ' ἀθρόως τὸ ἔμφραγμα ἐξέκλυσε πάλιν τὸ ὕδωρ, πληρωθεὶς δ' ὁ Ἅλυς τῆς τε τῶν Καππαδόκων πολλὴν παρέσυρε καὶ κατοικίας καὶ φυτείας ἠφάνισε πολλὰς τῆς τε τῶν Γαλατῶν τῶν τὴν Φρυγίαν ἐχόντων οὐκ ὀλίγην ἐλυμήνατο· ἀντὶ δὲ τῆς βλάβης ἐπράξαντο ζημίαν αὐτὸν τάλαντα τριακόσια Ῥωμαίοις ἐπιτρέψαντες τὴν κρίσιν. τὸ δ' αὐτὸ συνέβη καὶ περὶ Ἡρπα· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τὸ τοῦ Καρμάλα ῥεῦμα ἐνέφραξεν, εἶτ' ἐκραγέντος τοῦ στομίου καὶ τῶν Κιλίκων τινὰ χωρία τὰ περὶ Μαλλὸν διαφθείραντος τοῦ ὕδατος, δίκας ἔτισεν τοῖς ἀδικηθεῖσιν. |
There is also a river in the plain before the city; it is called Melas, is about forty stadia distant from the city, and has its sources in a district that is below the level of the city. For this reason, therefore, it is useless to the inhabitants, since its stream is not in a favorable position higher up, but spreads abroad into marshes and lakes, and in the summertime vitiates the air round the city, and also makes the stone-quarry hard to work, though otherwise easy to work; for there are ledges of flat stones from which the Mazaceni obtain an abundant supply of stone for their buildings, but when the slabs are concealed by the waters they are hard to obtain. And these marshes, also, are everywhere volcanic. Ariarathes the king, since the Melas had an outlet into the Euphrates {21} by a certain narrow defile, dammed this and converted the neighboring plain into a sea-like lake, and there, shutting off certain isle--like the Cyclades--from the outside world, passed his time there in boyish diversions. But the barrier broke all at once, the water streamed out again, and the Euphrates, {22} thus filled, swept away much of the soil of Cappadocia, and obliterated numerous settlements and plantations, and also damaged no little of the country of the Galatians who held Phrygia. In return for the damage the inhabitants, who gave over the decision of the matter to the Romans, exacted a fine of three hundred talents. The same was the case also in regard to Herpa; for there too he dammed the stream of the Carmalas River; and then, the mouth having broken open and the water having ruined certain districts in Cilicia in the neighborhood of Mallus, he paid damages to those who had been wronged.
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21. "Euphrates" is obviously an error for "Halys." 22. Again an error for "Halys."
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ἀφυὲς δ' οὖν κατὰ πολλὰ τὸ τῶν Μαζακηνῶν χωρίον ὂν πρὸς κατοικίαν μάλιστα οἱ βασιλεῖς ἑλέσθαι δοκοῦσιν, ὅτι τῆς χώρας ἁπάσης τόπος ἦν μεσαίτατος οὗτος τῶν ξύλα ἐχόντων ἅμα καὶ λίθον πρὸς τὰς οἰκοδομίας καὶ χόρτον, οὗ πλεῖστον ἐδέοντο κτηνοτροφοῦντες· τρόπον γάρ τινα στρατόπεδον ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ πόλις. τὴν δ' ἄλλην ἀσφάλειαν τὴν αὐτῶν τε καὶ σωμάτων καὶ τῶν χρημάτων εἶχον ἐν τοῖς φρουρίοις, ἃ πολλὰ ὑπάρχει τὰ μὲν βασιλικὰ τὰ δὲ τῶν φίλων. ἀφέστηκε δὲ τὰ Μάζακα τοῦ μὲν Πόντου περὶ ὀκτακοσίους σταδίους πρὸς νότον, τοῦ δ' Εὐφράτου μικρὸν ἐλάττους ἢ διπλασίους, τῶν Κιλικίων δὲ πυλῶν ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν ἓξ καὶ τοῦ Κύρου στρατοπέδου διὰ Τυάνων· κατὰ μέσην δὲ τὴν ὁδὸν κεῖται τὰ Τύανα, διέχει δὲ Κυβίστρων τριακοσίους σταδίους. χρῶνται δὲ οἱ Μαζακηνοὶ τοῖς Χαρώνδα νόμοις, αἱρούμενοι καὶ νομῳδόν, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἐξηγητὴς τῶν νόμων, καθάπερ οἱ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις νομικοί. διέθηκε δὲ φαύλως αὐτοὺς Τιγράνης ὁ Ἀρμένιος, ἡνίκα τὴν Καππαδοκίαν κατέδραμεν· ἅπαντας γὰρ ἀναστάτους ἐποίησεν εἰς τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, καὶ τὰ Τιγρανόκερτα ἐκ τούτων συνῴκισε τὸ πλέον· ὕστερον δ' ἐπανῆλθον οἱ δυνάμενοι μετὰ τὴν τῶν Τιγρανοκέρτων ἅλωσιν. |
However, although the district of the Mazaceni is in many respects not naturally suitable for habitation, the kings seem to have preferred it, because of all places in the country this was nearest to the center of the region which contained timber and stone for buildings, and at the same time provender, of which, being cattle-breeders, they needed a very large quantity, for in a way the city was for them a camp. And as for their security in general, both that of themselves and of their slaves, they got it from the defences in their strongholds, of which there are many, some belonging to the king and others to their friends. Mazaca is distant from Pontus {23} about eight hundred stadia to the south, from the Euphrates slightly less than double that distance, and from the Cilician Gates and the camp of Cyrus a journey of six days by way of Tyana. Tyana is situated at the middle of the journey and is three hundred stadia distant from Cybistra. The Mazaceni use the laws of Charondas, choosing also a Nomodus, {24} who, like the jurisconsults among the Romans, is the expounder of the laws. But Tigranes put the people in bad plight when he overran Cappadocia, for he forced them, one and all, to migrate into Mesopotamia; and it was mostly with these that he settled Tigranocerta. {25} But later, after the capture of Tigranocerta, those who could returned home.
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23. i.e., the country, not the sea. 24. "Law-chanter." 25. Cf. 11. 14. 15.
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μέγεθος δὲ τῆς χώρας κατὰ πλάτος μὲν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πόντου πρὸς τὸν Ταῦρον ὅσον χίλιοι καὶ ὀκτακόσιοι στάδιοι, μῆκος δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Λυκαονίας καὶ Φρυγίας μέχρι Εὐφράτου πρὸς τὴν ἕω καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν περὶ τρισχιλίους. ἀγαθὴ δὲ καρποῖς, μάλιστα δὲ σίτῳ καὶ βοσκήμασι παντοδαποῖς· νοτιωτέρα δ' οὖσα τοῦ Πόντου ψυχροτέρα ἐστίν· ἡ δὲ Βαγαδανία καίπερ πεδιὰς οὖσα καὶ νοτιωτάτη πασῶν ὑποπέπτωκε γὰρ τῷ Ταύρῳ μόλις τῶν καρπίμων τι φέρει δένδρων, ὀναγροβότος δ' ἐστὶ καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ πολλὴ τῆς ἄλλης, καὶ μάλιστα ἡ περὶ Γαρσαύιρα καὶ Λυκαονίαν καὶ Μοριμηνήν. ἐν δὲ τῇ Καππαδοκίᾳ γίνεται καὶ ἡ λεγομένη Σινωπικὴ μίλτος ἀρίστη τῶν πασῶν· ἐνάμιλλος δ' ἐστὶν αὐτῇ καὶ ἡ Ἰβηρική· ὠνομάσθη δὲ Σινωπικὴ διότι κατάγειν ἐκεῖσε εἰώθεσαν οἱ ἔμποροι πρὶν ἢ τὸ τῶν Ἐφεσίων ἐμπόριον μέχρι τῶν ἐνθάδε ἀνθρώπων διῖχθαι. λέγεται δὲ καὶ κρυστάλλου πλάκας καὶ ὀνυχίτου λίθου πλησίον τῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀρχελάου μεταλλευτῶν εὑρῆσθαι. ἦν δέ τις τόπος καὶ λίθου λευκοῦ τῷ ἐλέφαντι κατὰ τὴν χρόαν ἐμφεροῦς ὥσπερ ἀκόνας τινὰς οὐ μεγάλας ἐκφέρων, ἐξ ὧν τὰ λάβια τοῖς μαχαιρίοις κατεσκεύαζον· ἄλλος δὲ εἰς διόπτρας βώλους μεγάλας ἐκδιδούς, ὥστε καὶ ἔξω κομίζεσθαι. ὅριον δ' ἐστὶ τοῦ Πόντου καὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας ὀρεινή τις παράλληλος τῷ Ταύρῳ, τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχουσα ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων ἄκρων τῆς Χαμμανηνῆς, ἐφ' ἧς ἵδρυται φρούριον ἀπότομον Δασμένδα, μέχρι τῶν ἑωθινῶν τῆς Λαουιανσηνῆς. στρατηγίαι δ' εἰσὶ τῆς Καππαδοκίας ἥ τε Χαμμανηνὴ καὶ ἡ Λαουιανσηνή. |
The size of the country is as follows: In breadth, from Pontus to the Taurus, about one thousand eight hundred stadia, and in length, from Lycaonia and Phrygia to the Euphrates towards the east and Armenia, about three thousand. It is an excellent country, not only in respect to fruits, but particularly in respect to grain and all kinds of cattle. Although it lies farther south than Pontus, it is colder. Bagadania, though level and farthest south of all (for it lies at the foot of the Taurus), produces hardly any fruit-bearing trees, although it is grazed by wild asses, both it and the greater part of the rest of the country, and particularly that round Garsauira and Lycaonia and Morimene. In Cappadocia is produced also the ruddle called "Sinopean", the best in the world, although the Iberian rivals it. It was named "Sinopean" {26} because the merchants were wont to bring it down thence to Sinope before the traffic of the Ephesians had penetrated as far as the people of Cappadocia. It is said that also slabs of crystal and of onyx stone were found by the miners of Archeläus near the country of the Galatians. There was a certain place, also, which had white stone that was like ivory in color and yielded pieces of the size of small whetstones; and from these pieces they made handles for their small swords. And there was another place which yielded such large lumps of transparent stone {27} that they were exported. The boundary of Pontus and Cappadocia is a mountain tract parallel to the Taurus, which has its beginning at the western extremities of Chammanene, where is situated Dasmenda, a stronghold with sheer ascent, and extends to the eastern extremities of Laviansene. Both Chammanene and Laviansene are prefectures in Cappadocia.
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26. See 3. 2. 6. 27. Apparently the lapis specularis, or a variety of mica, or isinglass, used for making window-panes.
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συνέβη δέ, ἡνίκα πρῶτον Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν διῴκουν νικήσαντες Ἀντίοχον, καὶ φιλίας καὶ συμμαχίας ἐποιοῦντο πρός τε τὰ ἔθνη καὶ τοὺς βασιλέας, τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις βασιλεῦσιν αὐτοῖς καθ' ἑαυτοὺς δοθῆναι τὴν τιμὴν ταύτην, τῷ δὲ Καππάδοκι καὶ αὐτῷ δὲ τῷ ἔθνει κοινῇ. ἐκλιπόντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους οἱ μὲν Ῥωμαῖοι συνεχώρουν αὐτοῖς αὐτονομεῖσθαι κατὰ τὴν συγκειμένην φιλίαν τε καὶ συμμαχίαν πρὸς τὸ ἔθνος, οἱ δὲ πρεσβευσάμενοι τὴν μὲν ἐλευθερίαν παρῃτοῦντο οὐ γὰρ δύνασθαι φέρειν αὐτὴν ἔφασαν , βασιλέα δ' ἠξίουν αὐτοῖς ἀποδειχθῆναι. οἱ δὲ θαυμάσαντες εἴ τινες οὕτως εἶεν ἀπειρηκότες πρὸς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν . . . ἐπέτρεψαν δ' οὖν αὐτοῖς ἐξ ἑαυτῶν ἑλέσθαι κατὰ χειροτονίαν ὃν ἂν βούλωνται· καὶ εἵλοντο Ἀριοβαρζάνην· εἰς τριγονίαν δὲ προελθόντος τοῦ γένους ἐξέλιπε, κατεστάθη δ' ὁ Ἀρχέλαος οὐδὲν προσήκων αὐτοῖς Ἀντωνίου καταστήσαντος. ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῆς μεγάλης Καππαδοκίας· περὶ δὲ τῆς τραχείας Κιλικίας τῆς προστεθείσης αὐτῇ βέλτιόν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς ὅλης Κιλικίας λόγῳ διελθεῖν. |
It came to pass, as soon as the Romans, after conquering Antiochus, began to administer the affairs of Asia and were forming friendships and alliances both with the tribes and with the kings, that in all other cases they gave this honor to the kings individually, but gave it to the king of Cappadocia and the tribe jointly. And when the royal family died out, the Romans, in accordance with their compact of friendship and alliance with the tribe, conceded to them the right to live under their own laws; but those who came on the embassy not only begged off from the freedom (for they said that they were unable to bear it), but requested that a king be appointed for them. The Romans, amazed that any people should be so tired of freedom, {28} --at any rate, they permitted them to choose by vote from their own number whomever they wished. And they chose Ariobarzanes; but in the course of the third generation his family died out; and Archeläus was appointed king, though not related to the people, being appointed by Antony. So much for Greater Cappadocia. As for Cilicia Tracheia, which was added to Greater Cappadocia, it is better for me to describe it in my account of the whole of Cilicia. {29}
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28. Something seems to have fallen out of the text here. 29. 14. 5. 1.
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τοῦ δὲ Πόντου καθίστατο μὲν Μιθριδάτης ὁ Εὐπάτωρ βασιλεύς. εἶχε δὲ τὴν ἀφοριζομένην τῷ Ἅλυϊ μέχρι Τιβαρανῶν καὶ Ἀρμενίων καὶ τῆς ἐντὸς Ἅλυος τὰ μέχρι Ἀμάστρεως καὶ τινῶν τῆς Παφλαγονίας μερῶν. προσεκτήσατο δ' οὗτος καὶ τὴν μέχρι Ἡρακλείας παραλίαν ἐπὶ τὰ δυσμικὰ μέρη, τῆς Ἡρακλείδου τοῦ Πλατωνικοῦ πατρίδος, ἐπὶ δὲ τἀναντία μέχρι Κολχίδος καὶ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας, ἃ δὴ καὶ προσέθηκε τῷ Πόντῳ. καὶ δὴ καὶ Πομπήιος καταλύσας ἐκεῖνον ἐν τούτοις τοῖς ὅροις οὖσαν τὴν χώραν ταύτην παρέλαβε· τὰ μὲν πρὸς Ἀρμενίαν καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Κολχίδα τοῖς συναγωνισαμένοις δυνάσταις κατένειμε, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ εἰς ἕνδεκα πολιτείας διεῖλε καὶ τῇ Βιθυνίᾳ προσέθηκεν ὥστ' ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἐπαρχίαν γενέσθαι μίαν· μεταξὺ δὲ τῶν Παφλαγόνων τῶν μεσογαίων τινὰς βασιλεύεσθαι παρέδωκε τοῖς ἀπὸ Πυλαιμένους, καθάπερ καὶ τοὺς Γαλάτας τοῖς ἀπὸ γένους τετράρχαις. ὕστερον δ' οἱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόνες ἄλλους καὶ ἄλλους ἐποιήσαντο μερισμούς, βασιλέας τε καὶ δυνάστας καθιστάντες καὶ πόλεις τὰς μὲν ἐλευθεροῦντες τὰς δὲ ἐγχειρίζοντες τοῖς δυνάσταις τὰς δ' ὑπὸ τῷ δήμῳ τῷ Ῥωμαίων ἐῶντες. ἡμῖν δ' ἐπιοῦσι τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα ὡς νῦν ἔχει λεγέσθω, μικρὰ καὶ τῶν προτέρων ἐφαπτομένοις ὅπου τοῦτο χρήσιμον. ἀρξόμεθα δὲ ἀπὸ Ἡρακλείας, ἥπερ δυσμικωτάτη ἐστὶ τούτων τῶν τόπων. |
As for Pontus, Mithridates Eupator established himself as king of it; and he held the country bounded by the Halys River as far as the Tibarani and Armenia, and held also, of the country this side the Halys, the region extending to Amastris and to certain parts of Paphlagonia. And he acquired, not only the seacoast towards the west a far as Heracleia, the native land of Heracleides the Platonic philosopher, but also, in the opposite direction, the seacoast extending to Colchis and lesser Armenia; and this, as we know, he added to Pontus. And in fact this country was comprised within these boundaries when Pompey took it over, upon his overthrow of Mithridates. The parts towards Armenia and those round Colchis he distributed to the potentates who had fought on his side, but the remaining parts he divided into eleven states and added them to Bithynia, so that out of both there was formed a single province. And he gave over to the descendants of Pylaemenes the office of king over certain of the Paphlagonians situated in the interior between them, {30} just as he gave over the Galatians to the hereditary tetrarchs. But later the Roman prefects made different divisions from time to time, not only establishing kings and potentates, but also, in the case of cities, liberating some and putting others in the hands of potentates and leaving others subject to the Roman people. As I proceed I must speak of things in detail as they now are, but I shall touch slightly upon things as they were in earlier times whenever this is useful. I shall begin at Heracleia, which is the most westerly place in this region.
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30. Between Pontus and Bithynia.
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εἰς δὴ τὸν Εὔξεινον πόντον εἰσπλέουσιν ἐκ τῆς Προποντίδος ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μὲν τὰ προσεχῆ τῷ Βυζαντίῳ κεῖται· Θρᾳκῶν δ' ἐστί, καλεῖται δὲ τὰ ἀριστερὰ τοῦ Πόντου· ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ τὰ προσεχῆ Χαλκηδόνι· Βιθυνῶν δ' ἐστὶ τὰ πρῶτα, εἶτα Μαριανδυνῶν τινὲς δὲ καὶ Καυκώνων φασίν , εἶτα Παφλαγόνων μέχρι Ἅλυος, εἶτα Καππαδόκων τῶν πρὸς τῷ Πόντῳ καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς μέχρι Κολχίδος· ταῦτα δὲ πάντα καλεῖται τὰ δεξιὰ τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου. ταύτης δὲ τῆς παραλίας ἁπάσης ἐπῆρξεν Εὐπάτωρ ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῆς Κολχίδος μέχρι Ἡρακλείας, τὰ δ' ἐπέκεινα τὰ μέχρι τοῦ στόματος καὶ τῆς Χαλκηδόνος τῷ Βιθυνῶν βασιλεῖ συνέμενε. καταλυθέντων δὲ τῶν βασιλέων ἐφύλαξαν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς αὐτοὺς ὅρους, ὥστε τὴν Ἡράκλειαν προσκεῖσθαι τῷ Πόντῳ, τὰ δ' ἐπέκειαν Βιθυνοῖς προσχωρεῖν. |
Now as one sails into the Euxine Sea from the Propontis, one has on his left the parts which adjoin Byzantium (these belong to the Thracians, and are called "the Left-hand Parts" of the Pontus), and on his right the parts which adjoin Chalcedon. The first of these latter belong to the Bithynians, the next to the Mariandyni (by some also called Caucones), the next to the Paphlygonians as far as the Halys River, and the next to the Pontic Cappadocians and to the people next in order after them as far as Colchis. All these are called the Right-hand Parts of the Pontus. Now Eupator reigned over the whole of this seacoast, beginning at Colchis and extending as far as Heracleia, but the parts farther on, extending as far as the mouth of the Pontus and Chalcedon, remained under the rule of the king of Bithynia. But when the kings had been overthrown, the Romans preserved the same boundaries, so that Heracleia was added to Pontus and the parts farther on went to the Bithynians.
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οἱ μὲν οὖν Βιθυνοὶ διότι πρότερον Μυσοὶ ὄντες μετωνομάσθησαν οὕτως ἀπὸ τῶν Θρᾳκῶν τῶν ἐποικησάντων, Βιθυνῶν τε καὶ Θυνῶν, ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ τῶν πλείστων, καὶ σημεῖα τίθενται τοῦ μὲν τῶν Βιθυνῶν ἔθνους τὸ μέχρι νῦν ἐν τῇ Θρᾴκῃ λέγεσθαί τινας Βιθυνούς, τοῦ δὲ τῶν Θυνῶν τὴν Θυνιάδα ἀκτὴν τὴν πρὸς Ἀπολλωνίᾳ καὶ Σαλμυδησσῷ. καὶ οἱ Βέβρυκες δὲ οἱ τούτων προεποικήσαντες τὴν Μυσίαν Θρᾷκες, ὡς εἰκάζω ἐγώ. εἴρηται δ' ὅτι καὶ αὐτοὶ οἱ Μυσοὶ Θρᾳκῶν ἄποικοί εἰσι τῶν νῦν λεγομένων Μοισῶν. |
Now as for the Bithynians, it is agreed by most writers that, though formerly Mysians, they received this new name from the Thracians--the Thracian Bithynians and Thynians--who settled the country in question, and they put down as evidences of the tribe of the Bithynians that in Thrace certain people are to this day called Bithynians, and of that of the Thynian, that the coast near Apollonia and Salmydessus is called Thynias. And the Bebryces, who took up their abode in Mysia before these people, were also Thracians, as I suppose. It is stated that even the Mysians themselves are colonists of those Thracians who are now called Moesians. {31} Such is the account given of these people.
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31. See 7. 3. 2.
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ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω λέγεται. τοὺς δὲ Μαριανδυνοὺς καὶ τοὺς Καύκωνας οὐχ ὁμοίως ἅπαντες λέγουσι· τὴν γὰρ δὴ Ἡράκλειαν ἐν τοῖς Μαριανδυνοῖς ἱδρῦσθαί φασι Μιλησίων κτίσμα· τίνες δὲ καὶ πόθεν οὐδενὶ εἴρηται· οὐδὲ διάλεκτος οὐδ' ἄλλη διαφορὰ ἐθνικὴ περὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους φαίνεται, παραπλήσιοι δ' εἰσὶ τοῖς Βιθυνοῖς· ἔοικεν οὖν καὶ τοῦτο Θρᾴκιον ὑπάρξαι τὸ φῦλον. Θεόπομπος δὲ Μαριανδυνόν φησι μέρους τῆς Παφλαγονίας ἄρξαντα ὑπὸ πολλῶν δυναστευομένης, ἐπελθόντα τὴν τῶν Βεβρύκων κατασχεῖν, ἣν δ' ἐξέλιπεν ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτοῦ καταλιπεῖν. εἴρηται δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ὅτι πρῶτοι τὴν Ἡράκλειαν κτίσαντες Μιλήσιοι τοὺς Μαριανδυνοὺς εἱλωτεύειν ἠνάγκασαν τοὺς προκατέχοντας τὸν τόπον, ὥστε καὶ πιπράσκεσθαι ὑπ' αὐτῶν, μὴ εἰς τὴν ὑπερορίαν δέ συμβῆναι γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτοις , καθάπερ Κρησὶ μὲν ἐθήτευεν ἡ Μνῴα καλουμένη σύνοδος, Θετταλοῖς δὲ οἱ Πενέσται. |
But all do not give the same account of the Mariandyni and the Caucones; for Heracleia, they say, is situated in the country of the Mariandyni, and was founded by the Milesians; but nothing has been said as to who they are or whence they came, nor yet do the people appear characterized by any ethnic difference, either in dialect or otherwise, although they are similar to the Bithynians. Accordingly, it is reasonable to suppose that this tribe also was at first Thracian. Theopompus says that Mariandynus ruled over a part of Paphlagonia, which was under the rule of many potentates, and then invaded and took possession of the country of the Bebryces, but left the country which he had abandoned named after himself. This, too, has been said, that the Milesians who were first to found Heracleia forced the Mariandyni, who held the place before them, to serve as Helots, so that they sold them, but not beyond the boundaries of their country (for the two peoples came to an agreement on this), just as the Mnoan class, {32} as it is called, were serfs of the Cretans and the Penestae of the Thessalians.
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32. Literally, "synod."
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τοὺς δὲ Καύκωνας, οὓς ἱστοροῦσι τὴν ἐφεξῆς οἰκῆσαι παραλίαν τοῖς Μαριανδυνοῖς μέχρι τοῦ Παρθενίου ποταμοῦ πόλιν ἔχοντας τὸ Τίειον, οἱ μὲν Σκύθας φασὶν οἱ δὲ τῶν Μακεδόνων τινὰς οἱ δὲ τῶν Πελασγῶν· εἴρηται δέ που καὶ περὶ τούτων πρότερον. Καλλισθένης δὲ καὶ ἔγραφε τὰ ἔπη ταῦτα εἰς τὸν διάκοσμον, μετὰ τὸ Κρῶμνάν τ' Αἰγιαλόν τε καὶ ὑψηλοὺς Ἐρυθίνους τιθείς Καύκωνας δ' αὖτ' ἦγε Πολυκλέος υἱὸς ἀμύμων, οἳ περὶ Παρθένιον ποταμὸν κλυτὰ δώματ' ἔναιον. παρήκειν γὰρ ἀφ' Ἡρακλείας καὶ Μαριανδυνῶν μέχρι Λευκοσύρων, οὓς ἡμεῖς Καππάδοκας προσαγορεύομεν, τό τε τῶν Καυκώνων γένος τὸ περὶ τὸ Τίειον μέχρι Παρθενίου καὶ τὸ τῶν Ἐνετῶν τὸ συνεχὲς μετὰ τὸν Παρθένιον τῶν ἐχόντων τὸ Κύτωρον· καὶ νῦν δ' ἔτι Καυκωνίτας εἶναί τινας περὶ τὸν Παρθένιον. |
As
for the Cauconians, who, according to report, took up their abode on the
seacoast next to the Mariandyni and extended as far as the Parthenius River,
with Tieium as their city, some say that they were Scythians, others that
they were a certain people of the Macedonians, and others that they were a
certain people of the Pelasgians. But I have already spoken of these people
in another place. {33} Callisthenes in his treatise on The Marshalling of the
Ships was for inserting {34} after the wordsCromna, Aegialus, and lofty
Erythini {35} the wordsthe Cauconians were led by the noble son of Polycles--
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33. 8. 3. 17. 34. i.e., in the Homeric text. 35. Hom. Il. 2.855. On the site of the Erythini ("reddish cliffs"), see Leaf, Troy, p. 282. 36. Called Cauconiatae" in 8. 3. 17.
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ἡ μὲν οὖν Ἡράκλεια πόλις ἐστὶν εὐλίμενος καὶ ἄλλως ἀξιόλογος, ἥ γε καὶ ἀποικίας ἔστελλεν· ἐκείνης γὰρ ἥ τε Χερρόνησος ἄποικος καὶ ἡ Κάλλατις· ἦν τε αὐτόνομος, εἶτ' ἐτυραννήθη χρόνους τινάς, εἶτ' ἠλευθέρωσεν ἑαυτὴν πάλιν· ὕστερον δ' ἐβασιλεύθη γενομένη ὑπὸ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις· ἐδέξατο δ' ἀποικίαν Ῥωμαίων ἐπὶ μέρει τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῆς χώρας. λαβὼν δὲ παρ' Ἀντωνίου τὸ μέρος τοῦτο τῆς πόλεως Ἀδιατόριξ ὁ Δομνεκλείου τετράρχου Γαλατῶν υἱός, ὃ κατεῖχον οἱ Ἡρακλειῶται, μικρὸν πρὸ τῶν Ἀκτιακῶν ἐπέθετο νύκτωρ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις καὶ ἀπέσφαξεν αὐτούς, ἐπιτρέψαντος, ὡς ἔφασκεν ἐκεῖνος, Ἀντωνίου· θριαμβευθεὶς δὲ μετὰ τὴν ἐν Ἀκτίῳ νίκην ἐσφάγη μεθ' υἱοῦ· ἡ δὲ πόλις ἐστὶ τῆς Ποντικῆς ἐπαρχίας τῆς συντεταγμένης τῇ Βιθυνίᾳ. |
Now Heracleia is a city that has good harbors and is otherwise worthy of note, since, among other things, it has also sent forth colonies; for both Chersonesus {37} and Callatis are colonies from it. It was at first an autonomous city, and then for some time was ruled by tyrants, and then recovered its freedom, but later was ruled by kings, when it became subject to the Romans. The people received a colony of Romans, sharing with them a part of their city and territory. But Adiatorix, the son of Domnecleius, tetrarch of the Galatians, received from Antony that part of the city which was occupied by the Heracleiotae; and a little before the Battle of Actium he attacked the Romans by night and slaughtered them, by permission of Antony, as he alleged. But after the victory at Actium he was led in triumph and slain together with his son. The city belongs to the Pontic Province which was united with Bithynia.
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37. See 7. 4. 2.
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μεταξὺ δὲ Χαλκηδόνος καὶ Ἡρακλείας ῥέουσι ποταμοὶ πλείους, ὧν εἰσιν ὅ τε Ψίλλις καὶ ὁ Κάλπας καὶ ὁ Σαγγάριος οὗ μέμνηται καὶ ὁ ποιητής. ἔχει δὲ τὰς πηγὰς κατὰ Σαγγίαν κώμην ἀφ' ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντά που σταδίων οὗτος Πεσσινοῦντος· διέξεισι δὲ τῆς ἐπικτήτου Φρυγίας τὴν πλείω, μέρος δέ τι καὶ τῆς Βιθυνίας ὥστε καὶ τῆς Νικομηδείας ἀπέχειν μικρὸν πλείους ἢ τριακοσίους σταδίους, καθ' ὃ συμβάλλει ποταμὸς αὐτῷ Γάλλος ἐκ Μόδρων τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχων τῆς ἐφ' Ἑλλησπόντῳ Φρυγίας. αὕτη δ' ἐστὶν ἡ αὐτὴ τῇ ἐπικτήτῳ, καὶ εἶχον αὐτὴν οἱ Βιθυνοὶ πρότερον. αὐξηθεὶς δὲ καὶ γενόμενος πλωτός, καίπερ πάλαι ἄπλωτος ὤν, τὴν Βιθυνίαν ὁρίζει πρὸς ταῖς ἐκβολαῖς. πρόκειται δὲ τῆς παραλίας ταύτης καὶ ἡ Θυνία νῆσος. ἐν δὲ τῇ Ἡρακλειώτιδι γίνεται τὸ ἀκόνιτον· διέχει δὲ ἡ πόλις αὕτη τοῦ ἱεροῦ τοῦ Χαλκηδονίου σταδίους χιλίους που καὶ πεντακοσίους, τοῦ δὲ Σαγγαρίου πεντακοσίους. |
Between Chalcedon and Heracleia flow several rivers, among which are the Psillis and the Calpas and the Sangarius, which last is mentioned by the poet. {38} The Sangarius has its sources near the village Sangia, about one hundred and fifty stadia from Pessinus. It flows through the greater part of Phrygia Epictetus, and also through a part of Bithynia, so that it is distant from Nicomedeia a little more than three hundred stadia, reckoning from the place where it is joined by the Gallus River, which has its beginnings at Modra in Phrygia on the Hellespont. This is the same country as Phrygia Epictetus, and it was formerly occupied by the Bithynians. Thus increased, and now having become navigable, though of old not navigable, the river forms a boundary of Bithynia at its outlets. Off this coast lies also the island Thynia. The plant called aconite grows in the territory of Heracleia. This city is about one thousand five hundred stadia from the Chalcedonian temple and five hundred from the Sangarius River.
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38. Hom. Il. 3.187, 16.719.
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τὸ δὲ Τίειόν ἐστι πολίχνιον οὐδὲν ἔχον μνήμης ἄξιον πλὴν ὅτι Φιλέταιρος ἐντεῦθεν ἦν, ὁ ἀρχηγέτης τοῦ τῶν Ἀτταλικῶν βασιλέων γένους· εἶθ' ὁ Παρθένιος ποταμὸς διὰ χωρίων ἀνθηρῶν φερόμενος καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοῦ ὀνόματος τούτου τετυχηκώς, ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Παφλαγονίᾳ τὰς πηγὰς ἔχων· ἔπειτα ἡ Παφλαγονία καὶ οἱ Ἐνετοί. ζητοῦσι δὲ τίνας λέγει τοὺς Ἐνετοὺς ὁ ποιητὴς ὅταν φῇ Παφλαγόνων δ' ἡγεῖτο Πυλαιμένεος λάσιον κῆρ ἐξ Ἐνετῶν, ὅθεν ἡμιόνων γένος ἀγροτεράων. οὐ γὰρ δείκνυσθαί φασι νῦν Ἐνετοὺς ἐν τῇ Παφλαγονίᾳ· οἱ δὲ κώμην ἐν τῷ Αἰγιαλῷ φασι δέκα σχοίνους ἀπὸ Ἀμάστρεως διέχουσαν. Ζηνόδοτος δὲ “ἐξ Ἐνετῆς” γράφει, καὶ φησὶ δηλοῦσθαι τὴν νῦν Ἀμισόν· ἄλλοι δὲ φῦλόν τι τοῖς Καππάδοξιν ὅμορον στρατεῦσαι μετὰ Κιμμερίων, εἶτ' ἐκπεσεῖν εἰς τὸν Ἀδρίαν. τὸ δὲ μάλισθ' ὁμολογούμενόν ἐστιν ὅτι ἀξιολογώτατον ἦν τῶν Παφλαγόνων φῦλον οἱ Ἐνετοί, ἐξ οὗ ὁ Πυλαιμένης ἦν· καὶ δὴ καὶ συνεστράτευσαν οὗτοι αὐτῷ πλεῖστοι, ἀποβαλόντες δὲ τὸν ἡγεμόνα διέβησαν εἰς τὴν Θρᾴκην μετὰ τὴν Τροίας ἅλωσιν, πλανώμενοι δ' εἰς τὴν νῦν Ἐνετικὴν ἀφίκοντο. τινὲς δὲ καὶ Ἀντήνορα καὶ τοὺς παῖδας αὐτοῦ κοινωνῆσαι τοῦ στόλου τούτου φασὶ καὶ ἱδρυθῆναι κατὰ τὸν μυχὸν τοῦ Ἀδρίου, καθάπερ ἐμνήσθημεν ἐν τοῖς Ἰταλικοῖς. τοὺς μὲν οὖν Ἐνετοὺς διὰ τοῦτ' ἐκλιπεῖν εἰκὸς καὶ μὴ δείκνυσθαι ἐν τῇ Παφλαγονίᾳ. |
Tieium is a town that has nothing worthy of mention except that Philetaerus, the founder of the family of Attalic Kings, was from there. Then comes the Parthenius River, which flows through flowery districts and on this account came by its name; {39} it has its sources in Paphlagonia itself. And then comes Paphlagonia and the Eneti. Writers question whom the poet means by "the Eneti," when he says,And the rugged heart of Pylaemenes led the Paphlagonians, from the land of the Eneti, whence the breed of wild mules; {40} for at the present time, they say, there are no Eneti to be seen in Paphlagonia, though some say that there is a village {41} on the Aegialus {42} ten schoeni {43} distant from Amastris. But Zenodotus writes "from Enete," {44} and says that Homer clearly indicates the Amisus of today. And others say that a tribe called Eneti, bordering on the Cappadocians, made an expedition with the Cimmerians and then were driven out to the Adriatic Sea. {45} But the thing upon which there is general agreement is, that the Eneti, to whom Pylaemenes belonged, were the most notable tribe of the Paphlagonians, and that, furthermore, these made the expedition with him in very great numbers, but, losing their leader, crossed over to Thrace after the capture of Troy, and on their wanderings went to the Enetian country, {46} as it is now called. According to some writers, Antenor and his children took part in this expedition and settled at the recess of the Adriatic, as mentioned by me in my account of Italy. {47} It is therefore reasonable to suppose that it was on this account that the Eneti disappeared and are not to be seen in Paphlagonia.
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39. "parthenius" (lit. "maidenly") was the name of a flower used in making garlands. 40. Hom. Il. 2.851 41. sc. "called Eneti," or Enete. 42. i.e., Shore. 43. A variable measure (see 17. 1. 24). 44. i.e., instead of "from the Eneti" (cf. 12. 3. 25). 45. For a discussion of the Eneti, see Leaf, Troy, pp. 285 ff. (cf. 1. 3. 21, 3. 2. 13, and 12. 3. 25). 46. See 3. 2. 13 and 5. 1. 4. 47. 5. 1. 4.
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τοὺς δὲ Παφλαγόνας πρὸς ἕω μὲν ὁρίζει ὁ Ἅλυς ποταμός ὃς ῥέων ἀπὸ μεσημβρίης μεταξὺ Σύρων τε καὶ Παφλαγόνων ἐξίει κατὰ τὸν Ἡρόδοτον ἐς τὸν Εὔξεινον καλεόμενον πόντον, Σύρους λέγοντα τοὺς Καππάδοκας· καὶ γὰρ ἔτι καὶ νῦν Λευκόσυροι καλοῦνται, Σύρων καὶ τῶν ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου λεγομένων· κατὰ δὲ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου σύγκρισιν, ἐκείνων ἐπικεκαυμένων τὴν χρόαν τούτων δὲ μή, τοιαύτην τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν γενέσθαι συνέβη· καὶ Πίνδαρός φησιν ὅτι αἱ Ἀμαζόνες Σύριον εὐρυαίχμαν δίεπον στρατόν, τὴν ἐν τῇ Θεμισκύρᾳ κατοικίαν οὕτω δηλῶν. ἡ δὲ Θεμίσκυρά ἐστιν τῶν Ἀμισηνῶν, αὕτη δὲ Λευκοσύρων τῶν μετὰ τὸν Ἅλυν. πρὸς ἕω μὲν τοίνυν ὁ Ἅλυς ὅριον τῶν Παφλαγόνων, πρὸς νότον δὲ Φρύγες καὶ οἱ ἐποικήσαντες Γαλάται, πρὸς δύσιν δὲ Βιθυνοὶ καὶ Μαριανδυνοί τὸ γὰρ τῶν Καυκώνων γένος ἐξέφθαρται τελέως πάντοθεν , πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ ὁ Εὔξεινος ἔστι. τῆς δὲ χώρας ταύτης διῃρημένης εἴς τε τὴν μεσόγαιαν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ διατείνουσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἅλυος μέχρι Βιθυνίας, ἑκατέραν τὴν μὲν παραλίαν ἕως τῆς Ἡρακλείας εἶχεν ὁ Εὐπάτωρ, τῆς δὲ μεσογαίας τὴν μὲν ἐγγυτάτω ἔσχεν, ἧς τινα καὶ πέραν τοῦ Ἅλυος διέτεινε καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ἡ Ποντικὴ ἐπαρχία ἀφώρισται , τὰ λοιπὰ δ' ἦν ὑπὸ δυνάσταις καὶ μετὰ τὴν Μιθριδάτου κατάλυσιν. περὶ μὲν δὴ τῶν ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ Παφλαγόνων ἐροῦμεν ὕστερον τῶν μὴ ὑπὸ τῷ Μιθριδάτῃ, νῦν δὲ πρόκειται τὴν ὑπ' ἐκείνῳ χώραν, κληθεῖσαν δὲ Πόντον, διελθεῖν. |
As for the Paphlagonians, they are bounded on the east by the Halys River, which, according to Herodotus, flows from the south between the Syrians and the Paphlagonians and empties into the Euxine Sea, as it is called; {48} by "Syrians," however, he means the "Cappadocians," and in fact they are still today called "White Syrians," while those outside the Taurus are called "Syrians." As compared with those this side the Taurus, those outside have a tanned complexion, while those this side do not, and for this reason received the appellation "white." And Pindar says that the Amazonsswayed a 'Syrian' army that reached afar with their spears,thus clearly indicating that their abode was in Themiscyra. Themiscyra is in the territory of the Amiseni; and this territory belongs to the White Syrians, who live in the country next after the Halys River. On the east, then, the Paphlagonians are bounded by the Halys River; on the south by Phrygians and the Galatians who settled among them; on the west by the Bithynians and the Mariandyni (for the race of the Cauconians has everywhere been destroyed), and on the north by the Euxine. Now this country was divided into two parts, the interior and the part on the sea, each stretching from the Halys River to Bithynia; and Eupator not only held the coast as far as Heracleia, but also took the nearest part of the interior, {49} certain portions of which extended across the Halys (and the boundary of the Pontic Province has been marked off by the Romans as far as this). {50} The remaining parts of the interior, however, were subject to potentates, even after the overthrow of Mithridates. Now as for the Paphlagonians in the interior, I mean those not subject to Mithridates, I shall discuss them later, {51} but at present I propose to describe the country which was subject to him, called the Pontus.
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48. Hdt. 1.6 49. i.e., interior of Paphlagonia. 50. Cp. J. G. C. Anderson in Anatolian Studies presented to Sir William Mitchell Ramsay, p. 6. 51. 12. 3. 41-42.
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μετὰ δὴ τὸν Παρθένιον ποταμὸν ἔστιν Ἄμαστρις ὁμώνυμος τῆς συνῳκικυίας πόλις· ἵδρυται δ' ἐπὶ χερρονήσου λιμένας ἔχουσα τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ ἑκατέρωθεν· ἦν δ' ἡ Ἄμαστρις γυνὴ μὲν Διονυσίου τοῦ Ἡρακλείας τυράννου, θυγάτηρ δὲ Ὀξυάθρου τοῦ Δαρείου ἀδελφοῦ τοῦ κατὰ Ἀλέξανδρον. ἐκείνη μὲν οὖν ἐκ τεττάρων κατοικιῶν συνῴκισε τὴν πόλιν, ἔκ τε Σησάμου καὶ Κυτώρου καὶ Κρώμνης ὧν καὶ Ὅμηρος μέμνηται ἐν τῷ Παφλαγονικῷ διακόσμῳ , τετάρτης δὲ τῆς Τίου· ἀλλ' αὕτη μὲν ταχὺ ἀπέστη τῆς κοινωνίας, αἱ δὲ ἄλλαι συνέμειναν, ὧν ἡ Σήσαμος ἀκρόπολις τῆς Ἀμάστρεως λέγεται. τὸ δὲ Κύτωρον ἐμπόριον ἦν ποτε Σινωπέων, ὠνόμασται δ' ἀπὸ Κυτώρου τοῦ Φρίξου παιδός, ὡς Ἔφορός φησι. πλείστη δὲ καὶ ἀρίστη πύξος φύεται κατὰ τὴν Ἀμαστριανήν, καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὸ Κύτωρον. ὁ δὲ Αἰγιαλὸς ἔστι μὲν ᾐὼν μακρὰ πλειόνων ἢ ἑκατὸν σταδίων, ἔχει δὲ καὶ κώμην ὁμώνυμον, ἧς μέμνηται ὁ ποιητὴς ὅταν φῇ Κρῶμνάν τ' Αἰγιαλόν τε καὶ ὑψηλοὺς Ἐρυθίνους. γράφουσι δέ τινες Κρῶμναν Κωβίαλόν τε. Ἐρυθίνους δὲ λέγεσθαί φασι τοὺς νῦν Ἐρυθρίνους ἀπὸ τῆς χρόας· δύο δ' εἰσὶ σκόπελοι. μετὰ δὲ Αἰγιαλὸν Κάραμβις, ἄκρα μεγάλη πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους ἀνατεταμένη καὶ τὴν Σκυθικὴν χερρόνησον. ἐμνήσθημεν δ' αὐτῆς πολλάκις καὶ τοῦ ἀντικειμένου αὐτῇ Κριοῦ μετώπου, διθάλαττον ποιοῦντος τὸν Εὔξεινον πόντον. μετὰ δὲ Κάραμβιν Κίνωλις καὶ Ἀντικίνωλις καὶ Ἀβώνου τεῖχος πολίχνιον, καὶ Ἀρμένη ἐφ' ᾖ παροιμιάζονται ὅστις ἔργον οὐδὲν εἶχεν Ἀρμένην ἐτείχισεν. ἔστι δὲ κώμη τῶν Σινωπέων ἔχουσα λιμένα. |
After
the Parthenius River, then, one comes to Amastris, a city bearing the same
name as the woman who founded it. It is situated on a peninsula and has
harbors on either side of the isthmus. Amastris was the wife of Dionysius the
tyrant of Heracleia and the daughter of Oxyathres, the brother of the Dareius
whom Alexander fought. Now she formed the city out of four settlements,
Sesamus and Cytorum and Cromna (which Homer mentions in his marshalling of
the Paphlagonian ships) {52} and, fourth, Tieium. This part, however, soon
revolted from the united city, but the other three remained together; and, of
these three, Sesamus is called the acropolis of Amastris. Cytorum was once
the emporium of the Sinopeans; it was named after Cytorus, the son of
Phryxus, as Ephorus says. The most and the best box-wood grows in the
territory of Amastris, and particularly round Cytorum. The Aegialus is a long
shore of more than a hundred stadia, and it has also a village bearing the
same name, which the poet mentions when he says,Cromna and Aegialus and the
lofty Erythini, {53} though some write, "Cromna and Cobialus." They
say that the Erythrini of today, from their color, {54} used to be called
Erythini; they are two lofty rocks. After Aegialus one comes to Carambis, a
great cape extending towards the north and the Scythian Chersonese. I have
often mentioned it, as also Criumetopon which lies opposite it, by which the
Euxine Pontus is divided into two seas. {55} After Carambis one comes to
Cinolis, and to Anticinolis, and to Abonuteichus, {56} a small town, and to
Armene, to which pertains the proverb,
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52. 2. 853-885. 53. Hom. Il. 2.855 54. i.e., "Red." 55. 2. 5. 22, 7. 4. 3, 11. 2. 14. 56. Literally, Wall of Abonus.
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εἶτ' αὐτὴ Σινώπη, σταδίους πεντήκοντα τῆς Ἀρμένης διέχουσα, ἀξιολογωτάτη τῶν ταύτῃ πόλεων. ἔκτισαν μὲν οὖν αὐτὴν Μιλήσιοι, κατασκευασαμένη δὲ ναυτικὸν ἐπῆρχε τῆς ἐντὸς Κυανέων θαλάττης, καὶ ἔξω δὲ πολλῶν ἀγώνων μετεῖχε τοῖς Ἕλλησιν· αὐτονομηθεῖσα δὲ πολὺν χρόνον οὐδὲ διὰ τέλους ἐφύλαξε τὴν ἐλευθερίαν, ἀλλ' ἐκ πολιορκίας ἑάλω καὶ ἐδούλευσε Φαρνάκῃ πρῶτον, ἔπειτα τοῖς διαδεξαμένοις ἐκεῖνον μέχρι τοῦ Εὐπάτορος καὶ τῶν καταλυσάντων Ῥωμαίων ἐκεῖνον. ὁ δὲ Εὐπάτωρ καὶ ἐγεννήθη ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐτράφη· διαφερόντως δὲ ἐτίμησεν αὐτὴν μητρόπολίν τε τῆς βασιλείας ὑπέλαβεν. ἔστι δὲ καὶ φύσει καὶ προνοίᾳ κατεσκευασμένη καλῶς· ἵδρυται γὰρ ἐπὶ αὐχένι χερρονήσου τινός, ἑκατέρωθεν δὲ τοῦ ἰσθμοῦ λιμένες καὶ ναύσταθμα καὶ πηλαμυδεῖα θαυμαστά, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν ὅτι δευτέραν θήραν οἱ Σινωπεῖς ἔχουσι, τρίτην δὲ Βυζάντιοι· καὶ κύκλῳ δ' ἡ χερρόνησος προβέβληται ῥαχιώδεις ἀκτὰς ἐχούσας καὶ κοιλάδας τινὰς ὡσανεὶ βόθρους πετρίνους, οὓς καλοῦσι χοινικίδας· πληροῦνται δὲ οὗτοι μετεωρισθείσης τῆς θαλάττης, ὡς καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ εὐπρόσιτον τὸ χωρίον καὶ διὰ τὸ πᾶσαν τὴν τῆς πέτρας ἐπιφάνειαν ἐχινώδη καὶ ἀνεπίβατον εἶναι γυμνῷ ποδί· ἄνωθεν μέντοι καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως εὔγεών ἐστι τὸ ἔδαφος καὶ ἀγροκηπίοις κεκόσμηται πυκνοῖς, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον τὰ προάστεια. αὐτὴ δ' ἡ πόλις τετείχισται καλῶς, καὶ γυμνασίῳ δὲ καὶ ἀγορᾷ καὶ στοαῖς κεκόσμηται λαμπρῶς. τοιαύτη δὲ οὖσα δὶς ὅμως ἑάλω, πρότερον μὲν τοῦ Φαρνάκου παρὰ δόξαν αἰφνιδίως ἐπιπεσόντος, ὕστερον δὲ ὑπὸ Λευκόλλου καὶ τοῦ ἐγκαθημένου τυράννου καὶ ἐντὸς ἅμα καὶ ἐκτὸς πολιορκουμένη· ὁ γὰρ ἐγκατασταθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως φρούραρχος Βακχίδης ὑπονοῶν ἀεί τινα προδοσίαν ἐκ τῶν ἔνδοθεν καὶ πολλὰς αἰκίας καὶ σφαγὰς ποιῶν, ἀπαγορεῦσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐποίησε πρὸς ἄμφω μήτ' ἀμύνασθαι δυναμένους γενναίως μήτε προσθέσθαι κατὰ συμβάσεις. ἑάλωσαν δ' οὖν· καὶ τὸν μὲν ἄλλον κόσμον τῆς πόλεως διεφύλαξεν ὁ Λεύκολλος, τὴν δὲ τοῦ Βιλλάρου σφαῖραν ἦρε καὶ τὸν Αὐτόλυκον, Σθένιδος ἔργον, ὃν ἐκεῖνοι οἰκιστὴν ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἐτίμων ὡς θεόν· ἦν δὲ καὶ μαντεῖον αὐτοῦ· δοκεῖ δὲ τῶν Ἰάσονι συμπλευσάντων εἶναι καὶ κατασχεῖν τοῦτον τὸν τόπον. εἶθ' ὕστερον Μιλήσιοι τὴν εὐφυΐαν ἰδόντες καὶ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῶν ἐνοικούντων ἐξιδιάσαντο καὶ ἐποίκους ἔστειλαν· νυνὶ δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται, καὶ μέρος τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῆς χώρας ἐκείνων ἐστί. διέχει δὲ τοῦ μὲν Ἱεροῦ τρισχιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους, ἀφ' Ἡρακλείας δὲ δισχιλίους, Καράμβεως δὲ ἑπτακοσίους σταδίους. ἄνδρας δὲ ἐξήνεγκεν ἀγαθούς, τῶν μὲν φιλοσόφων Διογένη τὸν κυνικὸν καὶ Τιμόθεον τὸν Πατρίωνα, τῶν δὲ ποιητῶν Δίφιλον τὸν κωμικόν, τῶν δὲ συγγραφέων Βάτωνα τὸν πραγματευθέντα τὰ Περσικά. |
Then one comes to Sinope itself, which is fifty stadia distant from Armene; it is the most noteworthy of the cities in that part of the world. This city was founded by the Milesians; and, having built a naval station, it reigned over the sea inside the Cyaneae, and shared with the Greeks in many struggles even outside the Cyaneae; and, although it was independent for a long time, it could not eventually preserve its freedom, but was captured by siege, and was first enslaved by Pharnaces {57} and afterwards by his successors down to Eupator {58} and to the Romans who overthrew Eupator. Eupator was both born and reared at Sinope; and he accorded it especial honor and treated it as the metropolis of his kingdom. Sinope is beautifully equipped both by nature and by human foresight, for it is situated on the neck of a peninsula, and has on either side of the isthmus harbors and roadsteads and wonderful pelamydes-fisheries, of which I have already made mention, saying that the Sinopeans get the second catch and the Byzantians the third. {59} Furthermore, the peninsula is protected all round by ridgy shores, which have hollowed-out places in them, rock-cavities, as it were, which the people call "choenicides"; {60} these are filled with water when the sea rises, and therefore the place is hard to approach, not only because of this, but also because the whole surface of the rock is prickly and impassable for bare feet. Higher up, however, and above the city, the ground is fertile and adorned with diversified market-gardens; and especially the suburbs of the city. The city itself is beautifully walled, and is also splendidly adorned with gymnasium and marked place and colonnades. But although it was such a city, still it was twice captured, first by Pharnaces, who unexpectedly attacked it all of a sudden, and later by Leucullus and by the tyrant who was garrisoned within it, being besieged both inside and outside at the same time; for, since Bacchides, who had been set up by the king as commander of the garrison, was always suspecting treason from the people inside, and was causing many outrages and murders, he made the people, who were unable either nobly to defend themselves or to submit by compromise, lose all heart for either course. At any rate, the city was captured; and though Leucullus kept intact the rest of the city's adornments, he took away the globe of Billarus and the work of Sthenis, the statue of Autolycus, {61} whom they regarded as founder of their city and honored as god. The city had also an oracle of Autolycus. He is thought to have been one of those who went on the voyage with Jason and to have taken possession of this place. Then later the Milesians, seeing the natural advantages of the place and the weakness of its inhabitants, appropriated it to themselves and sent forth colonists to it. But at present it has received also a colony of Romans; and a part of the city and the territory belong to these. It is three thousand five hundred stadia distant from the Hieron, {62} two thousand from Heracleia, and seven hundred from Carambis. It has produced excellent men: among the philosophers, Diogenes the Cynic and Timotheus Patrion; among the poets, Diphilus the comic poet; and, among the historians, Baton, who wrote the work entitled The Persica.
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57. 183 B.C. 58. Mithridates the Great. 59. 7. 6. 2 and 12. 3. 19. 60. "Crossing the town to the north I passes through a sally-port, and descended to the beach, where the wall was built upon a sharp decomposing shelly limestone which I was surprised to find full of small circular holes, apparently resembling those described by Strabo, under the name of 'choenicides'; but those which I saw were not above nine inches in diameter, and from one to two feet deep. There can, however, be no doubt that such cavities would, if larger, render it almost impossible for a body of men to wade on shore." (Hamilton's Researches in Asia Minor, 1. p. 310, quoted by Tozer.) 61. See Plut. Lucullus 23. 62. i.e., the [Chalcedonian] "Temple" on the "Sacred Cape" (see 12. 4. 2) in Chalcedonia, now called Cape Khelidini.
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ἐντεῦθεν δ' ἐφεξῆς ἡ τοῦ Ἅλυος ἐκβολὴ ποταμοῦ· ὠνόμασται δ' ἀπὸ τῶν ἁλῶν ἃς παραρρεῖ· ἔχει δὲ τὰς πηγὰς ἐν τῇ μεγάλῃ Καππαδοκίᾳ τῆς Ποντικῆς πλησίον κατὰ τὴν Καμισηνήν, ἐνεχθεὶς δ' ἐπὶ δύσιν πολύς, εἶτ' ἐπιστρέψας πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον διά τε Γαλατῶν καὶ Παφλαγόνων ὁρίζει τούτους τε καὶ τοὺς Λευκοσύρους. ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἡ Σινωπῖτις καὶ πᾶσα ἡ μέχρι Βιθυνίας ὀρεινὴ ἡ ὑπερκειμένη τῆς λεχθείσης παραλίας ναυπηγήσιμον ὕλην ἀγαθὴν καὶ εὐκατακόμιστον. ἡ δὲ Σινωπῖτις καὶ σφένδαμνον φύει καὶ ὀροκάρυον, ἐξ ὧν τὰς τραπέζας τέμνουσιν· ἅπασα δὲ καὶ ἐλαιόφυτός ἐστιν ἡ μικρὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης γεωργουμένη. |
Thence, next, one comes to the outlet of the Halys River. It was named from the "halae," {63} past which it flows. It has its sources in Greater Cappadocia in Camisene near the Pontic country; {64} and, flowing in great volume towards the west, and then turning towards the north through Galatia and Paphlagonia, it forms the boundary between these two countries and the country of the White Syrians. {65} Both Sinopitis and all the mountainous country extending as far as Bithynia and lying above the aforesaid seaboard have shipbuilding timber that is excellent and easy to transport. Sinopitis produces also the maple and the mountain-nut, the trees from which they cut the wood used for tables. And the whole of the tilled country situated a little above the sea is planted with olive trees.
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63. "salt-works." 64. i.e., "Pontus" (see 12. 1. 4). 65. i.e., Cappadocians (see 12. 3. 9).
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ Ἅλυος ἡ Γαζηλωνῖτίς ἐστι μέχρι τῆς Σαραμηνῆς, εὐδαίμων χώρα καὶ πεδιὰς πᾶσα καὶ πάμφορος· ἔχει δὲ καὶ προβατείαν ὑποδιφθέρου καὶ μαλακῆς ἐρέας, ἧς καθ' ὅλην τὴν Καππαδοκίαν καὶ τὸν Πόντον σφόδρα πολλὴ σπάνις ἐστί· γίνονται δὲ καὶ ζορκές, ὧν ἀλλαχοῦ σπάνις ἐστί. ταύτης δὲ τῆς χώρας τὴν μὲν ἔχουσιν Ἀμισηνοί, τὴν δ' ἔδωκε Δηιοτάρῳ Πομπήιος, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ περὶ Φαρνακίαν καὶ τὴν Τραπεζουσίαν μέχρι Κολχίδος καὶ τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας· καὶ τούτων ἀπέδειξεν αὐτὸν βασιλέα, ἔχοντα καὶ τὴν πατρῴαν τετραρχίαν τῶν Γαλατῶν, τοὺς Τολιστοβωγίους. ἀποθανόντος δ' ἐκείνου πολλαὶ διαδοχαὶ τῶν ἐκείνου γεγόνασι. |
After the outlet of the Halys comes Gazelonitis, which extends to Saramene; it is a fertile country and is everywhere level and productive of everything. It has also a sheep-industry, that of raising flocks clothed in skins and yielding soft wool, {66} of which there is a very great scarcity throughout the whole of Cappadocia and Pontus. The country also produces gazelles, of which there is a scarcity elsewhere. One part of this country is occupied by the Amiseni, but the other was given to Deïotarus by Pompey, as also the regions of Pharnacia and Trapezusia as far as Colchis and Lesser Armenia. Pompey appointed him king of all these, when he was already in possession of his ancestral Galatian tetrarchy, {67} the country of the Tolistobogii. But since his death there have been many successors to his territories.
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66. See Vol. II, p. 241, and footnote 13. 67. See 12. 5. 1.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν Γαζηλῶνα ἡ Σαραμηνὴ καὶ Ἀμισὸς πόλις ἀξιόλογος, διέχουσα τῆς Σινώπης περὶ ἐνακοσίους σταδίους. φησὶ δ' αὐτὴν Θεόπομπος πρώτους Μιλησίους κτίσαι . . . Καππαδόκων ἄρχοντα, τρίτον δ' ὑπ' Ἀθηνοκλέους καὶ Ἀθηναίων ἐποικισθεῖσαν Πειραιᾶ μετονομασθῆναι. καὶ ταύτην δὲ κατέσχον οἱ βασιλεῖς, ὁ δ' Εὐπάτωρ ἐκόσμησεν ἱεροῖς καὶ προσέκτισε μέρος. Λεύκολλος δὲ καὶ ταύτην ἐπολιόρκησεν, εἶθ' ὕστερον Φαρνάκης ἐκ Βοσπόρου διαβάς· ἐλευθερωθεῖσαν δ' ὑπὸ Καίσαρος τοῦ θεοῦ παρέδωκεν Ἀντώνιος βασιλεῦσιν· εἶθ' ὁ τύραννος Στράτων κακῶς αὐτὴν διέθηκεν· εἶτ' ἠλευθερώθη πάλιν μετὰ τὰ Ἀκτιακὰ ὑπὸ Καίσαρος τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ, καὶ νῦν εὖ συνέστηκεν. ἔχει δὲ τήν τε ἄλλην χώραν καλὴν καὶ τὴν Θεμίσκυραν τὸ τῶν Ἀμαζόνων οἰκητήριον, καὶ τὴν Σιδήνην. |
After Gazelon one comes to Saramene, and to a notable city, Amisus, which is about nine hundred stadia from Sinope. Theopompus says that it was first founded by the Milesians, . . . {68} by a leader of the Cappadocians, and thirdly was colonized by Athenocles and Athenians and changed its name to Peiraeus. The kings also took possession of this city; and Eupator adorned it with temples and founded an addition to it. This city too was besieged by Leucullus, and then by Pharnaces, when he crossed over from the Bosporus. After it had been set free by the deified Caesar, {69} it was given over to kings by Antony. Then Straton the tyrant put it in bad plight. And then, after the Battle of Actium, {70} it was again set free by Caesar Augustus; and at the present time it is well organized. Besides the rest of its beautiful country, it possesses also Themiscyra, the abode of the Amazons, and Sidene.
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68. Certainly one or more words have fallen out here. 69. It was in reference to his battle with Pharnaces near Zela that Julius Caesar informed the Senate of his victory by the words, "I came, I saw, I conquered." 70. 31 B.C.
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ἔστι δὲ ἡ Θεμίσκυρα πεδίον τῇ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πελάγους κλυζόμενον, ὅσον ἑξήκοντα σταδίους τῆς πόλεως διέχον, τῇ δ' ὑπὸ τῆς ὀρεινῆς εὐδένδρου καὶ διαρρύτου ποταμοῖς αὐτόθεν τὰς πηγὰς ἔχουσιν. ἐκ μὲν οὖν τούτων πληρούμενος ἁπάντων εἷς ποταμὸς διέξεισι τὸ πεδίον Θερμώδων καλούμενος· ἄλλος δὲ τούτῳ πάρισος ῥέων ἐκ τῆς καλουμένης Φαναροίας τὸ αὐτὸ διέξεισι πεδίον· καλεῖται δὲ Ἰρις. ἔχει δὲ τὰς πηγὰς ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ Πόντῳ, ῥυεὶς δὲ διὰ πόλεως μέσης Κομάνων τῶν Ποντικῶν καὶ διὰ τῆς Δαζιμωνίτιδος εὐδαίμονος πεδίου πρὸς δύσιν, εἶτ' ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς τὰς ἄρκτους παρ' αὐτὰ τὰ Γαζίουρα, παλαιὸν βασίλειον, νῦν δ' ἔρημον· εἶτα ἀνακάμπτει πάλιν πρὸς ἕω παραλαβὼν τόν τε Σκύλακα καὶ ἄλλους ποταμούς, καὶ παρ' αὐτὸ τὸ τῆς Ἀμασείας ἐνεχθεὶς τεῖχος, τῆς ἡμετέρας πατρίδος, πόλεως ἐρυμνοτάτης, εἰς τὴν Φανάροιαν πρόεισιν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ συμβαλὼν ὁ Λύκος αὐτῷ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐξ Ἀρμενίας ἔχων γίνεται καὶ αὐτὸς Ἰρις· εἶθ' ἡ Θεμίσκυρα ὑποδέχεται τὸ ῥεῦμα καὶ τὸ Ποντικὸν πέλαγος. διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἔνδροσόν ἐστι καὶ ποάζον ἀεὶ τὸ πεδίον τοῦτο τρέφειν ἀγέλας βοῶν τε ὁμοίως καὶ ἵππων δυνάμενον, σπόρον δὲ πλεῖστον δέχεται τὸν ἐκ τῆς ἐλύμου καὶ κέγχρου, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀνέκλειπτον· αὐχμοῦ γάρ ἐστι κρείττων ἡ εὐυδρία παντός, ὥστ' οὐδὲ λιμὸς καθικνεῖται τῶν ἀνθρώπων τούτων οὐδ' ἅπαξ· τοσαύτην δ' ὀπώραν ἐκδίδωσιν ἡ παρόρειος τὴν αὐτοφυῆ καὶ ἀγρίαν σταφυλῆς τε καὶ ὄχνης καὶ μήλου καὶ τῶν καρυωδῶν ὥστε κατὰ πᾶσαν τοῦ ἔτους ὥραν ἀφθόνως εὐπορεῖν τοὺς ἐξιόντας ἐπὶ τὴν ὕλην, τοτὲ μὲν ἔτι κρεμαμένων τῶν καρπῶν ἐν τοῖς δένδρεσι, τοτὲ δ' ἐν τῇ πεπτωκυίᾳ φυλλάδι καὶ ὑπ' αὐτῇ κειμένων βαθείᾳ καὶ πολλῇ κεχυμένῃ. συχναὶ δὲ καὶ θῆραι παντοίων ἀγρευμάτων διὰ τὴν εὐπορίαν τῆς τροφῆς. |
Themiscyra is a plain; on one side it is washed by the sea and is about sixty stadia distant from the city, and on the other side it lies at the foot of the mountainous country, which is well wooded and coursed by streams that have their sources therein. So one river, called the Thermodon, being supplied by all these streams, flows out through the plain; and another river similar to this, which flows out of Phanaroea, as it is called, flows out through the same plain, and is called the Iris. It has its sources in Pontus itself, and, after flowing through the middle of the city Comana in Pontus and through Dazimonitis, a fertile plain, towards the west, then turns towards the north past Gaziura itself an ancient royal residence, though now deserted, and then bends back again towards the east, after receiving the waters of the Scylax and other rivers, and after flowing past the very wall of Amaseia, my fatherland, a very strongly fortified city, flows on into Phanaroea. Here the Lycus River, which has its beginnings in Armenia, joins it, and itself also becomes the Iris. Then the stream is received by Themiscyra and by the Pontic Sea. On this account the plain in question is always moist and covered with grass and can support herds of cattle and horses alike and admits of the sowing of millet-seeds and sorghum-seeds in very great, or rather unlimited, quantities. Indeed, their plenty of water offsets any drought, so that no famine comes down on these people, never once; and the country along the mountain yields so much fruit, self-grown and wild, I mean grapes and pears and apples and nuts, that those who go out to the forest at any time in the year get an abundant supply--the fruits at one time still hanging on the trees and at another lying on the fallen leaves or beneath them, which are shed deep and in great quantities. And numerous, also, are the catches of all kinds of wild animals, because of the good yield of food.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν Θεμίσκυράν ἐστιν ἡ Σιδήνη, πεδίον εὔδαιμον, οὐχ ὁμοίως δὲ κατάρρυτον, ἔχον χωρία ἐρυμνὰ ἐπὶ τῇ παραλίᾳ, τήν τε Σίδην ἀφ' ἧς ὠνομάσθη Σιδήνη, καὶ Χάβακα καὶ Φάβδα· μέχρι μὲν δὴ δεῦρο Ἀμισηνή. ἄνδρες δὲ γεγόνασιν ἄξιοι μνήμης κατὰ παιδείαν ἐνταῦθα μαθηματικοὶ μὲν Δημήτριος ὁ τοῦ Ῥαθηνοῦ καὶ Διονυσόδωρος ὁμώνυμος τῷ Μηλίῳ γεωμέτρῃ, γραμματικὸς δὲ Τυραννίων οὗ ἡμεῖς ἠκροασάμεθα. |
After Themiscyra one comes to Sidene, which is a fertile plain, though it is not well-watered like Themiscyra. It has strongholds on the seaboard: Side, after which Sidene was named, and Chabaca and Phabda. Now the territory of Amisus extends to this point; and the city has produced men note-worthy for their learning, Demetrius, the son of Rhathenus, and Dionysodorus, the mathematicians, the latter bearing the same name as the Melian geometer, and Tyrranion the grammarian, of whom I was a pupil.
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μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σιδήνην ἡ Φαρνακία ἐστὶν ἐρυμνὸν πόλισμα, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἡ Τραπεζοῦς πόλις Ἑλληνίς, εἰς ἣν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀμισοῦ περὶ δισχιλίους καὶ διακοσίους σταδίους ἐστὶν ὁ πλοῦς· εἶτ' ἔνθεν εἰς Φᾶσιν χίλιοί που καὶ τετρακόσιοι, ὥστε οἱ σύμπαντες ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἱεροῦ μέχρι Φάσιδος περὶ ὀκτακισχιλίους σταδίους εἰσὶν ἢ μικρῷ πλείους ἢ ἐλάττους. ἐν δὲ τῇ παραλίᾳ ταύτῃ ἀπὸ Ἀμισοῦ πλέουσιν ἡ Ἡράκλειος ἄκρα πρῶτον ἔστιν, εἶτ' ἄλλη ἄκρα Ἰασόνιον καὶ ὁ Γενήτης, εἶτα Κοτύωρα πολίχνη ἐξ ἧς συνῳκίσθη ἡ Φαρνακία, εἶτ' Ἰσχόπολις κατερηριμμένη, εἶτα κόλπος ἐν ᾧ Κερασοῦς τε καὶ Ἑρμώνασσα κατοικίαι μέτριαι, εἶτα τῆς Ἑρμωνάσσης πλησίον ἡ Τραπεζοῦς, εἶθ' ἡ Κολχίς· ἐνταῦθα δέ που ἐστὶ καὶ Ζυγόπολίς τις λεγομένη κατοικία. περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς Κολχίδος εἴρηται καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης παραλίας. |
After Sidene one comes to Pharnacia, a fortified town; and afterwards to Trapezus, a Greek city, to which the voyage from Amisus is about two thousand two hundred stadia. Then from here the voyage to Phasis is approximately one thousand four hundred stadia, so that the distance from Hieron {71} to Phasis is, all told, about eight thousand stadia, or slightly more or less. As one sails along this seaboard from Amisus, one comes first to the Heracleian Cape, and then to another cape called Jasonium, and to Genetes, and then to a town called Cytorus, {72} from the inhabitants of which Pharnacia was settled, and then to Ischopolis, now in ruins, and then to a gulf, on which are both Cerasus and Hermonassa, moderate-sized settlements, and then, near Hermonassa, to Trapezus, and then to Colchis. Somewhere in this neighborhood is also a settlement called Zygopolis. Now I have already described {73} Colchis and the coast which lies above it.
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71. See 12. 3. 11. 72. Apparently an error for "Cotyora" or "Cotyorum" or "Cotyorus." 73. 11. 2. 15.
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τῆς δὲ Τραπεζοῦντος ὑπέρκεινται καὶ τῆς Φαρνακίας Τιβαρανοί τε καὶ Χαλδαῖοι καὶ Σάννοι, οὓς πρότερον ἐκάλουν Μάκρωνας, καὶ ἡ μικρὰ Ἀρμενία· καὶ οἱ Ἀππαῗται δέ πως πλησιάζουσι τοῖς χωρίοις τούτοις οἱ πρότερον Κερκῖται. διήκει δὲ διὰ τούτων ὅ τε Σκυδίσης ὄρος τραχύτατον συνάπτον τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς ὄρεσι τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς Κολχίδος, οὗ τὰ ἄκρα κατέχουσιν οἱ Ἑπτακωμῆται, καὶ ὁ Παρυάδρης ὁ μέχρι τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας ἀπὸ τῶν κατὰ Σιδήνην καὶ Θεμίσκυραν τόπων διατείνων καὶ ποιῶν τὸ ἑωθινὸν τοῦ Πόντου πλευρόν. εἰσὶ δ' ἅπαντες μὲν οἱ ὄρειοι τούτων ἄγριοι τελέως, ὑπερβέβληνται δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους οἱ Ἑπτακωμῆται· τινὲς δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ δένδρεσιν ἢ πυργίοις οἰκοῦσι, διὸ καὶ Μοσυνοίκους ἐκάλουν οἱ παλαιοί, τῶν πύργων μοσσύνων λεγομένων. ζῶσι δ' ἀπὸ θηρείων σαρκῶν καὶ τῶν ἀκροδρύων, ἐπιτίθενται δὲ καὶ τοῖς ὁδοιποροῦσι καταπηδήσαντες ἀπὸ τῶν ἰκρίων. οἱ δὲ Ἑπτακωμῆται τρεῖς Πομπηίου σπείρας κατέκοψαν διεξιούσας τὴν ὀρεινήν, κεράσαντες κρατῆρας ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς τοῦ μαινομένου μέλιτος, ὃ φέρουσιν οἱ ἀκρεμόνες τῶν δένδρων· πιοῦσι γὰρ καὶ παρακόψασιν ἐπιθέμενοι ῥᾳδίως διεχειρίσαντο τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. ἐκαλοῦντο δὲ τούτων τινὲς τῶν βαρβάρων καὶ Βύζηρες. |
Above Trapezus and Pharnacia are situated the Tibarani and Chaldaei and Sanni, in earlier times called Macrones, and Lesser Armenia; and the Appaïtae, in earlier times called the Cercitae, are fairly close to these regions. Two mountains cross the country of these people, not only the Scydises, a very rugged mountain, which joins the Moschian Mountains above Colchis (its heights are occupied by the Heptacomitae), but also the Paryadres, which extends from the region of Sidene and Themiscyra to Lesser Armenia and forms the eastern side of Pontus. Now all these peoples who live in the mountains are utterly savage, but the Heptacomitae are worse than the rest. Some also live in trees or turrets; and it was on this account that the ancients called them "Mosynoeci," the turrets being called "mosyni." They live on the flesh of wild animals and on nuts; and they also attack wayfarers, leaping down upon them from their scaffolds. The Heptacomitae cut down three maniples {74} of Pompey's army when they were passing through the mountainous country; for they mixed bowls of the crazing honey which is yielded by the tree-twigs, and placed them in the roads, and then, when the soldiers drank the mixture and lost their senses, they attacked them and easily disposed of them. Some of these barbarians were also called Byzeres.
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74. i.e., six hundred, unless the Greek word should be translated "cohort," to which it is sometime equivalent.
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